TUTORIAL SHEET NON- METALS
1. Study the diagram below that shows preparation and collection of oxygen gas
(a) Name substance J
(b) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction in the experiment
(c) What is the method of collecting the gas used in the experiment?
(d) What is the function of the manganese (IV) oxide in the experiment?
(e) Explain why the first gas collected in the gas jar was not pure oxygen?
(f) State one industrial use of oxygen
2. On the industrial scale, oxygen is separated from nitrogen by fractional distillation.
(a) Explain what is meant by fractional distillation and name one other commercial process in which
it is used.
(b) What is the chemical name and formula for rust?
(c) State any conditions which are needed for iron metal to rust
(d) Mention and describe any three methods of rust prevention
3. Ammonia is manufactured by the Haber process using the reaction represented by the
equation N2(g) + 3H2 (g) → 2NH3(g)
(a) What are the conditions of temperature and pressure which are used to obtain a
satisfactory yield of ammonia?
(b) What is the identity test of the gas formed when an ammonium salt reacts with an alkali?
4. Oxygen and nitrogen are the major gases present in the clean air. Other gases which are
present in the clean air in small quantities include carbon dioxide and argon.
(a) State the percentage of oxygen and nitrogen in the air.
(b) Briefly describe how you would show that carbon dioxide is present in the air.
(c) Argon is a noble gas. What chemically makes it unreactive?
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5. Nitric acid is an important acid in everyday life.
(a) Name the commercial process used to prepare nitric acid
(b) State the catalyst used during the commercial preparation of nitric acid.
(c) The equation below shows the initial stage in the industrial preparation of nitric acid.
NH3 (g) + O2 (g) →NO (g) + H2O (g) Copy and balance the equation
(d) The nitrogen monoxide produced as shown by the equation in (c) above reacts with oxygen
to give nitrogen dioxide. Construct the balanced chemical equation.
(e) How is nitrogen dioxide converted to nitric acid in this process?
(f) Explain why the concentration of nitric acid cannot be made more than 68% even if it is
distilled.
(g) Explain why higher concentrations of nitric acid can only be obtained if it is mixed with
concentrated sulphuric acid and redistilled.
(h) Give any two uses of nitric acid.
6. When a mixture of ammonium sulphate and sodium hydroxide is heated, the reaction
represented by the word equation below occurs.
(a) Ammonium sulphate + sodium hydroxide →sodium sulphate + water + ammonia. Write a
balanced chemical equation for the above reaction.
(b) Describe a chemical test you can carry out to show that ammonia is formed.
(c) On a large scale, ammonia is produced by the Haber process:
(i) What are the reactants used in the Haber process?
(ii) Write a balanced chemical equation for the Haber process.
(iii) State the essential conditions used in order to obtain an economical yield of the ammonia
gas.
7. In the industry, nitrogen is combined with hydrogen to form ammonia
(a) From what raw materials is the hydrogen extracted?
(b) Explain why Haber process is important?
(c) Name three essential elements present in many fertilizers
(d) Name two compounds which can be used as fertilizers
(e) Explain why after fertilizers have been added to the soil heavy rains can be a
disadvantage.
8. Ammonia is an important compound used in making fertilizers. It is manufactured by direct
synthesis by Haber process. Ammonia is a base – it neutralize acids
(a) State the raw materials for the Haber process
(b) Write a balanced chemical equation for the formation of ammonia by the haber process
(i) Ammonia combines with nitric acid to form ammonium nitrate, which is the most
important nitrogenous fertilizer
(ii) Calculate the percentage by mass of nitrogen in ammonium nitrate
(iii) Why is ammonium nitrate used as a fertilizer?
(iv) Apart from nitrogen, name two other elements which are essential for plant
growth
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9. The diagram below shows some of the properties and reactions of aqueous ammonia and
some other substances
(a) Identify, by name, the substances A, B, C and D
(b) Write an ionic equation including symbols for the reaction of:
(I) A with aqueous barium nitrate to form B
(II) A with aqueous ammonia to form C
(III) C with aqueous sodium hydroxide
(c) Name a method you would use to collect gas D
10. Ammonium nitrate contains ammonium ions (NH4+) and nitrate ions (NO3-)
(a) Name two substance which are used to manufacture ammonium nitrate
(b) Explain why ammonium nitrate can act as a fertilizer .
11. Name three essential elements present in many fertilizers
(a) Name two compounds which can be used as fertilizers
(b) Explain why after fertilizers have been added to the soil heavy rains can be a disadvantage.
12. Nitrogen and oxygen are the two main gases present in the air. Both gases are obtained from
air.
(a) By what process are the two gases obtained from the air?
(b) Nitrogen is used in the manufacture of ammonia by the Haber process. State any 2
important conditions for the reaction in which ammonia is formed by the Haber
process.
(c) State one important use of ammonia.
13. Diamond and graphite are allotropes of carbon. Diamond has a melting point of about 3700oC
where as graphite has a melting point of about 3300oC.
(a) Explain what is meant by the term allotropes?
(b) Explain why diamond does not conduct electricity where as graphite does
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14. Graphite powder is used as a lubricant for machinery. What property makes graphite suitable
for this use?
15. Carbon exists in two different forms. They have the following structures
a. Name the form of carbon having:
(i) Structure A
(ii) Structure B
b. Give the use of the form of carbon having:
(i) Structure A
(ii) Structure B
c. Explain why both diamond and graphite have very high melting points
d. Why is graphite used in pencils?
16. When carbon dioxide gas is bubbled through lime water for a short period, a white precipitate
G is formed. When excess carbon dioxide is passed through, G dissolves and a colourless
solution containing the soluble compound H is produced.
a. Identify Solid G and Compound H
b. Write down the chemical equation including state symbols to show the formation of the
white precipitate G
17. Carbon is asymmetrical and exists in many forms of allotropes.
(a) What are allotropes?
(b) Give two crystalline allotropes of carbon.
(c) Give one property and the use, based on the property, of one of the allotropes you have
named in (b) above.
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