LESSON 5
Identify the cell type being
describe.
1. It is composed of big and thin-walled cell in plants.
2. It is the outermost or farthest layer of plant cells.
3. It is composed of dendrites, axons, and cell bodies.
4. It is composed of thick-walled cells.
5. It is composed of tightly packed cells that form a single layer.
6. It is composed of actin and myosin responsible for movement.
7. It connects bones and joints together.
8. It is a type of muscular tissue containing branching striated cells, with
a single nucleus.
9. It contains cells filled with lipids.
10. It is a connective tissue found in the linings of lungs and arteries.
Cell Modification
• also known as cell
differentiation or
specialization, is a
• process after cell
division to produce
newly formed cells
• These cells are
structurally modified
• can perform functions
effectively and
efficiently.
APICAL
MODIFICATIONS
• Apical modifications are
modifications of cells
found in the apical
surface of the epithelial
cells.
• These cells are responsible
in carrying out different
functions such as
secretion, absorption, and
movement.
APICAL CILIA
MODIFICATIONS
• hair-like structures
that are projected from
most eukaryotic cells
• In microscopic
organisms, Cilia are
used for locomotion.
• Cilia can also create
currents that help in
their feeding process.
APICAL CILIA
MODIFICATIONS
• can be found in
different tissues
such as respiratory
epithelium which
traps and removes
dirt.
APICAL CILIA
MODIFICATIONS
• also found in
fallopian tubes in
which they are
responsible for
moving the ovum
to the uterus.
APICAL FLAGELLA
MODIFICATIONS
• are hair-like
structures that are
mainly used for
locomotion of
cells.
APICAL FLAGELLA
MODIFICATIONS
• They are longer in
length compared to
cilia.
• Cells with these
structures
arecalled
flagellates.
APICAL FLAGELLA
MODIFICATIONS
• Spermatozoa
are
flagellated
human cells.
APICAL MICROVILLI
MODIFICATIONS
• also known as
brush or striated
border
• are small finger-
like projections
that are shorter
and narrower
compared to cilia.
APICAL MICROVILLI
MODIFICATIONS
• They are mainly
responsible for
effectively
increasing the
surface area for
absorption and
secretion.
APICAL MICROVILLI
MODIFICATIONS
• found on simple
columnar
epithelium of
small intestine
lining and simple
cuboidal epithelium
of kidney proximal
tubules lining.
APICAL STEREOCILIA
MODIFICATIONS
• are very long
microvilli
• They are found in
male reproductive
parts such as
epididymis and
duct deferens
• for absorption.
BASAL
MODIFICATIONS
• Modifications of
cells found in the
basal surface of
the epithelial
cells.
BASAL BASAL LAMINA
MODIFICATIONS
• lies underneath the
epithelial cells.
• It provides support to
the overlying
epithelium
• limits the contact
between epithelial
cells and other types
of cells in the tissue.
BASAL BASAL
MODIFICATIONS INFOLDINGS
• are often found in
epithelium and are
responsible for
actively transporting
fluids and ions
• They increase the
surface area for the
cell to become
available for transport.
BASAL BASAL
MODIFICATIONS INFOLDINGS
• There are numerous
mitochondria found
in the foldings
which suggests that
there are active
transports occurring
on the cell.
BASAL HEMIDESMOSOMES
MODIFICATIONS
• are protein
filaments that
provide a strong
connection between
the epithelial cell
and its basement
lamina and
underlying
connective tissue.
LATERAL
MODIFICATIONS
• Modifications of
cells found in the
lateral surface or
sides of the
epithelial cells.
BASAL TIGHT JUNCTIONS
MODIFICATIONS
• also known as zonula
occludens, are cell
junctions located
within the
epithelium
• formed by two sets
of proteins called
claudin and occludin
that create a tight
seal between cells.
BASAL TIGHT JUNCTIONS
MODIFICATIONS
• They are mainly
responsible for
blocking flow of
fluids between
epithelia. Thus,
their function
depends on the
location of the
epithelium.
BASAL TIGHT JUNCTIONS
MODIFICATIONS
• Example in the
intestine, the
digestive juices stay
out of the body, and
in the kidneys the
urine stays within
the kidney tubules,
because the cells
are joined by tight
junctions.
BASAL DESMOSOMES
MODIFICATIONS
• also known as macula
adherens, are cell
junctions found
beneath the adherens
junctions and
throughout the cell.
• They form link
between cells.
• mostly common in
skin cells.
BASAL GAP JUNCTIONS
MODIFICATIONS
• specialized cell
junctions that
directly connect the
two cells’
cytoplasm.
• They are formed by
connexin proteins
that create pores
between cells.
BASAL GAP JUNCTIONS
MODIFICATIONS
• They serve as a
connection and
communication
that allow a direct
passage of
molecules between
different two
cells.
BASAL ADHERENS
MODIFICATIONS JUNCTIONS
• also known as zonula
adherens, are cell
junctions located
beneath tight
junctions,
• provide a strong
bond between the
sides of adjacent
epithelial cell
membranes.
SPECIALIZED
MODIFICATIONS
• Modifications of
cells found in the
lateral surface or
sides of the
epithelial cells.
SPECIALIZED ROOT HAIRS
MODIFICATIONS
• projections from
root-hair cells
which are
responsible for the
absorption of water
and minerals.
• they increase the
absorptive surface
of the roots.
SPECIALIZED ROOT HAIRS
MODIFICATIONS
• Root hair cells
contain lots of
mitochondria that
sustain the high
energy requirement
for active transport.
SPECIALIZED XYLEM VESSELS
MODIFICATIONS
• Their cell walls are
thickened and
impregnated with a
substance called
lignin which makes
xylem vessels
strong and
impermeable.
SPECIALIZED XYLEM VESSELS
MODIFICATIONS
• The main function
of the xylem is to
transport water and
minerals from the
roots to other parts
of the plant.
SPECIALIZED GUARD CELLS
MODIFICATIONS
• specialized cells
found in the
epidermis.
• Their cell wall in
the inner side is
thicker than the
outer side.
• They surround the
stomata.
SPECIALIZED GUARD CELLS
MODIFICATIONS
• If there is too
much water inside
the cells, stomata
will open to release
the pressure.
• If water pressure is
low, stomata will
remain closed to
retain moisture.
SPECIALIZED ERYTHROCYTES
MODIFICATIONS
• known as red blood
cells, are
specialized type of
blood cells that do
not contain a
nucleus.
SPECIALIZED ERYTHROCYTES
MODIFICATIONS
• An erythrocyte
contains the
respiratory pigment
hemoglobin.
• Hemoglobin contains
iron, which can
combine loosely
with oxygen.
SPECIALIZED ERYTHROCYTES
MODIFICATIONS
• Insufficient number
of red blood cells
may lead to anemia
for humans.
SPECIALIZED NEURONS
MODIFICATIONS
• also known as
nerve cells, are
specialized cells of
nervous system.
• They contain
specialized
structure known as
dendrites and
axons.
SPECIALIZED MUSCLE CELLS
MODIFICATIONS
• Muscle cells are
composed of
special proteins
called actin and
myosin, which
allows the muscles
to contract.
SPECIALIZED SPERM CELLS
MODIFICATIONS
• specialized cells
necessary for
human
reproduction.
• These cells are
predominantly
made up of a
nucleus.
SPECIALIZED SPERM CELLS
MODIFICATIONS
• They are highly
motile.
• Sperm cells
contain
mitochondria that
provide the energy
needed to move
fast.
ASSIGNMENT: Complete the table by providing the
necessary information needed.