Important Definitions
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Important Definitions
By Santosh kumar
[Link] Education
(MA, [Link], NET-JRF, SSB)
Definitions of Motivation
(1) Thompson: "Motivation covers any and every factor of the spring of human action
from the beginning to the end i.e., attitudes, bias, urge, impulse, cravings, incentive, desire,
wish, interest, will, intention, longing, aim.“
(2) Guilford: "Motivation is an internal factor or condition that tends to initiate and
sustain activity."
(3) Johnson: "Motivation is the influence of general pattern of activities indicating and
directing behaviour of the organism.
(4) McDonald: "Motivation is an energy change within the person characterized by
effective arousal and anticipatory goal reactions.
(5) Skinner: "Motivation in school learning involves arousing, persisting, sustaining and
directing desirable behaviour.“
6) H. Sorenson: "Motivation is a psychological and physical condition that causes one to
expand efforts to satisfy need and want”
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Definitions of Motivation
7) Lindsley: “Motivation is a combination of forces which initiates and sustain
behaviors”
8) Mcconnell: "The organism must be motivated to learn”
9) Woodworth: “Motivation is the activities in progress”
10) Kelly : “Motivation is the central factor in the effective management of the
process of learning. Some type of motivation must be present in all learning.”
11) Crow and Crow: “Motivation is considered with the arousal of the interest in
learning and to the extent is basic to learning”
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Definitions of Learning
1) Gardner Murphy: "The term learning covers every modification in behaviour to meet
environmental requirements.“
2) Henry P. Smith: "Learning is the acquisition of new behaviour or of the strengthening or
weakening of old behaviour as the result experience."
3) Woodsworth: "Any activity can be called learning so far as it develops the individual (in
any respect, good or bad) and makes him alter behaviour and experiences different from what
that would otherwise have been."
4) Kingsley and Carry: "Learning is the process by which behaviour (in the broader sense) is
originated or changes through practice or training.“
5) G.D. Boaz: “Learning is the process by which the individuals acquires various habits,
knowledge, and attitudes that are necessary to meet the demands of life, in general”
6) Cronbach: “Leaning is shown by a change in behavior as a result of experience.”
7) Pavlov: “Learning is habit formation resulting from conditioning.”
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Definitions of Learning
7) Gestalt’s: “The basis of learning is to gain knowledge after observing the whole
structure. Responding towards the entire situation is learning.”
8) J.P. Guilford: “Learning is a change resulting from behaviour.”
9) Crow & crow: “Learning is the acquisition of habits, knowledge & attitudes. It
involves new ways of doing things and it operates in individuals attempts to overcome
obstacles or to adjust to new situations. It represents progressive changes in behaviour. It
enables him to satisfy interests to attain goals.”
10) Hilgard: Learning is a process by which an activity originates or is changed through
reaction to an encounted situation.“
11) Kimble: Learning is relatively permanent change in behavioral potentiality that
occur as a result of reinforced practice.
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Definitions of Learning
12) Peel: Learning is a change in the individual following upon changes in his
environment.
13) Eason: Learning includes change in behaviour that are determined
primarily by the individuals interaction with his environment.“
14) Brook: ' "Learning is a process of acquiring the ability to do something
which the learner never did before.“
15) Munn: Learning is more or less permanent incremental modification
special training or observation.“
16) Kingsley and Garry: Learning is the process by which an organization, in
satisfying his motivation, adopts or adjusts to a situation in which it must
modify its behaviour in order to overcome obstacles or barriers
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Definitions of Measurement
1) Campbell: “The assignment of numerals to objects or events according to
certain rules is called measurement.”
2) Tylor : “Assignment of numerals according to rules.”
3) Nunnally: “Measurement consists of rules for assigning numbers to objects
in such a way as to represent quantities of attributes.”
4) Norman E. Gronlund: Measurement results are some score or numerical
value and quantitative descriptions of the pupils")
5) Remmen, Rummel and Gage: "Measurement is the effort to describe
objects quantitatively. Measurement is concerned with the question of how
much"
6) Stanly and Hopkins: Hopkins : "We consider the construction,
administration and scoring of tests as the measurement process.”
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Definitions of Assessment and Evaluation
1) [Link] and [Link]: “Assessment is a term that includes a lot of
procedures used to gain informations related to student learning and formation of some
value judgements about learning progress.”
2) C.V. Good: “Evaluation is the process of ascertaining or judging the value or
amount of something by use of a standard of appraisal, includes judgement in terms of
internal evidence and external criteria.”
3) James M. Bradfield: “Evaluation is the assignment of symbols to phenomenon, in
order to characterize the worth or value of a phenomenon, usually with reference to
some social, cultural or scientific standards.”
4) Bloom: “Evaluation as a tool in the educational practice for ascertaining whether
alternative procedures were equality effective or not in achieving a set of educational
ends.”
5) Hanna: “The process of gathering ans interpreted evidence changes in the
behaviour of all students as they progress through school is called evaluation.”
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Definitions of Assessment and Evaluation
6) Wesly: “Evaluation indicates all kinds of efforts and all kind of means to
ascertain the quality, value and effectiveness of desired outcomes. It is a
compound of objectives evidence and subjective observation.”
7) Thorndike and Hagen: “The term evaluation is closely related to
measurement. It is in some respect, more inclusive including informal and
initiative judgments of pupils' progress. Evaluation is describing something
in terms of selected attributes and judging the degree of acceptability or
suitability of that which as been described.”
[Link] and R.L. Linn: “Evaluation is a systematic process of
collecting analysing and interpreting information to determine the extent to
which pupils are achieving instructional objectives”
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All the best
“Today is yours just
Conquer it”
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