DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL
CLASS X – CHEMISTRY
CH 2- ACIDS, BASES AND SALT
CONCEPT MAP
Reaction with Metal carbonates and
hydrogen carbonates
Neutralization reactions
Reaction with metals
CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES OF Reaction with oxides
Natural ACIDS AND BASES
INDICATORS ACIDS, BASES pH Scale
AND SALTS
Synthetic Olfactory
Importance of pH in
SALTS everyday life
pH of salts
Chemicals from Water of crystallization
common salt
Washing soda
Caustic PLASTER OF PARIS
soda Baking soda
Bleaching
powder
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Module 1
Learning outcomes
To recapitulate the physical characteristics of acids and bases
To list various physical properties of acids & bases
To list different types of indicators
To explain the chemical properties of acids & bases
o Reaction of acids with metals, metal carbonates and metal bicarbonates
o Reaction of bases with metals
[Link] of Acids and Bases:
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Acids
Acids are substances which are sour in taste and corrosive in nature.
Acids are compounds which dissociate partially or completely to give H + ions (H3O+)
in water. e.g. HCl (aq) H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
Example: Sulphuric acid, nitric acid, carbonic acid, citric acid etc.
SOME NATURALLY OCCURRING ACIDS:
Bases
Bases are substances which are soapy to touch, bitter in taste and corrosive in nature.
-Bases are the compounds which dissociate partially or completely to give OH- ions in
water. e.g. NaOH (aq) Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
Example: Calcium Hydroxide Ca(OH)2 , caustic soda (NaOH), caustic potash (KOH)
etc.
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II. Indicators:
[Link] 18- Activity 2.1 (acid – base indicator)
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[Link] 18 – Activity 2.2 (olfactory indicator)
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An indicator is a chemical substance which shows a change in its color or odour when
brought in contact with an acid or a base.
Natural Indicators: Indicators which are obtained naturally are called natural
indicators, for example: Litmus (a purple dye extracted from lichen), red cabbage,
turmeric, etc.
Synthetic Indicators: Indicators which are made in laboratories are called synthetic
indicators. Phenolphthalein and methyl orange are the two most common synthetic
indicators used in laboratory.
Olfactory Indicators: Indicators which change their odour when treated with acids
and bases. e.g. -vanilla, onion, clove etc.
Indicator Colour Acidic Medium Basic Medium
Red litmus Red No change Blue
Blue litmus Blue Red No change
Turmeric Yellow No change Reddish brown
Red cabbage juice Red Red Green
Phenolphthalein Colourless Colourless Pink
Methyl orange Orange Red Yellow
Onion Characteristic smell No change Smell vanishes
Vanilla Characteristic smell No change Smell vanishes
III. Chemical properties of acids and bases
[Link] 19 -Activity 2.3- (Reaction of zinc granules with dil. HCl and testing H2)
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[Link] 20 -Activity 2.4 and Activity 2.5 –
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A) Reaction of acid with metals
Dilute acids react with metals to form salts and liberate Hydrogen Gas.
(Metals above Hydrogen in the reactivity Series only)
Acid + Metal → Metal salt + Hydrogen Gas
Zn(s) + H2SO4 (aq) ZnSO4 (aq) + H2(g)
Mg(s) + 2HCl (aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Cu ( s) + HCl( aq) No Reaction
Fe reacts slowly with acids. Cu does not react with dilute HCl or dilute H2SO4.
B) Reaction of base with metals
Some bases like NaOH and KOH react with active metal like Zn and Al to liberate
hydrogen gas along with formation of a salt.
Base + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen Gas
2NaOH(aq)+Zn(s) → Na2ZnO2(aq) +H2 (g)
(sodium zincate)
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C) Reaction of acid with metal carbonates and hydrogen carbonates-
Acid + metal carbonate or hydrogen carbonate → salt + water + carbon dioxide.
2HCl (aq) + CaCO3(s) → CaCl2 (aq)+ H2O (l)+ CO2(g)
HCl(aq)+ NaHCO3 (s) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
2HCl (aq) +Na2CO3(s) 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
#Brisk Effervescence is observed due to evolution of CO2.
Standard test for carbon dioxide (lime water test)
Ca(OH)2 (aq) + CO2(g) CaCO3 (s) (white ppt) + H2O(l)
Due to formation of white ppt of CaCO3, limewater turns milky. On passage of excess
CO2, the milkiness disappears due to formation of soluble Ca(HCO3)2.
CaCO3 (s) + H2O (l) + CO2(g) Ca(HCO3)2 (aq)
SOLVED QUESTIONS
Q1. You have been provided with three test tubes, one of them contains distilled water
and the other two contain an acidic solution and a basic solution respectively. If you are
given only red litmus paper; how will you identify the contents of each test tube?
Ans. Add few drops of solution from all three test tubes on the red litmus paper
separately. The solution which turns red litmus to blue contains basic solution. Use this
blue litmus paper to test the solutions in other two test tubes. The solution from the test
tube which turns blue litmus paper to red will be the acidic solution and solution of the
test tube which do not change either red or blue litmus paper contain water.
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Q2. Which gas is usually liberated when an acid reacts with a metal? Illustrate with an
example. How will you test for the presence of this gas?
Ans. When an acid reacts with a metal, it liberates hydrogen gas.
e.g., Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2 (aq) + H2(g)
To test the presence of H2 gas, bring a burning splinter near the mouth of the test tube
where H2 gas is released, the match stick goes off and hydrogen gas burns with a pop
sound and blue flame.
Q3. Metal compound A reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce effervescence.
The gas evolved extinguishes a burning candle. Write a balanced chemical equation for
the reaction if one of the compounds formed is calcium chloride.
Ans. Metal compound A is CaCO3 ; Gas evolved is CO2
Balanced equation: CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
ASSIGNMENT-1
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1. Which one of the following will turn red litmus blue?
(a) Vinegar (b) Baking soda solution (c) Lemon juice (d) Soft drinks
2. Which one of the following will turn blue litmus red?
(a) Vinegar (b) Lime water (c) Baking soda solution (d) Washing soda solution
3. Methyl orange is
(a) Red in acidic medium, yellow in basic medium
(b) Yellow in acidic medium, red in basic medium
(c) Colourless in acidic medium, red in basic medium
(d) Red in acidic medium, colourless in basic medium.
4. Which of the following indicators turn red in an acidic solution?
i. Phenolphthalein ii. Litmus
iii. Turmeric iv. Methyl orange
Choose the correct option:
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) Only (ii) (c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (ii) and (iv)
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5. Metals like sodium, potassium and calcium react with an acid to liberate-
(a) CO2 (b) NH3 (c) O2 (d) H2
6. Which of the following substance will not give carbon dioxide on treatment with
dilute acid?
(a) marble (b) limestone (c) baking soda (d)vinegar
7. Sodium hydroxide turns phenolphthalein solution
(a) pink (b) colourless
(c) orange (d) yellow
8. Which one of the following can be used as an acid–base indicator by a visually
impaired student?
(a)Litmus (b) turmeric (c) vanilla essence (d) petunia leaves
Answers: 1. b 2.a 3.a 4.d 5.d 6.d 7. a 8. c
[Link] -REASON
Two statements are given- one labeled Assertion (A) and the other labeled Reason (R).
Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) as given
below
i) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of the assertion.
ii) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
iii) A is true but R is false.
iv) A is false but R is true.
1. ASSERTION: Lime water turns milky on passing CO2 through it.
REASON: Milkiness is due to the formation of CaCO3.
Answer: 1) i
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[Link] ANSWER QUESTIONS -
1. What happens when excess of CO2 is passed through lime water?
2. State what happens when zinc granules are heated with sodium hydroxide solution.
Write the balanced equation for this reaction. Name the main product formed in this
reaction.
3. What happens when sulphuric acid is added to an eggshell?
4. NCERT Book back exercise- Q5 (homework)
IV. APPLICATION BASED QUESTIONS
Q1. What is an alkali? Give an example.
Q2. A metal compound ‘X’ reacts with dil.H2SO4 to produce effervescence. The gas
evolved extinguishes a burning candle. If one of the compounds formed is calcium
sulphate, then what is ‘X’ and the gas evolved? Also, write a balanced chemical equation
for the reaction which occurred.
Q3. You are provided with lime water in which few drops of phenolphthalein is added
(forms pink solution) and a straw. Using this how can you change the solution back to
colourless?
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