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Complex Analysis: Exponential Functions and Cauchy-Riemann Equations

The document contains tutorial notes on complex analysis, focusing on properties of the complex exponential function and the Cauchy-Riemann equations. It includes problems that derive inequalities involving the modulus of complex exponentials, conditions for equality, and the application of the chain rule to complex functions. The notes conclude with a proof of analyticity using the Cauchy-Riemann equations.

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16 views5 pages

Complex Analysis: Exponential Functions and Cauchy-Riemann Equations

The document contains tutorial notes on complex analysis, focusing on properties of the complex exponential function and the Cauchy-Riemann equations. It includes problems that derive inequalities involving the modulus of complex exponentials, conditions for equality, and the application of the chain rule to complex functions. The notes conclude with a proof of analyticity using the Cauchy-Riemann equations.

Uploaded by

0715 hky
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Tutorial Notes 3

1. (a) Write | exp(2z + i)| and | exp(iz 2 )| in terms of x and y. Then show
that
| exp(2z + i)| + | exp(iz 2 )| ≤ e2x + e−2xy .
(b) Show that | exp(z 2 )| ≤ exp(|z|2 ).
(c) Prove that | exp(−2z)| < 1 if and only if Re z > 0.

2. Show that exp(iz) = exp(iz) if and only if z = nπ (n = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . ).

3. (a) Recall (Sec. 6) that if z = x + iy, then:


z + z̄ z − z̄
x= , y= .
2 2i
By formally applying the chain rule in calculus to a function F (x, y) of two real
variables, derive the expression:
 
∂F ∂F ∂x ∂F ∂y 1 ∂F ∂F
= + = +i .
∂ z̄ ∂x ∂ z̄ ∂y ∂ z̄ 2 ∂x ∂y

(b) Define the operator:


 
∂ 1 ∂ ∂
= +i ,
∂ z̄ 2 ∂x ∂y

suggested by part (a), to show that if the first-order partial derivatives of the
real and imaginary components of a function f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) satisfy
the Cauchy-Riemann equations, then:
∂f 1
= [(ux − vy ) + i(vx + uy )] = 0.
∂ z̄ 2
∂f
Thus derive the complex form ∂ z̄ = 0 of the Cauchy-Riemann equations.

1
Problem 1(a): Express | exp(2z + i)| and | exp(iz 2 )|
in terms of x and y, and show that
| exp(2z + i)| + | exp(iz 2 )| ≤ e2x + e−2xy .
Solution:
For any complex number z = x + iy,

exp(z) = ex eiy .

Since |eiy | = 1, we get:


| exp(z)| = ex .
- For | exp(2z + i)|:

| exp(2z + i)| = | exp(2x + 2iy + i)| = e2x |ei(2y+1) | = e2x .

- For | exp(iz 2 )|: Let z 2 = (x + iy)2 = x2 − y 2 + 2ixy,


2
−y 2 )
| exp(iz 2 )| = | exp(i(x2 − y 2 + 2ixy))| = |e−2xy ei(x | = e−2xy .

Summing:
| exp(2z + i)| + | exp(iz 2 )| = e2x + e−2xy .
Thus, the inequality is satisfied.

Problem 1(b): Show that | exp(z 2 )| ≤ exp(|z|2 ).


Solution:
Let z = x + iy, then:
z 2 = x2 − y 2 + 2ixy.
Thus,
2
−y 2 i2xy
exp(z 2 ) = ex e .
Taking the modulus:
2
−y 2 i2xy 2
−y 2
| exp(z 2 )| = |ex e | = ex .

Since |z|2 = x2 + y 2 , we have:


2
−y 2 2
+y 2
ex ≤ ex .

Thus:
| exp(z 2 )| ≤ exp(|z|2 ).

2
Problem 1(c): Prove that | exp(−2z)| < 1 if and
only if Re(z) > 0.
Solution:
exp(−2z) = e−2x e−i2y .
Taking the modulus:

| exp(−2z)| = |e−2x e−i2y | = e−2x .

For | exp(−2z)| < 1, we need:


e−2x < 1.
Since e−2x is always positive, this holds if and only if:

−2x < 0 ⇒ x > 0.

Thus, | exp(−2z)| < 1 if and only if Re(z) > 0.

Problem 2: Show that:


exp(iz) = exp(iz)
if and only if:
z = nπ, n = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .

Solution:

exp(iz) = ei(x+iy) = eix e−y .


Taking the complex conjugate,

exp(iz) = e−ix e−y .

Similarly,
exp(iz) = ei(x−iy) = eix ey .
Thus, the given equation transforms into:

e−ix e−y = eix ey .

Equating the magnitudes:

e−y = ey ⇒ −y = y ⇒ y = 0.

Thus, z must be purely real.

3
Equating the phase components:

e−ix = eix .

This holds if and only if:

−ix = ix + 2πin, n ∈ Z.

Solving for x:
−2ix = 2πin ⇒ x = nπ.
Thus, z must be of the form:

z = nπ, n ∈ Z.

z = nπ, n = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .

∂F
Problem 3(a): Compute ∂ z̄ Using the Chain Rule
Given:

z = x + iy, z̄ = x − iy,

and
z + z̄ z − z̄
x= , y= .
2 2i
Applying the chain rule:
∂F ∂F ∂x ∂F ∂y
= + .
∂ z̄ ∂x ∂ z̄ ∂y ∂ z̄
We compute:
∂x 1 ∂y i
= , = .
∂ z̄ 2 ∂ z̄ 2
Thus,
 
∂F 1 ∂F ∂F
= +i .
∂ z̄ 2 ∂x ∂y

∂f
Problem 3(b): Prove that ∂ z̄ = 0 Using the Cauchy-
Riemann Equations
Define the operator:
 
∂ 1 ∂ ∂
= +i .
∂ z̄ 2 ∂x ∂y

4
Let f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y), where u and v satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equa-
tions:
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
= , =− .
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
Applying the operator to f :
   
∂f 1 ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
= +i +i +i .
∂ z̄ 2 ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y

Using the Cauchy-Riemann equations:


∂f 1
= [(vy − vy ) + i(vx + uy )] = 0.
∂ z̄ 2
Thus, we derive:
∂f
= 0.
∂ z̄
This confirms analyticity.
Solution to the Problem on Complex Exponential Equality

Common questions

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The complex form is derived by defining the operator ∂/∂¯z = 1/2(∂/∂x + i∂/∂y). If f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) satisfies the Cauchy-Riemann equations, applying the operator results in ∂f/∂¯z = 1/2[(vx - vy) + i(vx + uy)] = 0. This confirms that the function is analytic since the differential operator applied to f yields zero .

Express x and y in terms of z and ¯z: x = (z + ¯z)/2, y = (z − ¯z)/(2i). The chain rule states ∂F/∂¯z = ∂F/∂x ∂x/∂¯z + ∂F/∂y ∂y/∂¯z. Given ∂x/∂¯z = 1/2 and ∂y/∂¯z = i/2, substituting gives ∂F/∂¯z = 1/2(∂F/∂x + i∂F/∂y).

Starting with exp(iz) = e^(i(x+iy)) = e^(ix)e^(-y), and its complex conjugate exp(iz) = e^(-ix)e^(-y), equating these gives e^(-y) = e^(y) implying y = 0; hence, z is real. Equating phases e^(-ix) = e^(ix) implies -ix = ix + 2πin, resulting in x = nπ, where n is an integer, concluding z = nπ .

The inequality |exp(-2z)| < 1 is satisfied when e^(-2x) < 1, which holds if x > 0 because e^(-2x) is always positive. This implies that Re(z) > 0 is the necessary condition for the inequality to be true .

For any complex number z = x + iy, exp(z) can be expressed as exp(x + iy) = e^x * e^(iy). Since |e^(iy)| = 1, the modulus is |exp(z)| = e^x. Therefore, |exp(2z + i)| = |exp(2x + 2iy + i)| = e^(2x)|e^(i(2y + 1))| = e^(2x).

The condition is derived by expressing z as z = x + iy, so z^2 = x^2 - y^2 + 2ixy. The modulus |exp(z^2)| is then |exp(x^2 - y^2 + i2xy)| = e^(x^2 - y^2). Since |z|^2 = x^2 + y^2, we have: e^(x^2 - y^2) ≤ e^(x^2 + y^2), which leads to |exp(z^2)| ≤ exp(|z|^2) by comparing the expressions under the same exponential base .

For z = x + iy, let z^2 = x^2 - y^2 + 2ixy. Then, |exp(iz^2)| = |e^(i(x^2 - y^2 + 2ixy))| = |e^(-2xye^(i(x^2-y^2)))| = e^(-2xy). This transformation emphasizes the interplay between the real and imaginary components yielding a geometric interpretation based on rotational scaling by e^(-2xy) when mapped on the complex plane .

Given exp(iz) = e^(i(x+iy)) = e^(ix)e^(-y) and its complex conjugate exp(iz) = e^(-ix)e^(-y), equating these gives e^(-y) = e^(y), leading to y = 0. Therefore, z must be purely real. Additionally, equating phases gives e^(-ix) = e^(ix), implying -ix = ix + 2πin, resulting in x = nπ, where n is an integer .

The operator ∂/∂¯z is designed to reveal discrepancies in the compliance of u(x,y) and v(x,y) derivatives with Cauchy-Riemann equations. If these partial derivatives confirm ∂u/∂x = ∂v/∂y and ∂u/∂y = -∂v/∂x, applying ∂/∂¯z results in 0, affirming the function's analyticity. Any deviation would yield a non-zero result, thus losing the analytic characteristic, validating how differential operators facilitate checks through underlying structure .

This inequality reflects an upper bound constraint on the sum of the moduli of complex exponential functions. |exp(2z + i)| = e^(2x) and |exp(iz^2)| = e^(-2xy) are derived from substituting z = x + iy into exponential expressions that denote real scaling and rotational behavior on the complex plane. Collectively, they show that the arithmetic addition of two moduli remains bounded by separate exponential terms involving real parts .

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