Chapter – 2: Energy, Energy Transfer and General Energy Analysis

 What are the two main format of energy transfer across the control volume?
 Heat and Work
 What is strict thermodynamic meaning of heat?
 Energy transfer from closed system by virtue of temperature difference (disorganized form of energy in transition)
 What is strict thermodynamic meaning of work?
 Energy transfer from closed system by virtue of force application through certain distance ((organized form of energy in
transition)
 What is value of energy at any convenient reference point?
 E=0
 Does change in energy depends upon any reference system?
 No (Energy decrement of falling rock depends upon elevation and not the reference)
 Why closed systems are called stationery systems?
 There is no change in energy of the system owing to constant value of velocity and elevation. There closed system is always
assumed as stationery unless and otherwise stated
 What is internal energy?
 Sum of all microscopic forms of energies of system, further related to molecular structure and molecular activity
 What are electric and magnetic dipole moment energies?
 Energies possessed by atoms when subjected to external electric and magnetic fields and due to twisting of magnetic
dipoles produced by small electric currents associated with orbiting electrons.
 What is static form of energy?
 Which can be stored or contained in a system
 What is dynamic form of energy?
 Energy interactions (gain / loss) occurring at system boundaries
 What is heat transfer?
 Energy interactions between systems owing to temperature difference as driving force
 What is work transfer?
 All energy interactions between systems other than; owing to temperature difference as driving force
 What is thermal energy?
 Only sensible (associated with kinetic energy) and latent forms (associated with phase change)
 What is microscopic kinetic energy of an object as a whole?
 Organized form of associated with orderly motion of all molecules in a straight path or around an axis
 What is kinetic energy of molecules that constitute the sensible internal energy of object?
 This is basically completely disorganized and highly randomized
 What is major application area in thermodynamics?
 Conversion of disorganized form of energy (heat content) into organized form of energy (useful work)
 How much content of disorganized form of energy is converted into organized one?
 Only a fraction of the total disorganized content of energy using heat engines or power plant
 What is coulomb repulsion?
 Fusion reactions are much more difficult to achieve in practice because of heavy repulsion between positively charged
nuclei called coulomb repulsion
 What is the conversion capacity of wind turbine?
 About 1/3rd of its designed operating potential
 What form of energy is required for wind turbine?
 Kinetic Energy of air
 Why heat term is used in place of thermal energy?
 Mainly easy to say, use, write and comprehend
 Difference between heat and heat transfer?
 They are the one and the same thing
 What is adiabatic process?
 When there is no heat transfer in a process occurring between two states
 What are the two ways that a process can be adiabatic?
 Either a system is well insulated or system and surrounding are at the same temperature whereby temperature gradient is
zero and heat transfer takes place
 How can we raise the temperature of adiabatic process without having heat transfer?
 By way of work transfer
 Define heat
 Energy associated with random motion of atoms or molecules
 What form of energy can cross the system boundaries of closed system?
 Work only
 What form of energy can never cross the system boundaries of closed system?
 Only heat
 What are the types of work interactions?
 Rising piston, rotating shaft and electric wire consisting of high grade energy
 What are two directional quantities?
 Heat and Work
 What work is positive?
 Work done by the system
 What heat transfer is positive?
 When heat is transfer to the system
 Why direction convention is important?
 To tell the direction of flow of action / heat
 Why heat and work transfer are not property?
 Because they depend upon path followed / execute boundary phenomena / associated with process
 Don’t depend upon state and they are energy transfer mechanism between system and surroundings
 What does the system possess?
 System possesses only energy
 What system does not possess?
 Heat and Work
 Is there any meaning of heat and work at state points?
 No meaning at all as they are associated with process / path and not the state
 Develop some analogy for path and point functions?
 Path Function – Inexact Differential (Heat H12/ Work12) – represented by ∂
 Point Function – Exact Differential (Any Property) – represented by d or ∆
 How does system execute heat or work?
 Heat or Work is executed in a path and not on the point
 In a well – Insulated room, does burning of candle cause any change?
 In a fully insulated room, the process will be adiabatic as no heat will pass through system boundaries Q = 0
 Part of chemical energy gets converted into sensible energy with no change in internal energy of system ∆U = 0
 Difference between baking or heating using heating element a potato in oven (Explain Heat or Work Interaction)
 Baking is heat transfer (heat interaction) process is due to temperature difference (System considered is potato)
 Heating using heating element owing to transfer of electrons (work interaction) across the surface boundary (System
considered is complete oven)
 What are the main requirements of work transfer?
 Force acting on the boundary and boundary must move through certain distance
 What exactly is no work interaction?
 Presence of force without any displacement of boundary does not constitute a work interaction
 Displacement of boundary without any force to oppose or drive this motion (such as expansion of gas into an evacuated
space) is no work interaction since there is no energy transfer
 What exactly is work interaction?
 There must be force acting and that must move the system boundary
 Types of work interactions?
 Shaft Work (Torque and Revolution), Spring Work (Spring Constant and Displacement), work done on elastic bar (owing
normal stress), work associated with stretching of liquid film (surface tension work), work done to raise or accelerate
 What are non-mechanical forms of work?
 Electrical Work (Voltage Force and Electric Charge or Current as Displacement)
 Magnetic Force (Magnetic Field as Force and Magnetic Dipole Moment as Displacement)
 What is major consequence of first law of thermodynamics?
 Existence and emergence of definition of Total Energy as property of system
 What are three mechanisms of energy transfer?
 Heat Transfer, Work Transfer and Mass Transfer
 What is the definition of first law of thermodynamics for a process undergoing a cycle in a closed system?
 In a cycle for a closed system Ein = Eout and mass flow related energy interactions are zero there for Q net = Wnet as per first
law of thermodynamics under ideal condition where there are no losses.
 What are energy transfer features of electric fan motor (97% Efficient)?
 The electric fan converts electric energy to mechanical energy of shaft
 Part of mechanical energy converted into kinetic energy of air through blades which is then converted into thermal energy
as the molecule motion slow down owing to friction.
 Finally all of the kinetic energy of blades gets converted into thermal energy of air and which manifests itself as a rise in
temperature
 Which is more energy consuming element (fluorescent tubes or incandescent lamp)
 The lighting cost of incandescent lamp is four times higher than fluorescent tubes
 In case of steel ball oscillating in hemisphere / pendulum / wall clock; describe energy transfer mechanism?
 Sum of kinetic and potential energy at any instant is constant when friction effect or friction generated thermal energy
effects are ignore
 What is efficiency?
 How well a task is accomplished / ratio of desired output to the required input
 Efficiency of water heater?
 Energy delivered to the house by hot water to the supplied to the water heater
 How does the efficiency of equipment that involves combustion of fuel, is determined?
 It is determined on the basis of heating value of fuel
 What is heating value of fuel?
 Amount of heat released when unit amount of fuel is burnt and combustion products are cooled to room temperature
 What is combustion efficiency?
 Ratio of heat released during combustion to the heating value of fuel burned
 What is lower heating value?
 When water leaves as vapor upon heating of fuel
 What is higher heating value?
 When water present in the fuel gets completely condensed and heat of vaporization is recovered
 On what heating value efficiencies of car and jet engines are based?
 lower heating values
 On what heating value efficiencies furnace is based?
 Higher heating values
 What is the efficiency parameter for heating system meant for residential and commercial buildings?
 AFUE : Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency
 What is AFUE value for new and old heating system?
 85% and 60% respectively
 What is AFUE value for high efficiency furnaces?
 96%
 How this high efficiency is reclaimed in case of high efficiency furnaces?
 By way of reclaiming flue gas heat, condensing water vapor and discharging the flue gases at 380C
 What is work output of car engine?
 The one which is delivered by the crankshaft
 What is work output of power plant?
 The mechanical power available at turbine exit and electrical power available at generator
 What is thermal efficiency of power plant?
 It is the ratio of work output of turbine to the heat input of working fluid
 What is generator efficiency?
 Ratio of electrical power output to the mechanical work output of turbine
 What is overall efficiency of gasoline automotive engine?
 26 – 30% for petrol and 34 – 50% for diesel
 What is overall efficiency of large power plant?
 Up to 60%
 What is efficiency of discharge lamp?
 Ratio of energy converted into light to the electrical energy input
 How much electrical energy is converted into light effect?
 Only 10% and rest is lost as heat to the surroundings
 What is lighting efficacy?
 Amount of light output in lumen per W of electricity consumed
 Which is better, fluorescent bulb or incandescent light bulb?
 Fluorescent Bulb : 4 times lighting / 10000 hours working / 15 W
 Incandescent Bulb: less lighting / 1000 hours working / 60 W
 What is efficiency of cooking appliances?
 Ratio of useful energy transferred to the food to the energy consumed by the appliances
 Which is economically better natural gas or electrical energy?
 Natural gas
 How can we increase the pressure / velocity and elevation of fluid?
 By way of supplying the mechanical energy to the fluid using pump / fan / compressor
 What is pump efficiency?
 Ratio of increment in energy of fluid to the mechanical energy input
 What is turbine efficiency?
 Ratio of mechanical energy output to the decrement in mechanical energy of fluid
 What is motor efficiency?
 It’s basically ratio of mechanical power output to the mechanical power input
 What is the range of full load motor efficiency?
 35 – 97%
 What is the difference between mechanical and electrical energy?
 Dissipated as thermal energy (waste heat)
 What is general combination of pump and turbine
 Pump – Motor and Turbine – Generator
 What is Conduction?
 Transfer of energy from more energetic particles to adjacent less energetic particles as a result of interaction. It can take
place in solid, liquid and gases
 How does conduction take place in solids?
 In solids heat conduction is due to two effects:
 1. Due to combination of vibration of molecules in a lattice and energy transport by free electrons
 2. The lattice vibrational waves induced by vibration motion of the molecules positioned at relatively fixed positioning in a
periodic manner is called lattice and the energy transported via free flow of electrons in the solids
 What is example?
 A cold aluminum canned drink eventually warms up to a room temperature as a result of heat transfer as result of heat
transfer from a room to drink through aluminum walls by conduction mechanism
 What is Fourier Law of Heat Conduction?
 Rate of heat conduction is directly proportional to temperature gradient in that direction.
 How heat is conducted?
 Heat is conducted in the direction of decreasing temperature
 Why negative sign is added in in Fourier Law of Heat Conduction?
 Temperature gradient becomes negative in positive x direction, therefore negative sign if added to make heat transfer in
positive x direction a positive quantity
 How does conduction take place in liquids / gas?
 In liquid or gas, the kinetic energy of molecules is due to random motion as well as vibrational and rotational motion. The
conduction takes place owing to transfer of energy from high kinetic energy molecules to low kinetic energy molecules
 How the thermal conductivity of solids is obtained?
 It is obtained by adding the lattice and electronic components
 How thermal conductivity of pure metals is obtained?
 It is obtained primarily due to lattice component i.e. organized behaviour of the same leads to higher thermal conductivity
 How thermal conductivity of pure non – metals is obtained?
 It is obtained primarily due to electronic component
 Why thermal conductivity of diamond is higher?
 Mainly because it is highly ordered crystalline solid
 What is convection?
 Mode of energy transfer between solid surface and adjacent liquid or gas that is in motion. It has combinational effects of
conduction as well as fluid motion i.e. faster the fluid motion greater the convection heat transfer
 What is mode of heat transfer in the absence of bulk fluid motion?
 Heat transfer between solid surface and adjacent fluid is by pure conduction
 What is role of bulk fluid motion?
 It basically enhances the heat transfer rates while complicating the determination of same
 What is forced convection?
 If the fluid is forced to flow over tube or surface by use of fan / pump (external pumping power)
 What is free convection?
 If fluid motion is caused by buoyancy forces caused by density differences due variation in temperature of fluid

 What is natural convection current?

 The current which is responsible for convection phenomenon to occur
 What is the mode of conduction in case of very low temperature difference between air and metal block?
 Conduction Only
 What is mode of conduction in case of change of phase of fluid?
 Convection Only, rise of vapour bubble and fall of liquid droplets is due to convection
 Which law holds for conduction, convection and radiation processes?
 Fourier Law, Newton’s Law of Cooling, Stefan – Boltzman Law and Kirchhoff’s Law
 What is range of heat transfer coefficient h for the free convection process?
 2 – 25 for gases and 50 – 1000 for liquid and
 What is range of heat transfer coefficient h for the forced convection process?
 2 – 25 for gases and 50 – 1000 for liquid (Convection)
 25 – 250 for gases, 50 – 20000 for liquid and 2500 – 100000 boiling and condensation (Convection)
 What is radiation?
 Energy emitted by matter in the form of electromagnetic waves (or photons) as a result of changes in the electronic
configuration of atoms or molecules
 Does conduction or convection require any intervening medium?
 Yes, solid / liquid / gas
 Does radiation require any intervening medium?
 No, radiation can take place in vacuum with having any attenuation
 How other radiations are different from Thermal / Electromagnetic Radiation?
 They are basically non – thermal radiation; not related to temperature
 What are the characteristics of the bodies that emit thermal radiation?
 Temperature above absolute zero always emit thermal radiation
 In what mode energy from sun reaches to earth?
 Radiation Mode
 What kind of phenomenon is radiation in case of liquid and gases?
 Volumetric phenomenon for liquid and gases absorb and transmit radiation of varying degree
 What kind of phenomenon is radiation in case of solids?
 Surface phenomenon for solids that are opaque to thermal radiation such as metal, wood and rock since the radiation
emitted by the interior regions of such material can never reach the surface, and the radiation incident on such bodies is
usually absorbed within a few microns from the surface.
 How do we calculate max radiation emitted by any surface at an absolute temperature of Ts
 By involving Stefan – Boltzman Law
 What is blackbody radiation?
 Idealized surface that can emit max radiation at this temperature is known as blackbody
 What is real surface?
 The radiation emitted by all real surfaces is less than the radiation emitted by blackbody at the same temperature
 What is value of emissivity for blackbody and real body?
 The value of emissivity is usually 1 for blackbody and less than one for real body
 What is absorptivity?
 Amount of radiation content absorbed by the surface of the body. Always lies between 0 and 1.
 Which body emits and absorbs all radiation incidents on it?
 Blackbody (Complete Absorber and Complete Emitter)
 What is Kirchhoff’s Law of radiation?
 Emissivity and Absorptivity of surfaces equal at the same temperature and wavelength
 On what condition, the value of emissivity and absorptivity of surface depends?
 Temperature and Wavelength of Radiation
 What is net radiation heat transfer?
 This is the difference between radiation absorbed and radiation emitted
 Why is it complex to find net radiation heat transfer?
 It depends upon properties of surfaces, orientation relative to each other and medium of interaction
 What is gain heat transfer?
 When radiation absorption is greater than radiation emitted
 What is lose heat transfer?
 When radiation emitted is greater than radiation absorption