3.

1 Forces and motion

Balanced or unbalanced?

If an object is not moving, it means no

__________ are acting to push, pull or
twist it. This statement is __________.

This picture shows a rock sitting on the ground. The force of ___________
is pulling it towards the center of the
Earth. This force is called its
__________. The rock does not move
toward the center of the Earth because
the __________ is pushing up on the
rock. This force is the ________ force.

These two forces, ____________ and ___________ are ______________.

This means the forces are equal in __________ and opposite in ________.

There could be more than two forces

acting on the rock. The wind could push
the rock from one side. But why doesn’t
the rock move sideways?

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The _________ force from the wind is balanced by the ________ between
the rock and the ground. These forces can be shown in a ____________
diagram like the one above. In a force diagram, the ____________ show
the ________ and _____________ of each force. The longer the arrow, the
___________ the force. A force diagram showing balanced forces has
equal __________ of arrows but point in ________________ directions.

Starting to move

If the rock is pushed with a much larger

force than the wind such as a large
vehicle, the ___________ force will be
____________ than ____________. The
rock wil now move because the sideways
forces are not _____________. This is
shown from the length of the arrows in
the diagrams.

The rock will now start to move in the direction of the _________ sideways
force. The rock will not move up or down because the forces acting
________ and ________ are still _____________.

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Slowing down

Unbalanced or ___________ forces can also make moving objects

______________. A ______________ makes a falling object slow down.
When an object is falling quickly, the parachute causes a force of air
_______________ that is ___________ than the __________ of the object.

Changing direction

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Unbalanced forces can also make objects _____________________.

This tennis ball will change direction because

of an ______________ force. When the ball
__________ the tennis racket, the ball
__________ on the tennis racket. To make
the ball go back in the opposite direction, the
__________ force must be ___________
than the force from the ball.

Planets are orbiting the Sun due to

the force of __________________.
The force of gravity on a planet is a
__________ and ______________
force. When an object moves in a
circle, its _____________ is always
changing. A constant unbalanced
force is needed to keep an object
moving in a ___________.

Summary

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1. When forces are equal in size and opposite in direction, the forces
are _______________.
2. Balanced forces cause no change in ___________________.
3. When forces are not equal in size and / or act in directions that are
not opposite, the forces are ___________________.
4. Unbalanced forces cause change in movement, such as speeding up,
slowing down or changing direction.

Size of foces Direction of Balanced or Change in

forces unbalanced movement

equal opposite balanced

equal not opposite unbalanced

not equal opposite unbalanced

not equal not opposite unbalanced

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 3.2 Speed
Units of speed

There are many different units of speed. Different units are sometimes
used in different countries and for different things. For example, the speed
of ships is often measured in _______, whereas aeroplanes often use
_____. Some countries have road speed limits in kilimeters per hour
(_________), whereas some countries use miles per hour
(_____________).

To avoid confusion, scientists use standard units for measurement in all

countries. The standard unit for speed is ___________________ (______).
The word per means _________. Therefore meters per second means the
number of ________ travelled in each _________.

Calculating speed

The way you calculate speed is linked to the unit meter per second. For
example, think of a bus that travels a distance of 100 m in a time of 20s.
The bus has travelled 100m in 20s, so how many meters does it travel in
each 1s?

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The term _____________________ is sometimes used because the speed
of an object during a journey is not always _________ which means _____
_________. Average speed is calculated in exactly the same way as
speed. The equation for speed can be used in a formula triangle below.

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 3.3 Describing movement
Distance-time graphs

Scientists use ________ to describe how two ___________ are related.

We can use graphs to describe the movement of an object. One way to do
this is to plot _____________________ on the _________ axis and _____
on the ___________ axis.

A graph like this is called a ________________ graph. Graphs are more

useful than words for describing movement because:

1. _______________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________
4. _______________________________________________________

Below is a distance-time graph showing the journey of a car from a starting

position (__) to a destination (__). The car then returns to its starting
position.

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The graph shows four sections in different colours with different meanings.

The blue section shows the car at the starting position, __, and it has
travelled ___ distance. The car then travels at a _______ speed away from
point A to B. When moving at a constant speed, the car travels the ______
distance in each _______. The distance from the start ___________ with
time. The distance-time graph shows this as a ________, ________
sloping line.

The yellow section shows the car stopping at point __ and it is _______
which means not moving, with a speed of ____. Another term with the
same meaning is __________. The distance of the car from the starting
position (__) does not ________ when it is stationary, but _______ still
passes. The distance-time graph shows a straight line that is __________.

The green section shows the car moving again at a __________ speed to
its destination (__). The car moves _________ than when it travelled
between A and B. This means the car travels a _________ distance each
second. The distance-time graph shows this as a _________ straight,
_________ sloping line.

The pink section shows the car travelling back from point __ going back to
point __ at a ________ speed. The distance of the car from the start will
____________ with time. The distance-time graph shows this as a
__________ and _______________ sloping line.

The distance-time graph above was a sketch as there is no numbers on the

axes.

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 3.4 Turning forces
Turning effects of forces

When we push down on a door handle, the handle ______. When we push
down on the pedal of a bicycle, the pedal ______. When you pull on a door,
the door _____ toward you. These are all examples of ______ that causes
an object to _______.

The object that turns is called a _______ and the point around which the
lever turns is called the _______. Whe we bend our arm, the arm acts as a
_________ and our ________ is the pivot.

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Calculating moments

The _________ of a force describes the _________________ of a force.

The moment of a force depends on :

1. _______________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________

To calculate a moment, we use this equation:

Distance in the equation is the distance from the ________ to the position
where the _______ acts. The unit of force is ________ and the unit of
distance is _________. Therefore the unit of moment is _______________
or usually written as ______. The letter N must be written in capital.

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Balancing

A seesaw is a type of _______. People sit

on either side of the _______ of a seesaw
and make the ________ turn one way and
then the other. The result is that each
person moves up and down. A seesaw will
be balanced when the moments of both
sides of the pivot are ___________ and _____________.

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 3.5 Pressure between solids
The pushing effect of a force

The picture shows a knife being used to cut

modelling clay. The knife works because the
_______ used to push down causes
____________ on the clay. Pressure is the
__________ effect of a ________. Suppose
the clay is difficult to cut, we can _________
the pushing effect of the force by:

1. Increasing the _______ on the knife to increase the __________

2. Using a sharper knife ( a sharp knife has less ___________________
in contact with the clay). As the area ____________, the pressure
____________.

The equation linking pressure, force and area is

From this equation we know that pressure is ________ divided by ______.

The unit of force is _________ and the unit of area is _________________.
This means the unit of pressure is _________________________ or is
usually written as ________.

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Sometimes we can use smaller areas measured in ____. If this is the case
then the unit of pressure will be ______. If the area is in ____, then the unit
of pressure will be _____.

Some things have large areas to _________ pressure while others have
small areas to ___________ pressure.

Camels have _______ feet, meaning the ____

from the weight of the camel is applied over a
________ area. The pressure on the sand is
____________ so the camel will not ______ in
the sand.

The woman in the picture is lying on a bed of nails. Each nail has a sharp
point on the end. The weight of the woman acts
on many hundreds of nails so the
_____________ from each nail is very
_________.

The end of this pin has a _______ point with a _______ area to
___________ pressure. The increased pressure means the
pin will easily go into wood or card.

Scissors have sharp blades. The area along the cutting

edge of each blade is ________. This ____________
the pressure, making it easier to cut.

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Calculating pressure

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 3.6 Pressure in liquids and gases
Pressure in liquids

The wall of this dam is wider at the

________ than it is at the ______.
Behind the wall of the dam, the
water is almost to the top of the wall.
We can see water coming out from
two levels.

The water coming out close to the

___ is coming out with _______ force. The water coming out from further
down is coming out with _______ force. This is because of pressure in the
water ____________ with ________. The wall is ________ at the bottom to
make the wall stronger where the pressure from the water is ___________.

Pressure and depth in liquids

The pressure in liquid increases with ________, but why? As we go _____

in a liquid, there is more liquid __________ our position. The _________ of
this liquid, caused by ____________, pushes on the _____________ of the
liquid. When the particles of the liquid are pushed, they move with _______
force. As the particles in a liquid are moving randomly in all directions, then
the ____________ in the liquid is ___________ in all directions.

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Pressure in gases

Before we blow up a balloon, there is a small

__________ of air inside the balloon. The balloon is
open at one end, so the _________ of the air inside is
the _______ as the pressure of the air outside. As we
blow air into the balloon, we are adding more gas
____________. Particles in a gas move randomly and
_______ with the walls of the ___________. The container is the
___________. Everytime a gas particle collides with the wall of the
container, the particle exerts a small _________ on the wall. The more
particles there are in the gas, the more ___________ happen with the
walls, and so the force on the walls ______________.

As this force is exerted on an area, the force causes

_______________. The pressure inside the balloon gets
___________ as we blow in more air, pushing the walls of
the balloon outwards.

The ____ inside the tyre is at low ____________. The

pressure is not enough to support the ______ of
the vehicle. If more air is put inside the tyre, the
pressure will ___________. More _____________
will happen with the inside walls of the tyre,
pushing the tyre outward and supporting the
vehicle.

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Pressure and depth in gases

As with liquids, the pressure in a gas increases with _______. Most people
on Earth live at low __________. Altitude is height above _____________.

The Earth’s atmosphere, which we call _____, is made from gases. The
atmosphere extends to a height of about ________ km above sea level.
Sea level is, therefore, where the ______________ is at its __________.
So at sea level, ______________ pressure is highest. As we go higher in
the atmosphere, two variables that affect atmospheric pressure change:

1. The number of _____________ of air ____________, so the

concentration of gas particles ____________.
2. The _________ of air above your current position _______________.

Atmospheric pressure at sea level is roughly equivalent to the _________

exerted by a full grown African elephant standing on a doormat. We are not
aware of the pressure from the atmosphere because we live in the
atmosphere all the time.

Effects of atmospheric pressure

The effect of atmospheric pressure can be shown by

pumping the air out of a metal container. Before the
air is pumped out, the pressure on the inside of the
container is ________ to the pressure on the
________.

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When the air is pumped out, the pressure inside the container becomes
close to _____. The pressure on the outside does not ________. The
container is crushed by the pressure of the air ___________ the container.

Pressure and temperature in gases

As the temperature of a gas increases, the

speed of the particles in the gas _________.
When particles are travelling faster, the
______________ exert more __________.
This means that _______________ the
temperature of a gas will _______________
the ____________ of the gas.

High pressure can be used to cook food. Water and food are placed inside
the pressure cooker. The pressure cooker has a sealed lid. When the water
boils, the steam cannot escape so the ___________ of the gas inside
___________. On top of the pressure cooker, there is a weight to control
the pressure and _________ that allows steam to escape, once the
required pressure has been reached.

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3.7 Particles on the move
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Mixing gases

The particles in a gas move randomly. Both the ______ and the _________
of the particles are random. If we mix two gases in one container, each one
will have ___________ that move randomly. That means each gas will
_______ to fill the container. The movement of the particles of each gas is
called ___________.

Diffusion means the overall random movement of particles from an area

where they are in higher _______________ to an area where they are in
_________ concentration. Concentration is the number of particles in a
particular volume. The diagram below shows how two gases ___________.

At the start, the tap is closed. The white gas

particles are at high ______________ on
the left and _____ concentration on the left.

The tap is opened and the gases start to spread out (______________). At
random, some particles of each gas will
pass through the space where the tap
opens. The white gas particles are now at
quite high concentration on the _______ and ____ concentration on the
right.

After some time, the gases have completely __________. There is ______
concentration of both gases on both sides. Diffusion stops when the

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 concentrations are _________. However
the movement of individual particles does
not stop when _________ stops.

Diffusion explains how we can smell food

cooking. When food is heated, some particles in the food change
_________ and become ______. The gas particles from the food move
randomly and so spread out through the air by ____________. The
strength of the smell will get stronger as you move _________ to the food.
This is because the _________________ of the particles are higher, the
closer you get to the source of the particles. Many animals use this change
in strength of smell to find food.

Mixing liquids

Diffusion also happens in liquids. Particles in a liquid also move at random.

The blue ink moves from the area of

______ concentration to the areas
of low _______________, until it is
completely __________ throughout
the water.

Speed of diffusion

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The speed of diffusion depends on:

1. _______________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________

The bigger the _____________ in the concentration of the particles, the

____________ the diffusion. The __________ the temperature the
_________ the diffusion. Higher temperature makes particles move
________, so the particles can spread out faster. For example, tea diffuses
faster in hot water than it does in cold water.

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