PCS NOTES

Partition Of Bengal
Partition of Bengal was an important event that gave impetus to the Muslim political movement
in India. Province of Bengal was divided into two parts in 1905 by the viceroy of Indian named
Lord Curzon due to administrative issues.
Muslims were very happy on this decision because this announcement had enabled them to
promote their life’s condition but Hindus retaliated furiously saying it is the division of the
motherland.
The congress joined anti partition movement they started a widespread agitation, violence and
boycott of foreign goods.

Annulment Of Partition Of Bengal

The British Government announced the annulment of the partition of Bengal and this was done
due to strong protests by Hindus.
The annulment came as a serious blow to the Muslims the Muslims came to realize that they
could neither Hindus nor Britishers for the protection of rights of the Muslims.

Simla Deputation
A delegation consisting of thirty five Muslim leaders called on viceroy named Lord Minto at
Simla in the month of October 1906.
They briefed him about the Muslim’s demands. The attitude of the Viceroy of India was very
encouraging and he promised to take those demands up with the British Government.

1. Separate Electorate
2. Reservation of Muslin’s seats in government jobs
3. Special share in municipal or district boards and university senates/syndicates.
4. Muslim’s University at Aligarh
5. Muslims representation in viceroy executive council

Quaid-e-Azam joined Muslim League

Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah who was up till that time was a member of the national
India Congress and Joined the Muslim League in 1913.
As a member of two most influential political parties he started to work with renewed
determination for his long-cherished objective of Hindu Muslim Unity.

Aims & Objectives

At the time of formation of All India Muslim League, the main objectives were these:

1. Protection and promotion of the political rights and interests of the Muslims.
 2. Cooperation with the other communities without prejudice to the above goal.
3. Fostering the sense of loyalty among Muslims towards the government.

Khilafat Movement (23-11-1919)

Khilafat Movement was a religious political movement launched by Indian Muslims, for the
retention of Ottoman Khilafat and not handing over the control of the Holy Places to the non-
Muslims.
As turkey sided with Germany in WW1. This concerned expressed in India about the future of
Turkey. It was a part period from 1919-1922 casting demonstrations, boycott and pressure from
both major communities, of Hindu-Muslim. The Muslims realized that it is their religious duty to
help their Muslim country.
The main points of Khilafat Movement:
1. Ottoman Khilafat should be kept intact.
2. Territorial solidarity of Turkey should be preserved.
3. Control of holy Places should not be handed over to the non-Muslims.

Effects
Khilafat Movement for the first time became the movement in which all ordinary people,
ordinary Muslims and the people of streets were involved. Therefore, at the time the politics
came down to ordinary Muslims.

Role Of Quaid-e-Azam
Quaid-e-Azam did a lot to unite the two communities along with the recognition of the rights of
the Muslims. The meeting of both major held in the month of December 1916. The
Constitutional proposal was approved.

1. One Third seats of the muslins in the Imperial Legislative Council.

2. Separate Electorate
3. Half members of the Executive Legislative Council to be selected by the Imperial
Legislative Council.
4. Expansion in Provincial Legislative Council.
5. Half member of the Governor’s Legislative Council to be elected by the Provincial
Legislative Council.
6. Weightage to the Minorites if the provinces.

Gains from Muslim Point of View

1. Separate electorate
2. Representation of the Muslims in central Legislative Council.
3. Unofficial Bill, if opposed by three-fourth members, it will not be passed.
Announcement By the British Government (August 20,1917):
Secretary of the state namely Edwin Montagu announced and promised for:

1. Greater Association of the Indians in all branches of the government.

2. Inductions of the Indias in commisional ranks.
3. Responsible government

Lucknow Pact 1916

The Muslim League and Congress held their joint session at Lucknow in the month of December
1916. The Pact was signed by the both nations knows as Lucknow Pact. It was decided a jointly
agreed scheme( About constitutional Reforms) would be submitted towards the government and
impress upon the government to incorporate in the future reforms of separate electorate of the
Muslims had certain observations on the jointly agreed scheme of constitutional reforms.
Quaid-e-Azam was the chief Architect of the Lucknow pact.
It was at this occasion of, Mrs. Sarajini Naidu, eminent Indian Leader gave Jinnah the Title of
“ The Ambassador of Hindu Muslim Unity”.

Lucknow Pact Betrayed by The Congress

The spirit of Lucknow pact did not last long. The friendly atmosphere created by pact soon
waved out and an extremist Hindu’s element soon took over by the congress.

First WW (1914-1918)
First WW was started on 28th July 1914.
Prince Fring Fardinand and his wife were assassinated on 29th June 1914 in Serbia.
Gavrilo Princip, 19 years old attack them.
In result Austria, Hungary invaded on Bosnia.
Approximately 1000 horses, shops and banks were burnt.
Allied Powers:
Britian, France, Russia, America, Japan & Italy.
Central Powers:
Austria, Hungary Empire. Germany & Turkey.
Pact of treaty was signed in 1882 between Central powers.
This war continued for four years and three months.
Six thousand and five hundred were killed on daily basis.
2.2 million army troops were killed during this war and 2.3 million were injured at the end of the
first WW.
It ended on 11th November 1918.
The Khalifa of Turkey was greatly respected by the Indian Muslims observed all the
developments very keenly.
The Muslims were depressed over the plight of Muslim brethren and infuriated against the
British rulers.

Rowlett Act (1919)

Rowlett Act was a black law announced in subcontinent on 18th Match 1919. Their government
got authority to persecute and Indian and arrested had no facility of legal assistance just as the
“Lettres de cachet” introduced in France before the French Revolution. French Revolution
started on 5th May 1789 and ended on 11th November 1799. King Louis XVI and his wife found
convicted by the revolutionary tribunal of high treason. They were seen as a symbol of old
regime. King Louis was found guilty of treason specifically for conspiring with foreign powers
and attempting to flee the country. The tribunal ordered for execution by Guillotine or be-
heading on 21st January 1793.
After nine months his wife named Marie Antoinette’s trial was begun on 14th October 1973. Two
days after she was also found convicted and according to the order of Revolutionary Tribunal she
was also executed by beheading on 16th October 1793. Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah
resigned from central Legislative as protest.

Elections 1937

The elections were held in [Link] congress projected itself as an All-India Force
representing all religious and fractions of all society. The Muslim league contested for the
Muslim seats. The congress got majority seats in five provinces. i.e. Behar, U.P, C.P and
Orissa. The congress emerged as a large political party in Bombay won 704 seats out of
[Link] Muslim League progress was not good in these elections. The Muslim Leage
Got 108 Muslim seats out of 485. They did not win majority seats in Muslim majority
areas. i.e. Bengal, NWFP, Punjab and Sindh. It Was mostly due to organizational issues
and local Muslim groups problems.

Formation of Provincial Government

The Muslim League desired to be in government in U.P province. The congress

consented with a conditional support.
Dissolve AIML parliamentary Board.
Muslim League will not work as a separate groupism members express Allegiance to the
congress. The After said terms were a device to subvert the existence of the Muslim
league. So, the agreement was not possible due to that issue.

Congress Raj 1937-1939

This period was marked as a political corruption and high handedness of the party over
the government. The Muslim students had no opportunity to learn their history, culture
and religion. The Muslims said it was a well calculated and preplanned conspiracy in
order to destroy the national identity of Muslims.

Sindhi Culture
Introduction:
1. Sindh is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historical home to Sindhi people.

2. Also known as “Mehran” and has been given the title of “Bab-ul-Islam” (The Gateway of
Islam), and also called as “Indus Valley”.

3. Sindh is bounded to the west by Indus River and Baluchistan, to the north by Punjab, the
east by the Indian states of Gujrat and Rajasthan and to south by the Arabian Sea.

4. The capital of Province is Karachi, the largest city of the Pakistan and financial hub.

5. Most of the population in province is Muslim, with sizeable Hindu minorities.

6. The main language spoken is Sindhi by about 35 million people, while there exists a
significant Urdu-speaking minority of about 8 million.

7. Sindhi language is logistically considered to be the sister language of Sanskrit, Balochi,

Gujarati, Rajasthani for having influences of Sindhi, however accommodating substantial
Persian, Turkish and Arabic words.

8. Area: 140,914 km2 (54,407 sq mi)

9. Population: 42,400,000 (780/sq mi)

Literature and Language

 Sindhi is very rich and is generally considered to be among the world's oldest.

 Its writers have contributed extensively in various forms of literature both in poetry and
prose.

 The earliest to Sindhi literature is contained in the writings of Arab historians.

 It is established that Sindhi was the first and the earliest language of east in which Quran
was translated in the eighth or ninth century A.D.

 It is also recorded that treatises were written in Sindhi on astronomy, medicine and
history during the eighth and ninth centuries.

 The age of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai (Kalhora period) is most significant in the history of
Sindhi literature.
Family system in Sindh

 In rural areas of Sindh, the system of family is Joint Family.

 But in urban areas there is very less of Joint families.

Sindhi Topi and Ajrak

 Sindhi Topi(cap):

Sindhi Topi is regarded as an essential part of Sindhi culture and symbol of Sindhi nationalism.
Sindhi Topi is circular except for a portion cut out in the front to expose the forehead.

 Ajrak
Ajrak of Sindh hallmark of the Sindhi civilization.
Ajrak is a different and unique form of block printed Shawls and Scarfs.
Ajrak are worn by girls as well as boys.
Ajraks are usually about 2.5 to 3-meters long.

Sindhi People’s Dressing

 Sindhi Men Dress:

In Sindhi culture Men usually wear the shalwar and Kameez along with the Sindhi Topi and
Ajrak.

 Sindhi Women Dress:

Sindhi women are fond of wearing heavy worked dresses along with the Sindhi Ajrak as a
security of women.
Now a days it compulsory for girls to wear Ajrak with their uniform of collages and Schools.

Dressing in Marriage
 In Marriage it is compulsory for the groom to wear Ajrak and Topi.
 Ajrak is given to bride when she is leaving her parent house at the time of marriage.

Foods

 Sindh has its own unique foods which are totally different from other provinces of
Pakistan.

 There are some vegetables which are only cultivated in few areas of Sindh and mostly
used there.

 Pali Maani
  Sindhi Biryani

 The Meal (Roti) made up from floor of rice

Music

 Sindhi music has its own unique quality; it is performed in many different ways.

 Sufi music is performed at shrines and other simple music is performed at studios and
gatherings.

 Most famous Sindhi music is Shah Jo Raag over all in Sindh in which 30 basic Surr are
included and all these Surr are derived from Shah Jo Rissalo.
 All Surr are sung when Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai’s verses are being sung by singers.

Instruments used in Sindhi Music

 Yaktaro

 Tanpura

 Alghoza

 Narr

 Dhol (Duhul in Sindhi)

 Pungi

Sindhi Dance

 Ho Jamalo

This dance is done on the verses of song “Ho Jamalo” wearing Sindhi Topi and Ajrak.
All Sindhi makes the circle and dance together.
Also called as Sindhi dance.
 Dhammal

Performed at Sufi shrines/dargahs in Sindh and Punjab

 Sindhi Jhumar

It is slower and rhythmic dance

Sindhi Sports

 There are many regional sports that are played in Sindh. “Malakhiro” is one the famous
sports of Sindh.
  Malakhiro is traditional Sindhi wrestling competition.

 Other sports include “Wanjh Watti” “Kodi Kodi” etc.

Festivals

 There are so many culture festivals in Sindh but the most popular is “Ekta Day” or also
called as “Topi Ajrak Day” which is celebrated in worldwide by Sindhi people.

 On this festival all Sindhi wears the Sindhi Topi Ajrak and shows the unity with each
other.

 On this festival Sindhis sings the songs verses “Jeay Sindh Jeay Sindh wara jean Sindhi
Topi Ajrak wara Jean” or “Ho Jamalo” and dances on these verses to show their love with
their culture.

Historical places of Sindh

 Mohenjo-Daro

 Raani Kot

 The world largest fort

 Also called as great wall of Sindh

 Circumference of approximately 26 kilometers

 Kot Diji Fort

 Gilgit Baltistan:

Formerly Known as the Northern Areas

In 1948, Gilgit Baltistan emerged on the map of the world.
The people of the region fought their own war against the Dogra Raj and won their freedom on
1st November 1947.
In 2009 Pakistan give provincial setup in Gilgit Baltistan.

Capital: Gilgit.

Districts are 10.

Largest city is Skardu.

Population: 22,000,000

Area: 72,496 km^2.

History

Ruled by Durani Empire of Afghanistan over three centuries

Muslims ruled about four centuries under the Mughals (Until 1751).
B/w 1832- 1860 the region conquered by the Sikhs and Dogras.
B/w 1935-1947 the territory of Gilgit Baltistan was given to British on lease.
In 1947, it came to under the control of Pakistan.

Culture

Culture shows moral and ethical values of a region.

Culture represents our history and the way our ancestors lived and we have to transfer our rich
culture our new youth.
Gilgit Baltistan has its own rich and unique culture and traditions which varies from valley to
valley.
People represent culture through different famous festivals, dresses and foods.

Sports

There are many regional sports that are played in Gilgit Baltistan

1. Polo
2. Neza baazi
3. Tapoo
4. Ip Ip
Cultural Festivals are

1. Jashan e bharaan
2. Shandoor Polo Festival
3. Babusar Polo Festival

Except these festivals some other festivals are celebrated in Gilgit Baltistan which are:

1. Eid e Nowroz
2. Eid e Ghadeer

Tradition Dresses of Gilgit Baltistan

Women Caps
Phartsun/Nating

The customs of wearing caps by Gilgit Baltistan women have a unique feature of its cultural
heritage.

Types Of Men caps

Men Usually wear three types of caps

1. Khoi (Gilgit Cap)

2. Nating (Balti Cap)
3. Farzin (Hunza Cap)

Foods
Giyaling or zaan
Go-Lee is to make your breakfast savory. It is usually served on breakfast on usual occasions but
also cooked on special occasions as well. Normally it is best with a Namkeen Chai, but you can
eat it with simple chai if you feel uncomfortable with the Namkeen thing. Giyaling is a local
occasional dish of Hunza and Nagar Valley. It is specially made on the occasion of Gianni, and
Gianni is an event which is performed after the cultivation of a crop especially the wheat.
In the month of May and Hune when wheat begins to prepare, all the owners of a land go their
field to enjoy the Ginani event with Giyaling.

Recipe Of Giyaling
Flat bread, made with whole grain flour, rich in vitamin B-17. It is served by spreading butter on
bread, on extraordinary events.

Berckuzh/Chap-Churro

Chapchurro is one of the most delicious dishes of Gilgit Baltistan. It is the Gilgit Baltistan
Version of pizza. Chap Churro is a bread filled with a mixture of chopped Beef/ Yak meat,
onions, and other spices. Chap-Churro is filled with chopped meat (lamb, beef) onions, Chilli
Peppers, Tomato and fresh coriander leaves. They are baked on medium heat on for 15 minutes,
until golden brown. Jugloot Gouro and Whole Nagar are the famous places for the most delicious
Chap-Churro in Gilgit Baltistan.
Mamtu

Mamtu is a delicious cubes meat flour centrally filled with mutton/Beef and spicy ingredients.
Life is so endlessly delicious. Plan a tour to Gilgit Baltistan. Take a taste of Mamtu and seize the
moment for your lifetime. Mamtu, the dumpling of North, is a unique and very tasty dish in
Gilgit Baltistan. Mamtu is very delicious fast food originally came from China. In Pakistan, you
can only find Mamtu in Gilgit Baltistan. Some may consider it a traditional food of Gilgit
Baltistan. Its cooking process is special as its taste. It is not cooked by any direct means. It is
cooked in a flow of steam.

1. Chalpak (Khowar)
2. Sherik (Shina)
3. Sheshar (Burushaki)
4. Chupati (Shina)
5. Brat (Khowar)
6. Tiki/Feti (Burshishki)

Education System

Gilgit Baltistan is the most literate region of Pakistan

Literacy rate of Hunza district touches about 100%.

Its people are well aware and committed.

Gilgit Baltistan has one university KIU having campuses in Gilgit & Skardu.

It has one cadet college in Skardu and numerous private institutions providing quality education.
Gilgit Baltistan has produced gold medalists of various universities, schools and in other
education sectors.

It has produced scientists, army officers, engineers and doctors.

Languages:

Languages that are spoken in Gilgit Baltistan are:

1. Shina
2. Balti
3. Buroshashki
4. Khowar
5. Wakhi
Glaciers Of Gilgit Baltistan

Siachin:
Siachin is the 2nd longest glacier of the world, The Length of this glacier is 76km.

Baltoro Glacier:

The Baltoro Glazier at 63km in length, is one of the longest glaciers outside the polar regions. It
is located in the Gilgit Baltistan region of northern Pakistan.

Forts Of Gilgit Baltistan

Skardu Fort
Skardu fort or Kharpocho means the king of forts is a fort in Skardu city in Gilgit Baltistan
region of Pakistan. Australian mountaineer and film maker Greg child writes that the fort is
“perched above the junction

Altit Fort

Altit Fort is an ancient fort at Altit town in the Hunza Valley in Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan. It was
originally home to the hereditary rules of the Hunza state who carried the title Mir, although they
moved to the somewhat younger Baltit Fort nearby three centuries Later. Altit Fort and in
particular the shikari tower is around 1100 years old which makes it the oldest monument in the
Gilgit Baltistan.

Baltit Fort:

Baltit fort is a fort in the Hunza Valley, near the town of Karima bad, in the Gilgit Baltistan
region of northern Pakistan. CE, it has been on the UNESCO world Heritage Tentative list since
2004.

Lakes of Gilgit Baltistan:

Handrab Lake:
Handrab lake is located in Gilgit Baltistan and is over 10,000 feet above sea level.

Attabad Lake:

Attabad lake is also known as the Gojal Lake and is situated in Hunza’s Gojal valley.

Naltar Lake:

Naltar lake is also known as the Bashkiri lake and is also situated in Gilgit Baltistan.

Satpara Lake:

With close proximity to Skardu Gilgit Baltistan Satpara Lake is surrounded by mountains and
fed by the Satpara streams.
Mountains Of Gilgit Baltistan:

Nanga Parbat:

World’s 9th highest mountain peak is located in western Himalayas, surrounded by the Indus
River, with an elevation of 26,660 ft.

K2 Mountain:

Worlds 2nd Highest Peak also known as Mount Godwin-Austin is the great asset of Pakistan with
the height of 28,250ft. K2 is located in the extreme north of Baltistan near the Baltaro Glacier.

Heroes Of Gilgit Baltistan:

Hawaldaar Malik Jaan:

From Yasin Ghizer

Embraced Shahadat in 1999, Kargil War.

Awarded Nishaan-e-Haider.

Afzal Shigri:

From Shiger, Baltistan

Served as IG police Sinde
Write and philanthropist

Samina Baig
From Hunza
First Pakistani Women to Climb Mount Everest

General Hidayat ur Rehman

From Bunji, Gilgit
Served as Core Commander Peshawar
serving as head in Kashmir regiment of Pakistan Army

Economy of Gilgit Baltistan

1. Fruits
2. Dry Fruits
3. Tourism
4. Agriculture
5. Gem Stones
 Occupations in Pakistan

Introduction to Occupations

Work For Living:

Type of work people do to earn income.

Diverse Economy:

Pakistan's economy: agriculture, industry, services.

Three Sectors:

Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary occupations.

Importance of Occupations

Income & Livelihood:

Provides financial stability.

National Development:
Supports GDP growth.

Social Structure:

Shapes living standards.

Skill Development:

Promotes innovation.

Pakistan's Economic Overview

19-20%

Agriculture GDP

Key economic contributor.

19-21%

Industry GDP

Manufacturing and production.

55%+

Services GDP
Largest economic share.

70M

Labor Force

Estimated workforce in 2024.

Primary Occupations: Agriculture

Workforce Share

38% of total workforce.

Main Crops
Wheat, cotton, sugarcane, rice.

Techniques

Mostly traditional, low mechanization.

Key Issues

Water scarcity, climate impact.

Primary Occupations: Other Sectors

Livestock

Dairy, meat, hides production.

Mining

Salt, coal, gypsum, marble, copper.

Fishing
Along coastal belts: Sindh, Baluchistan.

Secondary Occupations: Manufacturing

Raw to Product

Converts materials into goods.

Textiles

Largest export industry.

Major Mills

Cement, fertilizer, sugar.

Cottage Industries

Handicrafts, carpets, leather.

Secondary Occupations: Construction & Engineering

Rapid Growth

Driven by urban development.

Key Projects

Motorways, housing, Gwadar Port, CPEC.

Diverse Workforce
Laborers, engineers, masons, surveyors.

Tertiary Occupations: Service Sector

Education

Teachers, professors, tutors.

Finance

Bankers, accountants.

Healthcare

Doctors, nurses, lab staff.

Retail

Shopkeepers, salespeople.

IT and Communication: A Growing Sector

Fastest Growth

Rapid expansion in IT.

Key Roles

Developers, designers, IT support.

Top Freelance Market

Pakistan ranks in top 5 globally.

Informal Sector & Daily Wage Labor

Diverse Roles
Street vendors, domestic helpers, rickshaw drivers.

Lack of Security

No job security, health insurance, or stable income.

Urban Economy

Significant part of urban economy.

Emerging Occupations

E-commerce Boom

Daraz, Foodpanda, online sellers.

Digital & Creative

Digital marketing, content creation.

Green Energy

Solar tech, climate jobs.

Remote Work

Freelance opportunities growing.

Challenges in the Job Market

Unemployment

High rates of unemployment and underemployment.

Skill Gap

Digital skills needed for modern jobs.

Gender Inequality

Only ~20% women in formal workforce.

Child Labor
Prevalent in various sectors.

Government Programs & Solutions

Ehsaas Program

Economic aid, job creation.

Kamyab Jawan
Youth training, loans.

NAVTTC & TEVTA

Vocational training initiatives.

Future Focus

Digital skills, entrepreneurship, green jobs.

Conclusion

1. Pakistan's workforce is diverse and evolving.

2. Agriculture is still dominant, but services and tech are growing.
3. Youth need skills for the future.
4. Strong human capital = Strong Pakistan.
 Wedding
What is Wedding?

A wedding is a ceremony in which two people enter into a martial relationship. It is typically
conducted in accordance with cultural, religious, and social traditions, and is often celebrated in
the presence of family, friends, and the broader community.

Purpose of Wedding

The main purpose of a wedding is to officially enter into martial relationship and
announce/declare the start of new martial relationship between a couple to their family, friends,
community, and the public concerned.

Types of Weddings

• Religious Weddings

• Civil Weddings

• Traditional / Cultural Weddings

Religious Weddings

A religious wedding is a marriage ceremony performed according to the beliefs and practices of
a particular religion.

Civil Weddings

A legal marriage conducted by a government authority, such as a judge or registrar.

• No religious content

• Takes place in court or registry office

• Recognized legally by the state

Traditional/Cultural Wedding
A traditional or cultural wedding is a marriage ceremony that follows the customs, clothing,
rituals, and values of a specific ethnic group, community, or region.

Wedding Process in Pak

• 🇵🇰 Traditional Wedding Process in Pakistan – At a Glance

• Rishta & Mangni: Matchmaking and engagement with ring exchange.

• Mayoun & Dholki: Pre-wedding beauty rituals and music nights.

• Mehndi: Henna ceremony with vibrant attire, singing, and dancing.

 • Nikah: Islamic marriage contract signed; religious centerpiece of the wedding.

• Baraat: Groom’s formal arrival; wedding ceremony followed by bride’s emotional

departure (Rukhsati).

• Walima: Groom’s reception to celebrate the union with extended family.

• Post-Wedding: Welcoming rituals at groom’s home and legal registration of the

marriage.
Weddings in Pakistan

Weddings in Pakistan are a beautiful mix of religion, culture, and tradition. They are celebrated
with great excitement and are often grand social events involving many days of ceremonies.
Every region in Pakistan has its own unique customs, clothing styles, and rituals. Weddings in
Pakistan usually happen over several days and include both religious rituals and cultural
celebrations.

Phases of Weddings in Pak

Generally, weddings are divided into three phases: -

• Pre-Wedding Events

• Main Wedding Day

• Post-Wedding Events

Pre-Wedding Events

• Mayun: - The bride stays at home and prepares for marriage.

• Dholki: - Family and friends gather to sing traditional songs.

• Mehndi: - The bride’s hands are decorated with henna, and everyone enjoys dancing.
Main Wedding Day

This is the day when the marriage officially happens.

• Nikkah: The Islamic marriage ceremony is performed by an Imam.

• Baraat: The groom arrives with his family and is welcomed by the bride’s side.

• Rukhsati: The bride says goodbye to her family and leaves with the groom.

Post-Wedding Events

These take place after the couple is married.

• Walima: A reception hosted by the groom’s family to celebrate the marriage.

 • Welcome Rituals: Fun games and small customs to welcome the bride into her new home.

Weddings in Pakistan Different Regions

Regions in Pakistan

• Punjab

• KPK

• Baluchistan

• Sindh

• Gilgit

• Kashmir

Wedding Culture of Punjab

Engagement (Mangni)

• The families officially agree on the marriage.

• A small gathering is held where rings are exchanged.

Dholki / Sangeet (Music Night)

• Before the wedding, relatives and friends gather.

• They sing traditional songs, play the Dhol (drum), and dance.

• Women sometimes play hand drums (Dholki) and sing old folk songs.

Mayoun & Mehndi

The bride stays indoors during Mayoun before the wedding.

• She wears yellow clothes during this time.

• Ubtan (turmeric paste) is applied to enhance her natural glow.

• Mehndi Night is a lively celebration where henna is applied to the bride’s hands
and feet.

Baraat (Wedding Day)

• The groom’s family and friends (baraat) come to the bride’s house or wedding
hall in a grand procession.

• The groom rides a decorated car (sometimes horse) and people dance ahead of
him.
 • Nikkah (Islamic marriage contract) is performed either on this day or earlier.

• A big feast (Walima) is organized afterward.

Rukhsati (Farewell)

• The bride leaves her parent’s home and goes with the groom.

• It’s an emotional moment with lots of tears and prayers.

Walima (Reception)
• Hosted by the groom’s family after the wedding.

• It’s a formal dinner to celebrate and introduce the couple to extended friends and
family.

Food Culture

• Chicken/Mutton Karahi (rich, spicy)

• Yakhni Pulao & Sada Biryani

• Siri Paye (traditional breakfast)

• Saag with Makki di Roti (winter special)

• Dahi Bhallay, Gol Gappay (for Mehndi)

• Desserts: Gajar ka Halwa, Jalebi, Kheer, Gulab Jamun

Wedding Culture of KPK

• Groom: Wearing a white shalwar kameez, a dark waistcoat, and a traditional Peshawari
cap (or turban)
• Bride: Dressed modestly in deep green, maroon, or gold outfits with traditional
embroidery, heavy jewelry, and dupatta covering her head

• Nikah Ceremony: Performed simply, often in a mosque or at home, with men and
women sitting separately

• Walima or Reception: Often modest, with traditional foods like Pulao, Lamb Karahi,
Seekh Kebabs, and sweet dishes like Sheer Khurma

• Dances and Music: Traditional Attan dance, performed by men in circles, in open
grounds or Hujras

• Scenery: Majestic mountainous backdrop, earthy tones, and vibrant cultural decorations.
Food

• Chapli Kebab (crispy meat patties)

• Mutton Karahi (cooked in animal fat)

• Kabuli Pulao (with carrots & raisins)

• Sajji (whole roasted meat)

• Desserts: Sheer Khurma, Firni, Dry fruit sweets

Wedding Culture of Baluchistan

Bride

• Wears a long traditional embroidered dress with heavy mirror work, vibrant deep reds,
maroons, or greens

• A matching chadar (veil) often covers the head and sometimes the face

• Adorned with tribal silver jewelry, including chunky necklaces, nose rings, and bangles

Groom

• Dressed in a shalwar kameez with a long chadar or cloak, wearing the iconic Balochi
turban

• May hold a sword or stick as a sign of honor

Setting

• A traditional courtyard in a desert or mountainous village, adorned with rugs and

lanterns

• Women and men sit separately during the ceremony

• Drummers and folk singers add rhythm and spirit to the air

Rituals

• The Nikah is often a simple affair, with elder’s present

• Traditional Balochi songs and dances follow, with tribal rhythms and slow group
movements

Food
• Balochi Sajji (whole lamb, minimal spices)

• Rosh (tender meat stew)

 • Khaddi Kabab (underground lamb with rice)

• Kaak (stone-baked traditional bread)

• Desserts: Dates, Sheer Khurma, Dry fruit halwa

Wedding Culture of Sindh

• Engagement (Mangni): Families agree, rings are exchanged.

• Mayoon & Mehndi: Bride wears yellow, Ubtan applied, henna night follows with
traditional Sindhi songs and dances.

• Baraat: The groom’s procession is often grand, with traditional Ajrak and Sindhi Topi
worn proudly.

• Rukhsati: Emotional send-off with blessings.

• Walima: Groom’s side hosts a formal meal.

• Unique Point: Sindhi weddings have traditional Sindhi music, Ajrak ceremonies, and
special sweets like laddus are distributed.

Food Culture

• Sindhi Biryani (spicy with potatoes)

• Sai Bhaji (spinach curry with rice)

• Fried Fish & Spicy BBQ

• Qeema Masoor (minced meat with lentils)

• Desserts: Seviyan, Rabri, Double ka Meetha, Ladoo

Wedding Culture of Gilgit-Baltistan

Bride

• Dressed in a velvet or woolen traditional gown, often deep maroon, navy, or forest green

• Wears regional silver jewelry with intricate designs, especially a beaded headpiece or
cap with coins

• Light makeup with a modest dupatta, sometimes a warm shawl due to the chill

Groom

• In traditional wool attire like a chugha (robe), with a Pakol cap

• May wear a patterned waistcoat or long coat with embroidery

Rituals & Setting

• Simple and spiritual Nikah ceremony held at home or mosque

• Often followed by poetry, music (rabab, sitar), and slow cultural dances

• Elders give heartfelt blessings and gifts

Food includes dishes like Chapchurro, Giyaling, and Butter Tea

Food

• Chapchurro – Meat-stuffed flatbread, often called the "Gilgit Pizza"

• Mamtu – Steamed dumplings filled with minced meat and onions

• Giyaling / Giyaling – Traditional pancakes served with butter and honey (often at
breakfast events)

• Sharbat – Local sweet drink made from berries or herbs, served to guests

• Dildung – Wheat noodles cooked with minced meat or butter

• Butter Tea (Salty) – Traditional pink tea made with yak butter and salt, offered to elders

• Skardu Trout Fish – Served grilled or fried in weddings near river areas

• Desserts: Walnut Halwa, Dried Apricots with Cream, Phirni

Wedding Culture of Kashmir

Bride

• Dressed in a traditional Pheran, often made of rich velvet or silk with heavy gold or
silver embroidery

• Adorned with Dejhoor earrings (symbol of marriage), forehead jewelry, and a long
dupatta or shawl draped over her head

• Calm expression, modest poise, and hennaed hands

Groom
• Wears a Pheran and turban or a Karakul cap, sometimes with a wool shawl

• Stately and composed, seated with family elders

Rituals & Culture

• Nikah performed at home or mosque with a Maulvi reciting verses

• Followed by Wanvun — Kashmiri folk songs sung by women

 • Kashmiri Wazwan Feast: Display of traditional dishes like Rogan Josh, Gushtaba, and
Modur Pulav

• Samovars, carved woodwork, and Kangri baskets add atmosphere

Food

• Gushtaba (meatballs in yogurt gravy)

• Rogan Josh (aromatic mutton curry)

• Shab Deg (slow-cooked meat with turnips)

• Chapchurro (meat-stuffed bread)

• Mamtu (steamed dumplings)

• Desserts: Phirni, Walnut Halwa, Local dry fruit sweets

Wedding in Islam

• A wedding in Islam is called Nikah. It is a holy agreement between a man and a woman
to live together as husband and wife.

• Consent (Ijab-o-Qubool):
The bride and groom must both agree clearly and willingly to the marriage.

• Mahr (Dower):
A gift (money, gold, or property) that the groom gives to the bride. It is her right.

• Witnesses:
At least two adult Muslim witnesses must be present at the time of the Nikah.

• Wali (Guardian):
A male guardian (usually the bride’s father) is required to approve the marriage for the
bride.
• Nikah Khutbah (Wedding Sermon):
A short speech is given by an imam or elder to remind the couple about marriage duties.

• Nikah Nama (Marriage Contract):

A written agreement signed by the bride, groom, witnesses, and wali.
Walima in Islam

• Walima is the marriage banquet held after Nikah and hosted by the groom. It is a Sunnah
of Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬and serves to express gratitude, announce the marriage, and
unite families.
 • There is no fixed time for Walima, but it should not be unnecessarily delayed. Islam
encourages simplicity, avoiding extravagance, debt, and show-off. Guests should include
relatives, friends, and the poor, and separate gatherings for men and women are preferred.

• The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬advised holding a Walima even with modest means and warned against
inviting only the rich. Music, dance, and lavish spending are cultural additions, not
Islamic requirements.

• Walima symbolizes gratitude, modesty, and community spirit. Practicing it as taught by

the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬brings blessing and joy.

• Give a Walima, even if it is with one sheep.”

— Sahih al-Bukhari (Hadith 5155)

• “The most blessed marriage is the one with the least expenses.”
— Musnad Ahmad (Hadith 24529)

Simplicity is Encouraged in Islam

Islam discourages extravagant weddings.

Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: “The most blessed Nikah is the one with the least expenses.”

Focus is on spiritual blessing, not luxury.

Challenges of Modern-Day Weddings

• Excessive Spending – Families spend large amounts on wedding halls, dresses, and
decorations, causing financial burden and debt.

• Show-off Culture – Weddings are treated as a display of wealth, creating unnecessary

competition between families.

• Delayed Marriages – Marriages are delayed while waiting for perfect careers or big
events, leading to stress and missed matches.
• Dowry Pressure – The bride’s family faces heavy demands for dowry items like
furniture, gold, and cars, causing hardship.

• Too Many Events – Multiple functions like Dholki, Mehndi, and Mayoon add extra costs
and tire both families.

• Gender Mixing – Free mixing of men and women at weddings goes against modesty and
Islamic teachings.

• Music & Dance – Loud music and inappropriate dances take away the focus from the
true blessings of marriage.
• Focus on Looks & Wealth – People often choose partners based only on beauty or
money, ignoring good character and religion.

• Social Media Pressure – Taking perfect photos and videos becomes more important than
real happiness and family bonds.

• Family Stress – High expectations and heavy expenses create tension and conflicts
during wedding preparations.
 Rural Society of Pakistan
Introduction
• Agrarian Backbone: 60–65% of people live in rural areas.

• Main Occupation: Agriculture is the key livelihood.

• Social Fabric: Rooted in tradition, tribes, and feudalism.

• Urbanization vs Tradition: Despite change, rural areas remain vital.

• Scope: Includes economy, society, culture, and future challenges.

Social Hierarchy in Rural Pakistan

Feudal System

• Zamindars/Waderas control land

• Tenant farmers face exploitation

Caste/Baradari System

• Dominant: Awans, Jats, Rajputs etc.

• Lower castes: Meghwars, others.

Tribal Power (KP/Balochistan)

• Jirgas, Maliks, Sardars lead

Family & Kinship Structure

Joint Family
• Elders lead household decisions

Gender Roles

• Mostly, Men farm, women manage home/livestock

Marriage Customs

• Arranged within biradari; dowry, child marriages

Economic Life in Rural Pakistan

Agriculture: The primary livelihood

Major Crops:
 ▪ Punjab & Sindh: Wheat, rice, cotton, sugarcane.

▪ KP & Balochistan: Maize, fruits (apples, cherries), tobacco.

Challenges in Agriculture:

▪ Water Scarcity: Poor canal management and groundwater depletion.

▪ High Input Costs: Expensive seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides.

▪ Climate Change: Erratic weather patterns reduce crop yields.

Landholding Patterns:

▪ Small farmers (1-5 acres): Struggle with subsistence farming.

▪ Medium farmers (5-25 acres): Use basic irrigation and fertilizers.

▪ Large landlords (50+ acres): Control political influence and resources.

Livestock and Dairy Farming

• Second-largest economic sector after crop farming.

• Women’s Role: Manage poultry, milk production, and handicrafts.

• Issues: Lack of veterinary services and fodder shortages.

Non-Farm Economic Activities

• Cottage Industries: Handicrafts (embroidery, pottery, carpets).

• Daily Wage Labor: Migration to cities for construction work.

• Fisheries (in Sindh & Coastal Areas): Declining due to overfishing and pollution.

Education and Healthcare in Rural Areas

Education System: Gaps and Challenges

Literacy Rates:

• Overall rural literacy: ~40% (compared to ~70% urban).

• Female literacy as low as 25% in conservative regions.

Schooling Issues:

• Lack of schools: Many villages have no secondary schools.

• Teacher absenteeism: Poor monitoring in government schools.

• Madrassa Education: Some parents prefer religious schools due to lack of alternatives.
Healthcare: Limited Access and Poor Services

• Major Problems:

• Few hospitals: Most rely on Basic Health Units (BHUs), which lack staff and
medicines.

• High Maternal & Infant Mortality: Due to poor prenatal care.

• Diseases: Malaria, diarrhea, hepatitis from contaminated water.

• Traditional Medicine: Many rely on Hakeems (herbalists) due to lack of doctors.

Social and Cultural Dynamics

Traditional Festivals and Customs

• Religious Festivals: Eid, Ramadan, Muharram processions.

• Cultural Events:

o Sufi Urs festivals (e.g., Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai’s Urs in Sindh).

o Lok Mela (Folk fairs) showcasing rural crafts and music.

Justice Systems: Jirga vs. State Law

• Jirga/Panchayat: Traditional councils settle disputes (land, marriage, murder).

• Controversies:

o Swara/Vani: Giving girls as compensation in feuds.

Gender Roles and Women’s Status

• Restricted Mobility: Women need male permission (Mehram) to travel.

• Economic Contributions:

o Agriculture: Cotton picking, rice transplantation.

o Livestock: Milking, poultry farming.

o Handicrafts: Embroidery (e.g., Sindhi Ajrak, Balochi needlework).

• Challenges:

o Low literacy due to early marriages.

o Honor killings in tribal areas for defying norms.

Key Challenges of Rural Pakistan

Poverty

40% population below poverty line

Feudalism

Landlord exploitation persists

Infrastructure

Lack of electricity and roads

Climate Change
Floods and droughts threaten livelihoods

Government and NGO Efforts

Government Programs

The Benazir Income Support Program (BISP) provides cash transfers to improve living
standards. The Kissan Package aims to enhance support for farmers through subsidies and
services.

Non-Governmental Organizations

AKRSP focuses on community-driven development that integrates microfinance and

infrastructure projects. BRAC extends microfinance and educational services to uplift rural
families.

Strategic Recommendations for Rural Development

Land Reforms

Implement policies to reduce landlord dominance and promote equitable land ownership.
Girls' Education

Invest in female education to empower communities and stimulate socio-economic growth.

Modern Agriculture

Adopt technologies such as drip irrigation to increase yield and conserve water resources.

Infrastructure Improvements

Expand access to solar energy and build rural roads to enhance connectivity and quality of life.
Conclusion: Empowering Rural Pakistan

Rural Pakistan is the backbone of the national economy but faces entrenched systemic
challenges that limit its potential. The way forward lies in empowerment strategies combined
with structural reforms targeting poverty alleviation, eliminating feudalism, modernising
agriculture, and infrastructure development.

"Development must reach the villages."

Collective efforts by government, NGOs, and communities are vital to unlock lasting progress in
rural areas.
 Seraiki Culture
Introduction To the Seraiki People

Geographic Distribution
Found in Southern Punjab, Sindh, And Balochistan

Population

Approximately 25 million people in 2024.

Linguistic Background

Seraiki Language from the indo Aryan family.

Religious Roots
Predominantly Muslim with strong Sufi influence.

Geographical Distribution the Seraiki Belt

Main areas:

1. Southern Punjab
2. Northern Sindh
3. Eastern Balochistan
4. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK)

Key Cities:

1. Multan
2. Bahawalpur
3. Dera Ghazi Khan
4. Rahim Yar Khan
5. Dera Ismail Khan
Historically these areas thrived on ancient trade routes and cultural exchanging, shaping the
unique Saraiki identity.

Historical Roots of Seraiki Region:

Ancient civilizations

Birthplace of the Indus valley and Buddhist cultures

Islamic Influence

Spiritual shaping by Sufi saints Hazrat Bahuddin

Colonial Era

History Layered through centuries including British colonialism

Ancient Settlements:

Multan, Dera Ghazi Khan, Bahawalpur as cultural hubs.

Indus Valley Influence

Harappa and Mohenjo-daro archaeological evidence.

Migrations

Aryan, Persian and central Asian impact shaped identity.

Sufi Saints:

Figures like Khawaja Ghulam Farid promoted peace and spirituality.

Language And Script

Language Roots

Originates from Indo- Aryan Language Family

Script

Written in a unique variant of Arabic script

Regional Links

Closely related to Punjabi, Sindhi and Hindko Languages.

Religious Practices and Sufiism

Muslim Majority
Sunni Majority with Shia minority communities

Sufi Influence

Spiritually centers on peace devotion and tolerance

Religious Festivals
Urs Celebrations blend Islamic and Local Traditions

Sufi Shrines

Pilgrimage sites like shah ruln-e-alam draw millions

Arts, Music and Folklore

Traditional Music

Folk songs and Sufi devotional music enrich culture.

1. Instruments: Dhol, Shehnai, Harmonium

2. Dances: Jhoomar and Luddi.

Handicrafts:

1. Embroidery, Pottery and Carpet weaving flourish

2. Visual arts include colorful truck art and motifs
Music And Dance Traditions:

Music Instruments:

1. Alghoza
2. Dholak
3. Chimta

Folk singers

1. Attaullah Khan Esakhelvi

2. Pathanay Khan
3. Shafullah Rokhri

Festivals and Celebrations

Mela Chiraghan

Festivals of lights at Sufi shrines symbolizing faith and unity.

Spring Celebrations
Seasonal festivals like Basant ushering in new beginnings

Urs
Commemorative celebration of Sufi saints’ death anniversaries

Weddings

Traditional events full of music, Mehndi, and rich folk songs.

Traditional Seraiki clothing for women

Shalwar Kameez

Essential and graceful outfit for women

Phulkari Embroidery

Bright, Colorful Embroidery enhancing garment beauty.

Dupatta

Headscarf worn to complete the traditional attire.

Traditional Seraiki Clothing for Men

Shalwar Kameez

Comfortable and loose traditional dress for men

Dhoti & Lungi

 Dhoti: Unstitched cloth around waist.
 Lungi: Traditional sarong like wrap

The Ajrak Block Printing Process

Process

Labor Intensive and multi stage craftsmanship defines Ajrak making.

Each Stage requires precision and skill for perfect patterns

Dyes Used

 Indigo
 Madder
 Turmeric
 Iron

Fabrics Are traditionally washed in the sacred Indus River.

Ajrak Motifs and Symbolism

Designs:

 Geometric patterns
 Floral Elements
 Star and cosmic motifs

Meaning

Motifs symbolize nature, cosmos, and Sufi spiritual beliefs. Each has a distinct name and cultural
significance.
Ajrak In Seraiki Traditional Wear

Ajrak Shawls:

Worn by both genders as a mark of tradition

Ajrak Turbans

Symbols of respect and honor in the Seraiki culture.

Printed Fabric

Ajrak Designs often decorate shalwar kameez material.

Flavors of Seraiki cuisine:

Signature Dishes

Sohanjna curry, saag with makai ki roti, Multani champ ribs

Famous Foods

Multani Mangoes, Lassi, Siri Paye, Sohan Halwa Sweets

Seasonal& Rural Special Dishes

Saag with makai roti

Slow-cooked mustard greens served with thick corn flatbread for hearty winter meals

Hareesa

Wheat and meat porridge traditionally enjoyed in cold seasons for warmth and nutrition.

Kaali Masoor Daal

Whole Black Lentils garnished with fried Garlic, packed with earthly Flavors.
Gosht wala Pulao:

Fragrant Mutton rice dish with mild spice, a festive favorite in Seraiki homes

Desi Roti and Bread Varieties

Makai ki roti
Thick cornmeal bread ideal with butter or mustard greens.
Bajray Ki Roti

Millet Flour Flatbread Commonly consumed during colder months

Tandoori Roti

Clay Oven Baked Bread that pairs perfect with rich meat gravies.

Traditional Seraiki Sweets

Sohan Halwa:

Milk based Sweet with ghee, A Multan specialty loved for its texture and rich flavor.

Gurr wali Roti

Flatbread sweetened with jaggery, often enjoyed as a comforting snack.

Gajar ka halwa
Carrots slow- cooked with milk and ghee into a warm, sweet dessert

Dhoodh Jalebi

Crispy Jalebis soaked in warm milk a traditional winter treat

Economic Impact Agriculture:

Crop Production

Coton, wheat and sugarcane major contributions

Food security

Important for national food supply and exports

Resource challenges

Water scarcity and land degradations issue persists

Irrigation system
Essential for sustaining agriculture in arid regions

Famous Poets of Seraiki History

 Khawaja Ghulam Farid: Renowned for mystical poetry and spiritual verses
 Sachal Sarmast celebrated Sufi poet blending divine love and philosophy
 Shah Hussain: Influential in shaping Sufi literature and local dialects
 Mian Muhammad Baksh: Known for profound narrative poetry and moral themes.

Historic forts of the Seraiki region

 Derawar fort: massive desert fortress with impressive architecture

 Uch Sharif Fort Historic gateway to spiritual centers
 Feroze Fort Colonial era structure with strategic importance
  Multan Fort Ruins: Echoes of ancient history and battles

Seraiki Nawabs: A legacy of leadership and culture

Meaning of Nawab

Title for Muslim nobles and governors during the Mughal era.

Seraiki Region

Spanning parts of southern Punjab, Pakistan, known for cultural diversity.

18th Century Emergence

Nawabs rose as Mughal declined, forming autonomous states

Ket Seraiki nawab dynasties

Bahawal khan Abbasi dynasty

Founded 1727, ruled till 1955, influential in local politics.

Nawab Sadiq Muhammad Khan V

Enhanced education and infrastructure, led Bahawalpur’s 1947 Pakistan merger

Challenges to civilization

Environmental degradation

Desertification worsens water scarcity across the region

Socio economic issues

Poverty, unemployment, and lack of education hold back progress

Political marginalization
Limited representation restricts regional voice in governance

Cultural erosion

Mainstream media and globalization threaten traditions.

 Pashtun Culture
Pashtuns (also called Pathans) are an ethnic group native to Afghanistan and Pakistan, especially
in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan, and tribal areas.
Known for their strong values, honor, hospitality, and bravery.

Pashtun culture is one of the oldest and most unique in South and Central Asia.

Guided by a traditional code of life called Pashtunwali.

Rich in language, poetry, cuisine, dress, and customs.

Origin and History

Ancestry traced to Qais Abdul Rashid, believed to be the forefather of Pashtuns.

Major tribes: Yousafzai, Afridi, Khattak, Mohmand, Durrani, etc.

Historic dynasties: Hotak Dynasty, Durrani Empire.

Known for resistance against British, Soviet, and foreign invasions.

Great leaders like Ahmad Shah Abdali, Bacha Khan.

Pashtunwali – The Code of Life

• Melmastia – Generosity & hospitality to all guests.

• Badal – Justice or revenge for wrongs.
• Nanawati – Forgiveness when someone seeks pardon.
• Nang – Personal and tribal honor.
• Turah – Bravery.
• Jirga – Tribal council to resolve disputes.

Language and religious beliefs

Main language: Pashto.
Spoken in many dialects depending on region.

Famous poets:

Khushal Khan Khattak – warrior and poet.

Rahman Baba – spiritual Sufi poet.

Islam is the main religion of almost all Pashtuns.

Most Pashtuns are Sunni Muslims (Hanafi school).

A small minority follow Shia Islam in some areas.
Dress and clothing (Men)

• Shalwar Kameez – a loose-fitting shirt that reaches to the knees, and shalwar, full
trousers tied at the waist with a string. A vest is usually worn over the shirt.
• Peshawari Chappal – Traditional handmade leather sandals
• Pakol Cap – Soft, round woolen cap, common in northern areas.
• Turban (Pugree) – Long cloth wrapped on the head, symbol of pride and honor
• Waistcoat (Waskat) – Worn over shalwar kameez, especially on formal occasions

Dress and clothing (Women)

• Firaq Partug – Flowing, colorful dress with wide, pleated trousers

• Chadar/Dupatta – Shawl worn for modesty and grace

• Traditional Jewelry – Silver bangles, necklaces, and earrings

• Footwear – Simple or intricately embroidered sandals/slippers

Pashtun code

Pashtun society is largely group- oriented and attaches great importance to an unwritten code
called [Link] emphasizes:

The code defines the way members should behave to keep the tribe together.

Hospitality(milmastia) is important.

As is the use of the tribal council (jirga) to resolve conflicts and make decisions.

Other Pashtun virtues include courage(tureh), taking revenge(badal) and protecting one's
honor (Ghayrat).

Another part of Pashtun code of conduct is (nanawati), a way of resolving differences

through the group elders.
Hujara

Dedicated space for special gatherings.

Where males interact with each other.

Have gossips solve conflicts of the village.

Family and society

Joint family system: many generations live together.

Men are usually the heads of families.

 Elders are highly respected and make major decisions.

Strong sense of community and loyalty.

Festivals and celebration

Religious Festivals: Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-Adha.

Cultural events: Weddings, harvest celebrations.

Celebrated with food, music, dance, and gatherings.

Dance and music

Dance:

• Attan dance.
• Khattak dance.
• Waziri dance.

Music:

• Classic Ghazals and Pashto Music.

Musical instruments:

• Rabab
• Sitar
• Flute
• Tabla etc.

Performed at weddings, festivals, and cultural events.

Music is emotional and reflects Pashtun pride.

Pashto poetry and poets

The pata Khazana contains Pashto poetry written as for. back as the 8th centuries

Poets:

Rahman Baba: Most famous poet of kpk.

He wrote 343 poems.

Khushal Khan Khattak:

Also known as Khushal Baba.

Father of Pashtun literature.

National poet of Afghanistan.

Pashtun famous poets

 Rahman Baba
 Pir Roshan
 Khushal Khan Khattak
 Amir Krar Suri
 Ahmad Shah Durani
 Ghulam Muhammad Tarzi

Art and handicraft

Known for:
Embroidery
Carpet weaving
Pottery
Traditional jewelry and weapons (decorated knives, swords).
Crafts show the beauty and creativity of the culture.

Food and Cuisine

 Chapli Kebab – spicy minced meat patties.

 Kabuli Pulao – rice with carrots, raisins, and lamb.
 Sajji, Rosh, Dum Pukht – various slow-cooked meat dishes.
 Yogurt called "maasta" is usually made by the Pashtuns themselves in their homes.
 Green Tea (Kahwa) is served after meals and to guests.
 Desserts such as Firni are also very popular.

Sports

 Buzkashi – Traditional horseback game, intense and competitive.

Kabaddi – Rural team sport combining wrestling and strategy.
 Wrestling (Pehlwani) – Held during festivals and village events.
Cricket – Very popular among youth; Pashtuns have national players
Archery & Hunting – Traditional sports practiced in rural areas.

Conclusion

Pashtun culture is rich in values, respect, and tradition.

A strong sense of identity and pride.
Their lifestyle reflects honor, hospitality, and unity.
 Balochistan Culture
The Vibrant Tapestry of Balochistan’s Cultures

Explore the diverse cultures of Pakistan’s largest province, Balochistan. Discover its geography,
history, and rich traditions that shape its unique identity today.

Geography & Demographics of Balochistan

Land & Population

Area: 347,190 km², 44% of Pakistan's territory.

Population disputed: 14.89M official, up to 21.7M claimed.

Density: Official 15/km², petitioners estimate 43/km².

Topography & Climate

80% inter-montane basins, 20% flood/coastal plains.

Climate is arid to semi-arid with hot summers and cool winters.

Oases form around rivers like Hingol and Dasht.

Balochistan’s Rich Historical Layers

Prehistoric Beginnings

Mehrgarh farming dates back to 7000 BCE, early settled life.

Successive Influences

Persians, Greeks, Arabs, and Mughals shaped regional culture.

Colonial Era

British indirect tribal rule via regional sardars.

Modern Times

Joined Pakistan in 1947; gradual tribal integration continues.

Balochistan’s Economic Diversity

Plains Agriculture

Wheat, rice, and cotton grow in Naseerabad and Kachhi Plains.

Highland Pastoralism
Sheep and goat herding, alongside fruit orchards in Kalat.
Natural Resources

Rich but untapped mineral reserves at Reko Diq include gas, copper, and gold.

Languages Spoken in Balochistan

Balochi

Main language of Baloch people, rich oral literature tradition.

Brahui

Dravidian language, spoken in central Balochistan highlands.

Pashtoon
Predominant in northern Balochistan; linked to Pashtunwali code.

Social Codes and Traditions

Pashtunwali Code

Hospitality, honor, and justice guide Pashtoon social life.

Conflict Resolution

Disputes settled traditionally via jirgas or sardari mediation.

Tribal Solidarity

Balochi and Brahui tribes depend on kinship and council decisions.

Traditional Dress and Symbols

Balochi Dress

Long embroidered robes with bright patterns for women and men.
Pashtoon Clothing

Loose shalwar kameez with distinctive headgear for men.

Brahui Attire

Distinctive robes similar to Balochi but with unique regional touches.

Artistic Expressions Across Cultures

Embroidery

Fine needlework on garments expressing tribal identity.

Distinct Balochi, Brahui, and Pashtoon styles show heritage.

Music & Dance

Traditional instruments and folk dances celebrate key festivals.

Crafts

Pottery and weaving reflect the environment and tribal symbolism.

Modern-Day Cultural Significance

Revival of Traditions

Youth engage in folk arts and cultural festivals across the province.

Economic Challenges
Resource development sparks debate between tradition and progress.

Key Takeaways & Next Steps

Diverse Traditions

Balochistan’s cultures are distinct yet intertwined.

Historical Roots

Ancient and modern influences shape cultural identity.

Future Prospects

Balancing heritage preservation and economic development is vital.

Languages, Social Codes, and Traditional Dress

This presentation explores languages, tribal codes, and traditional attire in Pakistan's diverse
cultures.

Languages Spoken in Baloch Communities

Balochi (39.9%)

Includes Rakhshani and Makrani dialects spoken widely in the region.

Pashto (34.0%)

Predominant language of Pashtun communities with historical roots.

Brahui (17.2%)

Spoken by Brahui people with unique Dravidian linguistic heritage.

Tribal Codes: Balochi Traditions

Balochi Mayar

Guides values of honor, hospitality, and a protocol for revenge.

Community Bonding

These codes sustain social order and tribal unity across generations.

Tribal Codes: Brahui Confederacies

Patrilineal Leadership
Governance based on male lineage and family clans.

Kalat and Ahmadzai Dynasty

The dynasty historically shaped political power in Brahui regions.

Tribal Codes: Pashtunwali Principles

Melmastia

Obligation to offer generous hospitality to guests.

Nanawatai

Providing asylum and protection to those seeking it.

Badal

System of justice and revenge to maintain honor.

Men’s Traditional Dress

Shalwar-Kameez
Common staple across all three ethnic groups, practical and cultural.

Headwear Diversity

• Baloch wear colorful chaddar turbans

• Pashtoon’s don distinctive patkay turbans

• Brahui prefer simple headwraps

Women’s Traditional Dress

Baloch

Perahan-tunban adorned with mirror embroidery and bold tribal motifs.

Brahui

Favor long tunics featuring geometric Dravidian patterns symbolizing heritage.

Pashtoon

Wear firaq (frock) and perahan with floral embroidery; urban women often wear the burqa.

Embroidery and Weaving Traditions

Communal Craft Circles

Women collaborate to produce intricate shawls, rugs, and wall hangings.

Symbolic Motifs

Patterns reflect tribal affiliations and carry protective meanings.

Cultural Significance of Languages and Codes

Languages

Bind diverse communities and serve as cultural identity pillars.

Tribal Codes

Enforce social harmony through honor, justice, and hospitality.

Traditional Dress

Express cultural pride and tribal uniqueness visually.

Next Step

Festivals and Ceremonies

Festivals, Ceremonies, and Communal Life

Explore how celebrations and ceremonies strengthen community ties in diverse Balochistan
cultures.

Culture Days: Baloch, Brahui, Pashtoon

Baloch Culture Day

March 2: Folk dances, GHAR bands, and poetry readings

Brahui Culture Day

May–June: Kalat mountain fairs and livestock shows

Pashtoon Culture Day

Late spring: Attan circle dance competitions in Quetta

Sibi Mela Festival

Cattle & Camel Markets

Largest all-province livestock trading hub

Horse Races

Exciting competitions showcasing equestrian skill

Folk Performances

Kachhi regional music and dance acts

Birth Rituals Across Tribes

Baloch Birth Customs

Zoharok drumming marks a newborn's arrival

Brahui Birth Rituals

Blessing chants invoke protection for baby

Pashtoon Traditions

Azaan whispered at newborn's ear

Marriage Celebrations

Chaap & Attan Dances

Baloch, Brahui, Pashtoon cultural dances

Henna Application

Ornamental body art celebrates union

Feasting & Gatherings

Multi-day large social celebrations

Funeral Traditions

Islamic Janazah

Religious funeral prayers and rituals

Baloch Mourning

Vazbad sorrow songs express grief

Pashtoon Dirges

Communal lamentation with traditional music

Social Unity through Festivals

Cross-Tribal Bonds

Celebrations reinforce unity and friendship

Cultural Exchange

Festivals serve as platforms for sharing heritage

Economic Interaction

Markets and fairs boost local trade

Baloch Folk Instruments

Zoharok Drum

Used in birth celebrations and folk dances

Flute and Pipes

Melodic support for dance and poetry

GHAR Bands

Traditional ensembles at festivals

Mountain Fairs and Livestock Shows

Kalat Mountain Fairs

Seasonal gatherings celebrating Brahui culture

Livestock Competitions

Showcasing prized animals and breeds

Cultural Performances

Music, dance, and tribal storytelling

Festival Impact on Community Life

Preserves Traditions

Maintains cultural identity across generations

Strengthens Social Bonds

Connects diverse tribal groups and families

Encourages Economic Growth

Creates opportunities through commerce and tourism

Next Step

Music ,Dance and Oral Literature

Exploring Music, Dance, and Oral Literature

Discover the rich performance arts of Balochistan. Experience unique instruments, dances, and
storytelling traditions.

Instruments and Music Genres of Balochistan

Balochi Instruments

The benju zither and tamburag lute create ethereal sounds.

Example: Ustad Noor Bakhsh’s trance riffs on "Jingul."

Brahui Drum Circles

Drums lead seasonal harvest songs, energizing communities.

Pashtoon Folk Music

Rubab lute and harmonium accompany tappah ballads of love.

Baloch and Brahui Dances: Chaap

Chaap Dance

Two-beat clapping circle dance symbolizing community bonding.

Cultural Significance

Uniquely connects Baloch and Brahui peoples through rhythm.

Pashtoon Attan: The Escalating Circle Dance

Attan Dance

An escalating circle dance with powerful communal energy.

Symbolism

Represents Pashtoon solidarity and cultural pride.

Dastan-go: Oral Epics of the Baloch

Role of Dastan-go

Narrates heroic exploits of Mir Chakar Khan.

Preserving History

Passes cultural values through generations.

Brahui Folktales of Mountain Spirits

Folktale Themes

Stories about spirits protect natural and social order.

Community Bonding

Strengthens cultural identity and moral lessons.

Shrines

Spiritual Centers

Shrines serve as hubs for local devotion and faith.

Sufi Influences
Many shrines reflect the syncretism of Sufi traditions.

Pilgrimage Sites

They attract pilgrims from across the region annually.

Key Balochistan Shrines

Pir Chattal Noorani (Jhal Magsi)

Known for a sacred pond filled with fish, a unique attraction.

Hazrat Mast Tawakali (Mastung)

A famous Sufi poet and mystic known for his message of love.

Hinglaj Mata Mandir (Lasbela)

A significant Hindu pilgrimage site blending cultural heritage.

Shaikh Ibrahim (Zhob)

An important religious figure whose shrine is a symbol of Islamic heritage and a place of
spiritual respect.

Balochi Literature

Oral Tradition

Passed through generations by storytelling and recitation.

Preserves Heritage

Reflects history, values, and social norms vividly.

Epic Poems

Features folk tales and epic poetry as cultural pillars.

Books

Over the years, hundreds of books have been written in and about Balochistan in Balochi,
Brahui, Urdu, and English. These includes

Folk tales ,Poetry collections ,Historical and Cultural studies.

Notable writers like Sayad Zahoor Shah Hashmi have contributed greatly to Balochi literature.

Sayad Gunj– by Sayad Zahoor Shah Hashmi

A comprehensive Balochi dictionary and literary reference.

Labzank – by Abdul Qadir Shahwani

A modern Balochi novel that explores social themes.

Balochi Nama – by various authors

A collection of traditional Balochi poetry and folklore.

Balochistan: Land, History, People – by Sardar Ali Ahmed

A detailed book on the cultural and historical background of the province.

Shah Lalu – by Ghani Parwaz

A well-known Balochi novel appreciated for its storytelling style.
Atta Shad: The Poet of Balochistan

Themes of Love

His poetry deeply explores love and human emotion.

Nature

Atta Shad celebrates Balochistan’s landscape and nature.

Resistance

His work inspires cultural pride and resilience.

Pashtoon Tappah Couplets: Love and Valor

Romantic Themes

Explores love’s joys and trials.

Heroic Valor

Celebrates bravery and honor.

Musical Style

Tappah ballads use rubab and harmonium accompaniment.

Performance Arts as Cultural Transmission

History Passed Down

Art forms share past heroes and community stories.

Ethics and Values

Teach respect, courage, and social roles.

Youth Engagement

Ensures cultural continuity and pride.

Connecting Communities Through Performance

Shared Traditions

Music and dance unite diverse peoples of Balochistan.

Intercultural Expression

Fosters mutual understanding and respect.

Key Takeaways and Next Steps

Rich Heritage

Balochistan's performance arts are diverse and profound.

Preserve and Participate

Engage with local arts to keep them vibrant.

Explore Deeper

Learn beyond basics; understand significance and contexts.

Next Step

Flavors and Crafts

Explore the rich cuisine and handicrafts of Balochistan. Discover diverse traditions uniting its
peoples through food and art.

Balochi Cuisine Highlights

Sajji

Whole lamb slow-cooked on a spit fire. Succulent and flavorful.

Sella Rice Pulao

Aromatic rice dish, often served with meat or vegetables.

Brahui Traditional Foods

Wild Greens Saag

Nutritious leafy greens cooked simply with spices.

Kaak Flatbread
Hard, crisp bread staple in Brahui meals.
Pashtoon Culinary Delights

Chapli Kebab

Spiced minced meat patties, pan-fried to perfection.

Kabuli Pulao
Sweet and savory rice dish with nuts and raisins.
Sweet Treats & Dairy Delicacies

Gwadar Halwa

Rich, sweet dessert made with fragrant ingredients.

Dairy Drinks

Refreshing yogurt and buttermilk beverages, a cooling delight.

Traditional Embroidery & Weaving

Mirror-Work Perahan

Hand-stitched garments adorned with reflective mirrors and vibrant thread.

Geometric Rugs

Intricately woven patterns representing tribal identities.

Wood-Carving & Lacquerware Crafts

Wood-Carving

Craftsmen carve elaborate trunks and panels with precision.

Lacquerware

Decorative finishes add beauty and durability to woodwork.

Culture Days & Sibi Mela Bazaars

Artisan Support

Markets sustain traditional crafts and livelihoods.

Intertribal Commerce

Bazaars foster friendship and cultural exchange.

Shared Values Among Tribes

Hospitality

Warm welcomes and generous spirit unite people.

Resilience

Endurance through adversity strengthens cultural bonds.

Connection to Land
Deep respect for the natural environment and heritage.
Challenges and Renewals

Urbanization

New city growth reshapes traditional lifestyles.

Resource Development

Economic projects bring both opportunity and strain.

Education

Learning fuels cultural preservation and adaptation.

Renewal

Modern influences blend with traditions to sustain culture.