CHAPTER- 01

Solution
 SOLUTIONS

Learning Objectives:
• Solutions and types of solutions
• Expressing Concentration of solutions
• Solubility-Solids and gases in liquids
• Vapour pressure of solutions
• Ideal and Non ideal solutions
• Colligative properties and determination of molar mass
• Abnormal Colligative Properties
Solution:

➢ Solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more components which

has uniform position and show identical properties through out the
phase.

➢ The component which is present in large quantity is known as solvent

and the other components are called solutes.

➢ A solution which consists of only two components is known as binary

solution.
 Types of Solution

On the Basis of On the Basis of On the Basis of

Appearance Physical state Amount of solute
 Types of Solution
On the Basis of Appearance

Heterogeneous Solution Homogeneous Solution

 Types of Solution
On the Basis of Physical state

Type of Solutions Solute Solvent Common Examples

Gaseous Solutions Gas Gas Mixture of Oxygen and nitrogen gases

Liquid Gas Chloroform mixed with nitrogen gas
Solid Gas Camphor in nitrogen gas
Liquid Solutions Gas Liquid Oxygen dissolved in water
Liquid Liquid Ethanol dissolved in water
Solid Liquid Glucose dissolved in water
Solid Solutions Gas Solid Solution of hydrogen in palladium
Liquid Solid Amalgam of mercury with sodium
Solid Solid Copper dissolved in gold
 Types of Solution
On the Basis of Amount of solute

Dilute Solution Pure Solvent Concentrated Solution

Solute Molecule

Solvent Molecule
 Concentration

Qualitative Quantitatively

Mass %
Dilute Concentrate Volume %
Mass by Volume %
Parts per million
The amount of solute present in a
Mole fraction
solution is called its concentration.
Molarity
Molality
 Mass percentage

w Mass of the component in the solution(g)

Mass % of a component = × 100
w Total mass of the solution(g)

For example :

20%(w/w) sugar solution in water

20g sugar present in 100 g of solution (20g sugar+80g water)

 Volume percentage

v Volume of the component(ml)

Volume % of a component = × 100
v Total volume of the solution(ml)

For example :

20%(v/v) Alcohol solution in water

20ml Alcohol present in 100 ml of solution (20ml alcohol+80ml water)

 Mass by volume percentage

w Mass of the solute (g)

Mass % by volume = × 100
v Total volume of the solution(ml)

For example :

20%(w/v) Sugar solution in water

20 g Sugar present in 100 ml of sugar solution

 Parts per million

Number of parts of the component

Parts per million = × 106
Total number of parts of all components of the solution
 Mole fraction

Number of moles of component

Mole fraction of component χ =
Total number of moles of all the components
nA = No. of mole A

nB = No. of mole B
nA
χA =
nA + n B
nB B
χB =
nA + nB

χA + χB = 1 A
 Molarity

• Number of moles of solute present in 1 L of solution.

• It is represented by ‘M’ and expressed in mol. L-1

Number of moles of solute

Molarity M =
Volume of solution (L)
Number of moles of solute X 1000
Molarity M =
Volume of solution (mL)

• Temperature dependent.
• Dilution Formula, M1V1 = M2V2
 Molality
• Number of moles of solute present in 1 kg solvent.
• It is represented by ‘m’ and expressed in mol. kg-1

Number of moles of solute

Molality m =
mass of solvent (Kg)
Number of moles of solute 𝑋 1000
Molality m =
mass of solvent (g)

• Temperature independent.
Solubility of solids in Liquid
 Solubility
Maximum amount of substance that can be dissolved in a specified amount
of solvent at a specified temperature.

Solubility depends upon

Nature of solute

Nature of solvent

Temperature

Pressure
Why oil and water does not mix together
 Like dissolve like
Polar solute dissolve in polar solvent and non polar solute dissolve in non
polar solvent.
Sugar (polar)

Water (polar) Benzene (non polar)

Oil ( non polar)

Water (polar) Benzene (non polar)

Solubility of solid in liquid

If more solute is added

Crystallization
Dissolution
Crystallization
 Types of Solution
On the basis of saturation

Un Saturated Solution Saturated Solution Super Saturated Solution

more solute can dissolve No more solute can dissolve Becomes unstable, crystal forms
 Effect on Solubility of “solid in liquid” solution

1. Temperature (According to Le-Chatelier’s principle )

Solute + Solvent Solution

Case-I
if dissolution process is endothermic (ΔH= +ve)
Temp
Solubility

Case-II
if dissolution process is exothermic (∆H= -ve)

Temp Solubility
 Effect on Solubility of solid in liquid

2. Pressure

Does not have any significant effect

because solid and liquid are highly incompressible

Solubility of Gas in Liquid Solution
 Solubility of gas in liquid

Dissolved
gas

Dynamic Pressure Dynamic

equilibrium increased equilibrium
 Henry's Law
“The partial pressure of a gas in vapour phase (p) is directly proportional to
the mole fraction of the gas (χ ) in the solution "

Increased pressure

p∝χ
p = kHχ kH = Henery law constant
(where p = partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase)
(where χ = mol fraction of gas in the solution)
 p = kHχ
kH = Henry law constant, it depends on nature of gas and temperature
At given pressure If kH solubility
If T kH solubility

At low T, Solubility of gas

Aquatic animals are

more comfortable in
cold water, due to
more amount of cold
water
 Graph between 𝒑 and 𝝌
p = kHχ
1200

1000

800
p

600

400

200

0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
χ
 Application of Henry’s Law
Solubility of CO2
 Application of Henry’s Law

Scuba diver in water Scuba diver at surface

p Solubility of gas in blood p Solubility of gas in blood

Bends
 Application of Henry’s Law

People living at high altitudes suffer with a medical

condition anoxia due to low solubility of oxygen in blood.

Low oxygen
High altitudes
Q. H2S, a toxic gas with rotten egg like smell, is used for the qualitative
analysis. If the solubility of H2S in water at STP is 0.195 m, calculate Henry’s
law constant.

Sol. Solubility of H2S gas = 0.195 means 0.195 mole in 1Kg of solvent

1Kg of solvent = 1000g Pressure at S. T. P. = 0.987bar

1000 Applying Henry Law

moles of water = = 55.5
18
PH2S = K H × χ H2 S

0.195 𝑃𝐻2𝑆 0.987

χH2S = = 0.0035 𝐾𝐻 = =
0.195 + 55.5 χ𝐻2𝑆 0.0035

K H = 282bar
 Summary

Types of Solution: 1. On the Basis 2. On the Basis 3. On the Basis of

of Appearance of Physical state Amount of solute

• Different type of concentration terms (mass%, volume%, mass/volume%,

ppm, mole fraction, molarity, molality)
• Like dissolve like- Polar solute dissolve in polar solvent and non polar
solute dissolve in non polar solvent
• Effect on Solubility of “solid in liquid” solution- Temp, pressure
• Henry's Law: p = kHχ

• Application of Henry’s Law

• Solubility of CO2 in cold drinks
• Scuba diver in water
• People living at high altitudes
 Solution and Its Type

Reference Questions

NCERT In-text Questions: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7

NCERT Exercises: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 1.11, 1.12, 1.23,
1.24, 1.25, 1.26, 1.27, 1.28, 1.29, 1.30, 1.35, 1.39
 Vapour Pressure
• The pressure exerted by vapour of a liquid at its equilibrium state is
known as vapour pressure.

• The vapour pressure of a liquid increases with increase in

temperature and decreases with increase in pressure.
 Vapour pressure
Rate of Evaporation = Rate of Condensation

Evaporation Vapour Pressure ⇅ Condensation

Raoult’s Law
 Vapour pressure of liquid –liquid solution

Raoult’s law - For a solution of volatile liquids, the partial vapour

pressure of each component of the solution is directly proportional
to its mole fraction present in solution.

p∝χ

p = p0 χ

p0 = vapour pressure of pure

component
 Solute (1) –Liquid Solvent (2) -Liquid

Solvent
Solute

For component 1 For component 2

p1 ∝ χ1 p2 ∝ χ2
p1 = p10 χ1 p2 = p02 χ2

p1 = partial vapour pressure of Solute p2 = partial vapour pressure of solvent

p10 = vapour pressure of pure p02 = vapour pressure of pure
component 1 at the same temperature component 2 at the same temperature
 Solution
Solvent
Solute + =

(According to Daltons Law of partial pressure)

ptotal = p1 + p2

ptotal = p10 χ1 + p02 χ2

ptotal = p10 𝜒1 + p02 (1 − 𝜒1 ) (χ1 + χ2 = 1)

ptotal = p02 + 𝜒1 (p10 − p02 )

 Graph between 𝐩 and 𝛘
Assuming that p02 > p10
p02

p10
Vapour pressure

χ1=1 χ1=0
Mole fraction
χ2=0 χ2 χ2=1
 Mole fraction in vapour phase

if 𝑦1 and 𝑦2 is the mole fraction of component 1 and 2 in vapour phase

by using dalton′ s law of partial pressure

p1 = 𝑦1 ptotal

p2 = 𝑦2 ptotal
Raoult’s Law as a special case of Henry’s Law

According to Raoult ′ s Law p1 = p10 χ1 … … … … . (1)

According to Henry Law p1 = k H χ1 … … … … . (2)

On comparing equation 1 and 2 , only k H differ from p10

If k H = p10 , thus Raoult ′ s Law is special case of Henry Law

Vapour Pressure of Solutions of Solids in Liquids

P = P0 P < P0

Add non volatile solute

Solvent Molecule
Solute Molecule
Raoult’s law for containing non-volatile solute:
It states that “ the partial pressure of a solvent over a solution
containing non-volatile solute is directly proportional to the
mole fraction of the solvent”.
Ideal and Non-Ideal Solution
Ideal Solutions The solutions which obey Raoult’s law over the entire
range of concentration.
ptotal = p10 χ1 + p02 χ2
A
A A
B B A
A B B A
A A A
A B A
A B B
A B
A A
Solvent molecule Solute molecule Solute- Solvent molecule
=
A-A interaction B-B interaction A-B interaction

∆Hmix = 0

∆Vmix = 0
Example-Solution of n-hexane + n-heptane,
benzene + toluene,
bromoethane + chloroethane
Non-ideal Solutions A solution does not obey Raoult’s law over the entire
range of concentration
ptotal ≠ p10 χ1 + p02 χ2
A A
A B A
B B A
A B A
A A A
A B
A A B B B
A A

Solvent molecule Solute molecule ≠ Solute- Solvent molecule

A-A interaction B-B interaction A-B interaction

∆Hmix ≠ 0 ∆Vmix ≠ 0

In such solutions, the vapour pressure is either higher or lower than

that predicted by Raoult’s law.
 Types of Non-Ideal Solution
Positive deviation Negative deviation

A-A, B-B interaction > A-B interaction A-A, B-B interaction < A-B interaction

ptotal > p10 χ1 + p02 χ2 ptotal < p10 χ1 + p02 χ2

∆Hmix > 0 ∆Hmix < 0

∆Vmix > 0 ∆Vmix < 0

∆Smix > 0 ∆Smix > 0

∆Gmix < 0 ∆Gmix < 0

 Positive deviation Negative deviation

Example- solution of Example- solution of

Ethanol +Acetone Phenol +Aniline
carbon disulphide + Chloroform+ Acetone
Acetone

p02 p02
p10 p10

Vapour pressure
Vapour pressure

𝜒 1 = 0 mole fraction 𝜒1 = 1 𝜒 1 = 0 mole fraction 𝜒 1 = 1

𝜒2 =1 𝜒2 =0 𝜒2 =1 𝜒2 =0
Azeotropic Mixture
Azeotropes: Binary mixtures having the same composition in liquid and
vapour phase and boil at a constant temperature.

𝜒 A = 𝑦A

𝜒 B = 𝑦B
𝑦A 𝑦B
• Boils at constant temperature

• Fix composition
𝜒A 𝜒B
• Separation of components by fractional
distillation is not possible

• Behaves as a pure liquid

 Types of Azeotropes

Minimum boiling azeotrope Maximum boiling azeotrope

Positive deviation Negative deviation

Example- Example-

95% ethanol + 5% water 68% nitric acid + 32% water

(boils at 351.2K) (boils at 393.5 K)
 Summary
• The vapor pressure of a liquid is the equilibrium pressure of a vapor
above its liquid
• Raoult’s Law 𝐩 = 𝒑𝟎 𝛘
• Total vapour pressure of component 1 and 2 𝒑𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝒑𝟎𝟐 + 𝝌𝟏 (𝒑𝟎𝟏 − 𝒑𝟎𝟐 )
• Two type of Solution
1. Ideal Solution- obey Raoult’s law over the entire range of Concentration.
2. Non-Ideal Solution- Does not obey Raoult’s law over the entire range of
Concentration. These are two types , +ve and –ve deviation showing
solution
• Azeotropes - Binary mixtures having the same composition in liquid
and vapour phase. These are two types
• Minimum boiling azeotrope
• Maximum boiling azeotrope
 Raoult’s Law

Reference Questions
NCERT In-text Questions: 1.8
NCERT Exercises: 1.10, 1.14, 1.16, 1.36, 1.37, 1.38
Colligative Properties
 Introduction to Colligative properties

➢ Depend on number of solute particle

➢ Not on the identity of the solute particle

# Types of Colligative properties:

1. Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure

2. Elevation of Boiling Point

3. Depression of Freezing Point

4. Osmotic Pressure
 Change in colligative properties
For example-

By adding 1 mol of sucrose to By adding 1 mol of urea to

= 1 kg of water
1 kg of water

Decrease in the vapour pressure of water will be same

Because number of particles are same in both solutions
Relative lowering of Vapour pressure
Relative lowering of Vapour pressure (R.L.V.P.)

P10 p1 < p10

Add non volatile solute

Solvent Molecule
Solute Molecule
 Relative lowering of Vapour pressure (R.L.V.P.)
p1 = p10 χ 1 (p1 = V. P. of solution) For dilute solution n2 < < < n1
∆p1 = p10 − p1 (lowering of V. P. ) hence neglecting n2 in the denominator
∆p1 = p10 − p10 χ 1 p10 − p1 n2
Here we assume 1 for solvent and 2 for solute 0 =
p1 n1
∆p1 = p10 (1 − χ 1 ) χ 1 + χ 2 = 1
p10 − p1 w2 × M1
∆p1 = p10 χ 2 0 =
p1 M2 × w1
∆p1
0 = χ 2 (mole fraction of solute)
p1 w1 and w2 are the mass of the
∆p1 of the solvent and solute
0 = R. L. V. P.
p1
M1 and M2 are the molar mass of the
∆p1 n2 solvent and solute respectively
0 =n +n
p1 1 2
Q. The vapour pressure of water at 20°C is 17.54 mmHg. When 20 g
of a non-volatile solute is dissolved in 100 g of water, the vapour
pressure is lowered by 0.3 mm Hg. What is the molecular weight
of the substance?

Sol
P10 − P1 w2 × M1 P10 = 17.54 mm Hg
0 =
P1 M2 × w1 P10 − P1 = 0.30 mmHg

0.30 20 × 18 w2 = 20 g
=
17.54 M2 × 100
𝑀2 = ?
M1 = 18 gmol−1
𝑀2 = 210.48gmol−1
𝑤1 = 100 𝑔
Elevation of Boiling point
 Boiling Point

Pext or Patm.
Pint or Pvap.

Pext = Pint

Boiling

Boiling Point
 Boiling Point
Atmospheric
Pressure

760mmHg Normal
Boiling point

Vapour (mmHg)
Pressure

273K 373K
Temperature(K)
 Elevation of Boiling point
Boiling point of
Solvent Solution

1.01 bar or 1 Atm

Vapour Pressure Tb0 ∆Tb

Tb

Tb0 = Boiling point of pure solvent Temperature(K)

Tb = Boiling point of solution
∆Tb = Elevation of boiling point
 Elevation of Boiling point
From experiment (for dilute solution)

∆Tb ∝ m K b = Molal elevation constant

or Boiling point elevation constant
∆Tb = K b m or Ebullioscopic constant

put formula of molality Unit of K b = K Kg mol−1

R × M1 × Tb2
w2 × 1000 Kb =
m= 1000 × ∆vap H
M2 × W1
∆vap H = enthalpy of vaporisation of the solvent
K b × 1000 × w2
∆Tb =
M2 × w1
K b for water at 373.15K = 0.52 K Kgmol−1
∆Tb = Tb − Tb0
Q. A solution containing 12.5 g of a non-electrolyte substance in 175 g of
water gave boiling point elevation of 0.70 K. Calculate the molar mass
of the substance (Kb of water = 0.52 K kg mole-1 )

Sol K b × 1000 × w2
∆Tb =
M2 × w1
∆Tb = 0.70 K
K b = 0.52 K kg mol−1
w2 = 12.5 g
M2 = ?
w1 = 175 g
0.52 × 1000 × 12.5
0.70 =
M2 × 175

M2 = 53.06 g mol−1
Depression of freezing point
 Freezing Point

The temperature at which P(vap.) of liquid = P(vap.) of frozen liquid

 Depression of Freezing point

Vapour Pressure ∆Tf

Tf Tf0
Tf0 = Freezing point of pure solvent Temperature(K)
Tf = Freezing point of solution
∆Tf = Depression of freezing point
 Depression of Freezing point
From experiment (for dilute solution)

∆Tf ∝ m Kf = Molal Depression Constant

or Frezzing point Depression constant
∆Tf = K f m or Cryoscopic constant
Unit of K f = K Kg mol−1
put formula of molality
R × M1 × Tf2
Kf =
w2 × 1000 1000 × ∆fus H
m=
M2 × W1
∆fus H = Enthalpy of fusion of the solvent
K f × 1000 × w2
∆Tf =
M2 × w1 K f for water at 273K = 1.86 K Kg mol−1
∆Tf = Tf0 − Tf
Q. What should be the depression of freezing point of aqueous solution
containing 17 g of C2H5OH in 1000 g of water (Kf for water =1.86 K kg mol-1)

Sol
K f × 1000 × w2
∆Tf =
M2 × w1
k f = 1.86 K Kg mol−1
w2 = 17 g
M2 = 46 g mol−1
w1 = 1000 g

1.86 × 1000 × 17
∆Tf =
46 × 1000

∆Tf = 0.687°C
 Summary
Colligative property: Depend on number of solute particle
not on the identity of the solute particle

▪ Types of Colligative property:

p10 − p1 𝑤2 × 𝑀1
➢ Relative lowering in vapour pressure 0 =
p1 𝑀2 × 𝑤1

k b × 1000 × w2
➢ Elevation of boiling point ∆Tb =
M2 × w1

➢ Depression of freezing point K f × 1000 × w2

∆Tf =
M2 × w1
 Colligative Properties -I

Reference Questions
NCERT In-text Questions: 1.9, 1.10, 1.11
NCERT Exercises: 1.15, 1.17, 1.18, 1.19, 1.20, 1.21, 1.34,
Colligative Properties-II

Osmotic pressure
 Osmosis
Process of flow of the solvent molecule through the membrane from pure
solvent to the solution.
 Osmotic pressure
Excess pressure that must be applied to prevent osmosis.
Osmotic pressure is a colligative property

π = CRT π = Osmotic pressure

n2 C = Molarity of solution
π = RT n2
V C=
V
w2 RT R = Gas constant
πV =
M2
T = Temperature in Kelvin
w2 RT w2
M2 = n2 =
πV M2
M2 = Molar mass of solute
 Uses of Osmotic pressure

Osmotic pressure method is used to determine molar mass of protein,

polymers and other macromolecule

Osmotic pressure method has advantage over other method due to-

1. Pressure measurement is around the room temperature

2. Molarity of the solution is used instead of molality

 Isotonic Solution

Solutions having same osmotic pressure

π1 = π2

C1 RT = C2 RT

C1 = C2

No Osmosis occurs between them

Example- 0.9 % (w/v) NaCl solution is isotonic with blood plasma

Osmosis

In brine
solution

mango
shrivel
 If we place the blood cell in NaCl solution

Solution > 0.9%w/v Solution = 0.9%w/v Solution < 0.9%w/v

Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic

 Reverse Osmosis
If pressure on solution side > π

Use- Desalination of sea water

Reverse Osmosis:
When a pressure larger than osmotic pressure is applied
on the solution side then pure solvent flows out of the
solution through the semi permeable membrane. This
process is called reverse osmosis.
Q. If 10 g of an unknown, non-electrolyte substance is dissolved to make
500
ml of solution, then osmotic pressure at 300 K is observed to be 1.23 atm.
Find molecular weight of the substance ?
Sol. π = CRT
π = 1.23atm mole of solute
C=
10 × 1000 volume of solution in L
C=
M2 × 500
T = 300 K

10 × 1000
1.23 = × 0.0821 × 300
M2 × 500

M2 = 400.48 g mol−1
Abnormal Molar Mass:
When the molar of a substance determined by
studying any of the colligative properties comes out to
be different than theoretically expected value, the
substance is said to show abnormal molar mass.
 Abnormal molar mass
For Dissociation 1mol KCl give 1mol K + and 1mol Cl− ion

Number of effective particles = 1 mole of K + + 1 mole of Cl− = 2 mole

1
Molar mass ∝
Colligative properties

Calculated value 74.5 g

Molar mass = = = 37.25 (abnormal)
2 2

Experimental molar mass < Calculated (actual) molar mass

 Abnormal molar mass
For Association

2CH3 COOH ⇌ CH3 COOH 2 (in benzene)

2 mol CH3 COOH give 1mol CH3 COOH 2

Number of effective particles = 1mol CH3 COOH 2

1
Molar mass ∝
Colligative properties

Molar mass = 2 Calculated Value

Experimental molar mass > Calculated actual molar mass

Van’t Hoff factor

It is defined as the ratio of the normal molar mass

and abnormal molar mass. It is represented by ‘i’ ,
which accounts the extent of association or
dissociation.
 Van’t Hoff factor (𝒊)

Normal molar mass

𝑖=
Abnormal molar mass

Observed colligative properties

𝑖=
Calculated colligative properties
Van’t Hoff
Total number of moles of particle after association/dissociation
𝑖=
Number of moles of particle before association/dissociation

For Dissociation 𝑖 > 1

For Association 𝑖 < 1

 Van’t Hoff factor (𝒊)
Modified equations for colligative properties-

p10 − p1 n2
0 =𝑖 (R. L. V. P. )
p1 n1

Van’t Hoff ∆Tb = 𝑖 K b m (Elevation of boiling point)

∆Tf = 𝑖 K f m (Depression of freezing point)

π = 𝑖 CRT (Osmotic pressure)

 Van’t Hoff factor (𝒊)
For Dissociation

𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞 – Relation between degree of dissociation α and Van′ t Hoff factor (𝑖)

𝑖−1
α= n = no. of particles in which 1 molecule of electrolyte dissociates
n−1

For NaCl, NaCl → Na+ + Cl− n=2 (α = 100%)

For K 2 SO4 , K 2 SO4 → 2K + + SO2−

4 n=3 (α = 100%)

Dissociation Constant
 Van’t Hoff factor (𝒊)
For Association

𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞 – Relation between degree of Association (𝛽) and Van′ t Hoff factor(𝑖)

𝑖−1
β=
1/n − 1

n = no of molecule of solute associate to form one molecule of n − mer dimer, trimer, etc.

2CH3 COOH ⇌ CH3 COOH 2 in benzene , n=2 (β <100%)

Q. 19.5 g of CH2FCOOH is dissolved in 500 g of water. The depression in the
freezing point of water observed is 1.0°C. Calculate van’t Hoff factor and
degree of dissociation of fluoroacetic acid

Sol. Calculated molar mass = 78 g mol−1

K f × 1000 × w2
∆Tf = Calculate molar mass
M2 × w1 𝑖=
Observed molar mass
∆Tf = 10 C
78 g mol−1 𝑖 = 1.0753
−1 𝑖=
K f = 1.86K kgmol 72.54 g mol−1
w2 = 19.5 g M2 = ? CH2 FCOOH ⇌ CH2 FCOO− + H + (n = 2)
w1 = 500 g
𝑖−1
For dissociation α =
1.86 × 1000 × 19.5 n−1
M2 =
500 g × 1 1.0753 − 1
For dissociation α =
M2 = 72.54 g mol−1 2−1
α = 0.0753
Q. If 6 g of CH3COOH is dissolved in benzene to make 1 L at 300 K.
Osmotic pressure of solution is found to be 1.64 atm. If it is known that
CH3COOH in benzene forms a dimer. Calculate degree of association
of
acetic acid in benzene ?
Sol. 𝑖=
1.64
𝑖 = 0.665
𝜋 = 𝑖 CRT
0.1 × 0.0821 × 300
𝜋
𝑖=
CRT 2CH3 COOH ⇌ CH3 COOH 2 (in benzene)
𝜋 = 1.64 atm n=2
mole of solute We know that for association 𝛽 = 𝑖 − 1
C= 1
volume of solution in L −1
n
6 0.665 − 1
C= = 0.1 𝛽=
60 × 1 1
−1
L atm 2
𝑅 = 0.0821
mole. K 𝛽 = 0.67
𝑇 = 300 K
Q. Determine the osmotic pressure of a solution prepared by dissolving
25 mg of K2SO4 in 2 L of water at 25°C assuming that it is completely
dissociated. (molar mass of K2SO4 =174 g mol-1)

Sol. K 2 SO4 in water K 2 SO4 → 2K + + SO2−

4

Total no. of ions produced = 3 𝑖 = 3, α = 100%

π = 𝑖CRT
mole of solute
C=
volume of solution in L
25 × 10−3 L atm
C= = 0.071 × 10−3 mol/L R = 0.0821
174 × 2 mole. K

π = 3 × 0.071 × 10−3 × 0.0821 × 298

π = 5.21 × 10−3 atm

 Summary
Osmosis-Process of flow of the solvent molecule through the membrane
from pure solvent to the solution.

Osmotic pressure- Excess pressure that must be applied to prevent osmosis.

Isotonic Solution- π1 = π2 C1 = C2 No Osmosis occurs between them
Reverse Osmosis- If pressure > π on solution side
Total number of moles of particle after association/dissociation
Van’t Hoff factor 𝑖 =
Number of moles of particle before association/dissociation
Relation between degree of dissociation (α)and Van′t Hoff factor (𝒊)
𝑖−1
α=
n−1
Relation between degree of Association (β) and Van′t Hoff factor(𝒊)
𝑖−1
β=
1/n − 1
 Colligative properties -II
Reference Questions
NCERT In-text Questions: 1.12,

NCERT Exercises: 1.22, 1.31, 1.32, 1.33, 1.40, 1.41