Integrals.

Make sure you know the correct notation and use it every time.
Remember the ‘+ c’ when doing an indefinite integral.
Make sure you understand the relationship between integrals and areas, especially when a curve
crosses the x axis, and how to find an area between two curves.

1 In which of these cases is the area shaded equal to the value of the expression below? In
which cases is it equal to the modulus of the value of this expression? How would you find the
area in the remaining cases?

y = 8 +2x – x2
y = x3 – 4x2 – 4x + 16

4 –2 2 4
–2
4 4
−2 x − 2x − 8 dx −2 x − 4x 2 − 4x + 16 dx
2 3

y = 2x + 1
y = x3 – 4x2 – 4x + 16

y = x3 – 2x2 – 3x + 7
–2
–2 2 4
1 3

−2 ( x )
2 1
−2 x − 4 x 2 − 4 x + 16 dx − 2x 2 − 5 x + 6 dx
3 3

4
+  x 3 − 4 x 2 − 4 x + 16 dx
2
+
3
1
( −6 + 5x + 2x 2
− x 3 dx )

y = 8 +2x – x2 y = 2x – 1 9
y = 6x – x2
–3
3

3 9
−3 x − 9 dx 0 6x − x
2 2
dy

1 y = x2 – 1 1 y = x2 – 1

–1 –1
1 1
−1 y + 1 dy −12 − x
2
dx

−3 −2
2 Explain why −2 g ( x ) dx = −−3 g ( x ) dx .
TECHNIQUES of INTEGRATION

What to look for when you are integrating (N.B. ‘+ c’ omitted from all of these indefinite integrals).

Things you should just know

dv
 ln x dx = x ln x − x [and how to prove it: integrate by parts with u = ln x and
dx
= 1]

sin x
 tan x dx = ln sec x [and how to find it: write tan x =
cos x
]

 sec x dx = tan x
2
[and how to find it: recognise the derivative of tan x]

Basic results and corresponding integrals “by inspection”.

x n +1  f(x)
Know  x dx =
n

so can dof  ( x )  f ( x ) n
dx (on formula sheet), 

−n
dx =  f  ( x ) f ( x ) dx
n +1  f (x)
n

 1
( )
 1 + x dx = 21 1 + x ,  ( )
3 4 cos x
e.g.   dx = 2 1 + sin x
 x  1 + sin x
1 1 1
[it’s really useful to know separately  dx = 2 x and  2 dx = − ]
x x x
1
Note the x cases:
e.g.  sin x cos x dx =  sin x ( cos x ) dx = − 21 ( cos x ) ,  1
1
 ln x dx =  (ln x ) dx = 21 (ln x )
1 2 1 2
x x
1  f (x)

Know  dx = ln x so can do  dx (on formula sheet)
x  f (x)
 ex  x2
e.g.  dx = ln 1 + e x
,  dx = 31 ln 4 + x 3
 1+ e x
 4+x 3

e dx = e x ,  sin x dx = − cos x ,  cos x dx = sin x

x
Know
f(x)
so can do  f(x)  e dx ,  f  ( x )  sin f ( x ) dx or  f  ( x )  cos f ( x ) dx
e.g.  sin2x  e
cos2 x
( )  1
x
( )
 1
x
 1
dx = − 21 ecos2 x ,  e− x sin e− x dx = cos e − x ,  2 cos   dx = − sin  
x

Where to use integration by parts

Make sure you know how to use the integration by parts formula (given on the formula sheet)
 u dv dx = uv −  v du dx
 
 dx  dx
for both definite and indefinite integrals. This is used for
Integrals like  p ( x )  f ( x ) dx where p(x) is a polynomial, and you can integrate f(x) fairly simply.
dv dv
 ( 2x + 3 ) e x
2x 2
e.g. dx (u = 2x + 3, = e2x), cos x dx (u = x2, = cos x; use parts
dx dx
twice)
Integrals like  f ( x )  ln x dx where you can integrate f(x) fairly simply.
dv ln x dv 1
e.g.  ( 2x + 3) ln x dx (u = ln x,
dx
= 2x + 3),  x
dx (u = ln x,
dx
=
x
)
Where to use substitution
dx
Make sure you know how to substitute, and are clear about the notation, the scale factor (e.g. )
du
that is required, and how to deal with both definite and indefinite integrals. Standard uses are as
follows.
Substituting u = ax + b
 3x 2
e.g.  ( x + 1) 2x + 3 dx (substitute u = 2x + 3);  dx (substitute u = 1 – 2x)
 1 − 2x 2
 ( )
Substituting for a quadratic or cubic expression
3 x2
x x 2 +4 dx (substitute u = x 2 + 4 ); x
3
e.g. e dx (substitute u = x2, then use parts)
Substituting the whole of a denominator or the whole inside of a square root
 3
e.g.  dx (substitute u = 1 + x ); or  sin x cos x 1 + sin x dx (substitute u = 1 + sin x );
 1+ x
Trigonometric substitution
 1
e.g.  dx or  4 − x 2 dx (for both, substitute x = 2 sin u and use 1 – sin2 u = cos2 u).
 4−x 2

Rewriting so it looks easier

Splitting fractions
 x +3  3  e2 x − e−2 x
e.g.  dx =  x dx +  dx ,  dx =  e x dx +  e −3 x dx
 x  x  ex
Multiplying out

(x )
5 1
+1 x dx =  x 2 dx +  x 2 dx ,  sin x ( sin x + cos x ) dx =  sin x dx +  sin x cos x dx
2 2
e.g.
1
use of x
= e− x :
e
x +1  1 dx =  e
x
e.g.  x dx =  ( x + 1) e dx (then by parts), 
−x
 x dx (inspection)
 e  1 + e− x  e +1

Use of trigonometric identities

using the double angle identities
e.g.  sin2 x dx =  21 (1 − cos 2x ) dx ;  cos
2
x dx =  21 (1 + cos 2x ) dx
using the Pythagoras identities
(
e.g.  cos3 x dx =  cos x  1 − sin2 x dx ; )  tan
2
x dx =  1 + sec 2 x dx

Use of partial fractions

a factorizable quadratic or cubic denominator

dx = 
3 2 1
e.g.   − dx or
 ( 2x + 1)( x + 2)  2x + 1 x + 2
 x 2 + 2x + 2 1 2 1
 3 dx = 21  − + dx .
 x + 4x + 4x  x ( x + 2) x+2
2 2

use of algebraic division when (degree of numerator)  (degree of denominator):

 x 2 + 2x − 1  x −1
dx = 
2 1
e.g.  dx =  1 +  1+ − dx .
 x +x2
 x ( x + 1)  x +1 x
Integration practice


 x 8
1  dx 2  12x sin 2x dx
 ( 2 − x )3 0
1
 12   1
2

   −
x 
3 dx 4 x dx
0 ( 2x + 1)  
3

 tan ( 2x + 1) dx
6
5 2 12x 2x − 3 dx 6

7  12x x 2 + 3 dx 8  cot x dx
3
 1
12 ( x − 1) ln x dx
9 
1 3
x +1
dx 10 
3
11  12 
12 3
 dx  dx [use x = 2tan u ]
2 2x − 7  4 + x2
 2x 3 x ( x + 2)
13  2
 x +2
dx 14  ( x + 1) e dx
1
 2+ x  2 2x 2
15  dx 16  dx
 x 0 1 − x 2


 ln ( x + 1) dx 18 
6 3
17  12cos x sin x dx
0
 ln x ln x + 4
 sin
3
19 x dx 20  dx
 x

sin x ( 2 + cos x ) dx  cos (ln x )

21  22 
 x
dx

 x2 + 1 1 3 x2
23 
 x x +1 2
( )
dx 24  0 2x e dx

 
25  26 
4 sin x 8 2
 dx  12sin 2x dx
0 1 + cos x 0

27  (x 2
)
+ 2 e− x dx 28 

1
 1+ ex
dx

29  12 e2 x sec 2 e2 x dx ( ) 30 
 2
2
 x + 4x + 3
dx

 1
1
 e− x
31  dx [use x = sin u ] 32  dx

 (1 + e− x )
2
0 1 − x 2
−1
e
34 
ln x
 1 − tan
2
33 x dx  dx
1 x2