UNIT – 1

COMMUNICATION SKILLS
SESSION – 1
INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

DEMONSTRATE KNOWLEDGE OF VARIOUS METHODS OF COMMUNICATION

1. What is communication?
Ans: Communication is the process of imparting or exchanging information between
two members by speaking, writing, sharing, interacting or using some other medium or it
is a means of sending and receiving information. Communication process takes place
between people.

● Internet
● Phone
● Face-to-Face Communication
● Letter

2. Importance of Communication Skills

Ans: Communication is the heart of every organisation. Everything you do in the
workplace results from communication. Therefore, good reading, writing, speaking and
listening skills are essential if tasks are going to be completed and goals achieved

● To secure an interview.
To get the job.
To do your job well.
To advance in your career.

3. Types of Communication
Ans: Numerous new instruments have emerged over the years to help people
communicate effectively.
 Different Ways to Communicate Effectively in the Workplace

⮚ Verbal Communication.
⮚ Written Communication. ...
⮚ Oral Communication. ...
⮚ Face-to-Face Communication. ...
⮚ Nonverbal methods of Communication. ...
⮚ Physical Nonverbal Communication. ...
⮚ Paralanguage. ...
⮚ Visual Communication.

4. Verbal communication

⮚ When messages or information is exchanged or communicated through words

is called verbal communication.
⮚ There are two types of Verbal communication: written and oral
communication.
⮚ Verbal communication takes place through face-to-face conversations, group
discussions, counselling, interview, radio, television, calls, memos, letters,
reports, notes, email etc.

5. What is non-verbal communication?

 ⮚ When messages or information is exchanged or communicated without using
any spoken or written word is known as nonverbal communication.

⮚ Non-verbal communication takes place though gestures, facial expressions, eye

contact, physical proximity, touching etc.

6. What is Visualization Communication

Graphs, charts, maps, logos, and other visualizations can communicate the message

Session-2:

IDENTIFY ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION CYCLE

1. Describe the Communication life cycle

⮚ Sender: The sender gives or encodes the message, for example the sender
greets a visitor or a client by saying Good morning Sir/Madam.
⮚ Message: The message in this case is ―Good morning Sir/Madam, which is also
known as the content of the communication.
⮚ Medium: It is the channel used for communication. It may be in any of the
following forms – verbal, non-verbal, pictorial, symbolic or written.
 ⮚ Receiver: The receiver decodes the incoming message, or expression, translates
and presents an output in the form of a response or reaction.
⮚ Feedback: How the receiver responds or reacts is known as feedback. It is the
effect, reply or reaction to the
[Link] is the effective communication?

Effective communication begins with encoding or the skill of relaying a message in a

clear direct manner that allows the receiver to decode and understand. The receiver needs
to understand the context of the message with active listening skill.

[Link] of effective communication

● Gives the sender an opportunity to express idea, info, feelings and thoughts
clearly and with clarity.
● Gives clear and exact information to the receiver.
● Gives information and actions to be followed by the receiver.
● Gives clarity of idea, thoughts and information to receiver.

[Link] of Effective Communication

● Oral Presentation, audience awareness, critical listening, body language

● Written, academic writing, revision, editing reading, presentation of data

● Non-verbal, audience awareness, personal presentation, body language

● [Link] for effective communication

a) Use simple words

b) Avoid using unnecessary words

c) Avoid or explain technical words

d) Choose your words according to the audience.

session-3:

IDENTIFY THE FACTORS AFFECTING PERSPECTIVE IN COMMUNICATION

 [Link] between listening and hearing ?

Effective communication has evolved from better listening. Now let us see the
difference between hearing and listening.

● Hearing is when someone is speaking to you and you are present there but
your mind has wandered someplace else and you do not comprehend the actual meaning
of what is being said.
● To listen is to hear, understand and comprehend the actual meaning of what is
being said. If you are listening attentively you would also understand the meaning of what
has been left unsaid.

[Link] for effective listening

a) Focus on the speaker

b) Avoid interrupting
c) Don’t be judgemental in your thoughts
d) Don’t be based to the speaker
e) Don’t block the mind during listening/ passive listening
f) Show genuine interest and hear.

3. write the principles of effective communication

The principles of effective communication can be categorized as 7Cs, which are

applicable to Both written as well as oral communication

1. Completeness - The communication must be complete. It should convey all facts and
information required by the receiver.

2. Conciseness - Conciseness or shortness means that minimum words without for

going the other Cs of communication should be used to communicate.

3. Consideration - Consideration implies that the audience’s view point, background,

mind-set, education level, their specific requirements, emotions, etc

4. Clarity - Clarity implies emphasizing on a specific message or goal at a time, rather

than trying to achieve too much at once. Clear message makes use of exact, appropriate
and concrete words.

5. Concreteness - Concrete communication implies being particular than general.

6. Courtesy - Courtesy in message implies that the message should show the sender’s
expression as well as respect to the receiver.

7. Correctness - Correctness in communication implies that there are no grammatical

errors in the communication.
 UNIT-2

SELF- MANAGEMENT

[Link] is self management ?

Self management sounds like being your own boss, but it doesn’t mean setting up your
own business. In fact it means taking responsibility for your own actions and doing things
as well as you can. It shows you are able to organise yourself and offer your own ideas to
any project. It’s about being the boss of YOU, not the boss of a team or company!

[Link] the self management categories ?

● Self-management may refer to:

● Self-care, when one's health is under individual control, deliberate, and self-
initiated
● Self- managed economy, based on autonomous self-regulating economic units
and a decentralised mechanism of resource allocation and decision-making
● Self-management, process by which computer systems shall manage their own
operation without human intervention.

[Link] the self management negative thinking ?

are seven ways to clear your mind of negative thinking.

1. Change your body language

2. Talk it out
3. Spend one minute calming your mind of all thought
4. Change the tone of your thoughts
5. Be creative
6. Take a walk
7. Start listing out what you’re grateful for
4. write self management positive thinking ?
Tips to think positive
1. Focus on what you want.
2. Know that every problem comes with a lesson.
3. Don’t believe everything you think.
4. Dwell in gratitude.
5. Know that there is a reason for everything
6. Let go of your need for perfection.
7. Let go of your resistance.
8. Learn to be present in everything you do.

[Link] is self – confidence ?

 The concept of self-confidence is commonly used as self-assurance in one's personal
judgment, ability, power, etc. One's self confidence increases from experiences of having
mastered particular activities.

[Link] to Develop Self-management skills?

To really develop self-management skills for your career, you need to work out on a
few important points.

1. Setting Goals

2. Prioritisation:

3. Develop listening habits:

4. Do not procrastinate:

5. Work out your stress:

6. Learn to control your emotions:

[Link] and weakness analysis.

strength is the property of being physically strong or mentally strong Weakness can
have causes that aren't due to underlying disease. Examples include poor physical
conditioning, recovery from strength training or extreme fatigue.

Unit-3

Basic ICT(Information Communication Technology) skills

[Link] ICT ?

Information and Communication Technology

[Link] IS COMPUTER ? AND BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COMPUTER ?

“A computer system is a programmable machine designed to perform arithmetic and

logical operations to produce meaningful results in a desired format”

⮚ A computer system is broadly divided into three units – Input Unit, Central
Processing Unit (CPU) and Output Unit.
⮚ Input unit helps the user to enter raw data and instructions into the
computer system.
⮚ the central processing unit performs the required operations as per given
instructions
 ⮚ the output unit produces meaningful results in the desired format for the
user.

[Link] IS CPU AND EXPLAIN ?

CPU Means Central Processing Unit

The CPU is further divided into three parts:

(i) Control unit (CU), (ii) Arithmetic and Logic nit (ALU), and (iii) Memory unit (MU)

⮚ Control unit acts as a receptionist and a manager of a company. It receives

each and every instruction from user and coordinates between different parts to perform
various operations.
⮚ Arithmetic and logic unit acts as an accountant of a company, which performs
all the mathematical and logical calculations.
⮚ Memory unit acts as a temporary store of a company, where small amount of
data is stored while other operations are being performed.

[Link] is RAM?

Random Access Memory (RAM) which takes care of intermediate storage of data
while working on a computer system It is generally available in specification of 256 MB,
512 MB, 1GB, 2GB, 4GB, etc.

[Link] is ROM?

Read Only Memory (ROM) which stores the essential instructions, the data is stored
in the form of Bits and Bytes.

[Link] is BIT?

Bit (Binary Information Technology) is the smallest storage unit represented by 0 or

1. 8 Bits combined together form a single Byte.

NOTE: RAM and ROM constitute Primary Memory

[Link] IS HARD DISK ?

Hard Disc is one of the most important secondary storage devices, which is used to
hold (store) operating system, office applications, utility software and the user’s data,
etc.

8. Memory units

1Byte = 8 bits

1 Kilo Byte (KB) = 1024 Bytes

 1 Mega Byte (MB) = 1024 KB

1 Giga Byte (GB) =1024 MB

1 Tera Byte (TB) =1024 GB

[Link] is software and explain types of software ?

Software is a conceptual entity, which contains a set of instructions with associated

documentation related to the operations of a data processing system.

Software can be divided into three major classes: (i) System Software (ii)
Programming Software, and (iii) Application Software.

(i) System software provides the basic functions for computer usage and helps run
the computer hardware system. It includes a combination of Operating System (OS),
device drivers, servers, utilities and window system.

Ex: MS dos , UNIX, Linux ,

(ii) Programming software usually provides tools to assist a programmer in writing

programs or software using different programming languages. The tools include
compilers, debuggers, interpreters, linkers and text editors.

Ex: c, c++, java, dbms

(iii) Application software serves as a tool for performing specific tasks. For example,
if you want to do word processing, you can use application software.

Ex: MS word, notepad, paint, ………

[Link] the input devices and example?

Input devices are used to provide information to a computer, such as typing a letter
or giving instructions to a computer. Some examples of input devices are as follows

Mouse, Keyboard, Microphone, Scanner, Webcam

[Link] the output devices and example?

You use output devices to get feedback from a computer after it performs a task.
Some examples of output devices are as follows:

Monitor, Printer, Speaker/Headphone

[Link] any two ports and connectors of a computer system?

Parallel Port and Serial port: You use these ports to connect printers and other
devices to a personal computer.
 [Link] is mouse ?

● A standard mouse has a left and a right button AND Scrool button
● You use the left button to select items and provide instructions by clicking an
active area on the screen.
● You use the right button to display commonly used menu items on the screen.
Mouse is generally available in four types i.e. Traditional Mouse, Optical Mouse, Wireless
Mouse and Laptop Mouse

[Link] is keyboard?

● Keyboard: You use the keyboard to type text such as letters or numbers into
the computer. There are 108 keys in the keyboard

[Link] is Peripheral Device and explain ?

Those devices which are not required or essential for a computer system to boot and
run are called peripheral devices. A computer system has four categories of computer
hardware among which mostly all I/O devices are peripheral devices.

Types of Peripheral Devices:

Internal Peripheral Devices:

Those peripheral devices which are installed or connected to the computer system
internally are called Internal Peripheral Devices.

Examples: CD/DVD Rom, internal modem, internal sound cards etc.

External Peripheral Devices:

Those peripheral devices which are installed or connected to the computer system
externally are called External Peripheral Devices.

Example: Keyboard, Mouse etc.

Input Peripheral Devices:

Those peripheral devices which are used to send data to computer system are called
input peripheral devices.

Example: Microphone, Mouse etc.

Output Peripheral Devices:

Those peripheral devices which are used to get data from computer system are called
output peripheral devices.
 Example: Monitor, Printer etc.

[Link] is operating system

An operatingsystem (OS)is systemsoftware thatmanages computerhardware and soft

ware resources and provides common services for computer programs. Ex: MSDOS , UNIX,
LINUX, WINDOWS XP, WINDOWS 7,WINDOWS 10……

Operating systems

[Link] is file ?

A File is collection of data

[Link] is Folder ?

A Folder is collection of files

[Link] to create a folder?

1. Go to the area where you want to create the folder.

2. 2. Right-click on a blank space.
3. 3. Select New

4. Click Folder. It's at the top of the pop-out menu.

5. Type in a name for your folder and press----🡪 enter

[Link] is Internet

The Internet is a global network connecting millions of computers. It is a global

system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol
suite (TCP/IP) to link several billion devices worldwide.
 [Link] of Internet

The Internet is a collection of networks that are connected together for

exchange of information. When the computer is connected to the Internet

1 You can use the Internet to communicate with people all around the world
instantaneously. The messages you send over the Internet can reach any part of the
world in just a few seconds.

2 The Internet also helps you get the latest information on current events.
Many leading news channels use the Internet as the medium to provide updated news.

3 You can use the Internet to search for information on any specific topic, such
as history of computers.

4 You can take any course of your choice and register for online certification exams
over the Internet.

5 The Internet can also be used as a source of entertainment. You can listen to
music, play games, watch movies and share pictures.

6. You can use the Internet to perform banking transactions, such as viewing
details of your bank account and transferring money from one account to another.

[Link] the Internet browserS

● Google Chrome

● Mozilla Firefox

● Internet Explorer

● Safari

● Microsoft Edge

● Opera

[Link]
A collection of web pages which are grouped together and usually connected together
in various ways. Often called a "web site" or simply a "site."

[Link] server

A computer that hosts a website on the Internet.

[Link] to create Gmail Account?

 step-by-step instructions to create a Gmail account

Step 1: Go to Google

Open up your internet browser and go to the Google home

page: [Link] and then click on Gmail at the top right corner of the page.

Step 2: Create an NEW Gmail account

Step 3: Set-up

To set up your new account, Google needs some information about you – first, your
first and last names. The ‘choose your username’ is the unique email address that you wish
to use, which will be placed before ‘@[Link]’.

Step 4: verification

To get to the next steps you will need to Accept Google's privacy and terms first, once
you have read it click on I Agree.

Step 5: Google mail dashboard

Step 6: Creating a profile picture

Step 7: Completing your setup

[Link] is social media?

social media is an internet-based form of communication. Social media platforms allow
users to have conversations, share information and create web content. There are many
forms of social media, include photo-sharing sites, instant messaging, video-sharing sites.

Ex: WhatsApp, Facebook, twitter……….

Abbreviations

WWW: world wide web

COMPUTER:

CPU: Central Processing Unit

ALU: Arithmetic and Logical Unit

CU: Control Unit

MU: Memory Unit

RAM: Random Access Memory

 ROM: Read Only Memory

BIT: Binary Information Technology

CD: Compact Disc

DVD: Digital Versatile Disc

USB: Universal Serial Bus

UNIT-4

Entrepreneurial Skills

[Link] of Entrepreneurial

Someone who exercises initiative by organizing a venture to take benefit of an

opportunity and, as the decision maker, decides what, how, and how much of a good or
service will be produced.

[Link] of entrepreneurship
● Confidence
● About learning
● Responsibility
● Dedicated
● Good communication
● Team player
● Systems-oriented
● Grateful
● Optimistic
● Gregarious
● Leadership
● Unafraid of risk or success
[Link] of entrepreneur

1. Identify the steps you could take immediately to operate your business more
efficiently, especially regarding internal operating systems.
2. Tell yourself continually "Failure is not an option."
3. Use your creativity rather than your money to find new, better, cheaper ways
to sell your products or reduce your costs of operation.
4. Imagine starting over. Is there anything you're doing today that, knowing what
you now know, you wouldn't get into or start up again?

UNIT-5

Green skills
 [Link] is Environment ?

Environment is defined as the surroundings in which the organism lives. The

environment may be the physical environment, the chemical environment or the biological
environment. Thus, the environment has two components - abiotic and biotic.

● The abiotic environment includes the air (atmosphere), water (hydrosphere)

and land (lithosphere).
● The biotic environment includes the plants, animals and the microbes.

[Link] between Society and Environment ?

● Environment is defined as the surroundings in which the organism lives. The
environment may be the physical environment, the chemical environment or the biological
environment.
● The social environment consists of three kinds of environments—economic,
cultural and psycho-social environments.

[Link] between physical and biological Environment ?

● The physical environment consists of the geographical, the climatic and the
controlled geographical environment.

● The biological environment includes the plant and animals found all round
man.

[Link] is Large-Scale Use of Fertilizers

Plants rarely use more than 50-60 percent of the nitrogen chemical fertilizers. The
residual nitrogen in the form of nitrate is likely to pollute ground and surface waters,
causing over-enrichment of nutrients and algal blooms in rivers and lakes. Some of the
extra nitrates may also be converted into nitrogen oxides by the action of certain soil
bacteria

[Link] is Changes in Earth's Surface

The atmosphere and the ecosystem can be affected both by human activities and
natural changes in the physical and biological properties of the earth's surface.
Modifications that reduce evaporation from an area and alter the amount of energy
available for evaporation, thereby changing the energy balance at the earth's surface.

[Link] is Acid rains ?

Acid rain is one of the major effects of air pollution. Large amounts of sulphur dioxide
and oxides of nitrogen are released into the atmosphere through the burning of fossil fuels
(oil and coal) and fuel wood. These oxides (SOx and NOx) react with the atmospheric water
vapour to produce sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3), which then return to the
earth's surface with rain water.

[Link] is Green-House Effect

 The atmosphere of the earth is said to act like a "green-house" and carbon dioxide is
one of the major components of the atmosphere which stimulates the "green-house effect.

[Link] is Environmental Conservation and Protection

Environmental awareness has increased enormously in recent years. Environmental
conservation and protection is now a familiar and important issue for us all

1. Efforts to reduce environmental impact

2. Regulations governing waste

3. Regulations governing chemicals

4. Pollution prevention

PART-B: VOCATIONAL SKILLS

UNIT-1: WORD PROCESSING

Session-1: APPLY STYLES IN THE DOCUMENT

[Link] is the Styles menu in word processing (Ms word)?

The Styles menu has the most important paragraph, character, and list styles for
almost every text document, with an extra entry for custom style management options
listed in the bottom of the menu. The Styles menu does not have styles for frames, pages,
or tables.
[Link] the different types of styles:

1. Page styles include margins, headers and footers, borders and backgrounds.
2. Paragraph styles control all aspects of a paragraph’s appearance, such as text
alignment, tab stops, line spacing, and borders, and can include character formatting.

1. Character styles affect selected text within a paragraph, such as the font and size of
text, or bold and italic formats.
2. Table Styles applies predefined formats to tables and tables elements in a text
document.

[Link] styles are used to format graphic and text frames, including text wrap,
borders, backgrounds, and columns.
2. List styles allow you to select, format, and position numbers or bullets in lists.

1. Cell styles include fonts, alignment, borders, background, number formats (for
example, currency, date, number), and cell protection.
 2. Graphics styles in drawings and presentations include line, area, shadowing,
transparency, font, connectors, dimensioning, and other attributes.

3. Presentation styles include attributes for font, indents, spacing, alignment, and tabs.

[Link] the process of Fill Format Mode

Use Fill Format to apply a style to many different areas quickly without having to go back to
the Styles deck and double-click every time. Open the Styles deck and select the style you
want to apply.

● Select the Fill Format Mode button.

To apply a paragraph, page, or frame style, the mouse over the paragraph, page, or
frame and click. To apply a character style, hold down the mouse button while
selecting the characters.
● Repeat step 3 until you have made all the changes for that style.
● To quit Fill Format mode, click the Fill Format Mode button again
or press the Esc key

[Link] to Applying different styles in word processing ?

Libre Office provides several ways for you to select styles to apply:

● The Styles menu in Writer

● The Styles deck in the Sidebar

● Fill Format Mode
● Apply Style List in the Formatting toolbar
● Keyboard shortcuts

[Link] to Creating and modifying styles?

LibreOffice includes some predefined styles, but you can also create custom styles. You
can modify both in several ways:

● Change a style using the Styles deck

● Update a style from a selection
● Use Auto Update (paragraph and frame styles only)
● Load styles from another document or template
6.. how to Using Auto Update in word processing?

Auto Update applies to paragraph and frame styles only. If the Auto Update option is
selected on the Organizer page of the Paragraph Style or Frame Style dialog, applying
direct formatting to a paragraph or frame using this style in your document
automatically updates the style itself.
 Session-2: INSERT AND USE IMAGES IN DOCUMENT

[Link] to Inserting an image file in word processing?

● Click in the Libre Office document where you want the image to
appear.
● Choose Insert > Image from the Menu bar.
● On the Insert Image dialog, navigate to the file to be inserted, and
select it.
● At the bottom of the dialog are one or two options. See “Linking an
image file” on page for the use of Link. Select Preview to view a
thumbnail of the selected image on the right.
● Click Open.
[Link] Copy and paste shortcut keys

Copy------------ CTRL+C
Paste------------ CTRL+v
 3. write the Picture toolbar menus.

Filter 1 Color 1 Sharpen

Image mode 1 Red 2 Remove Noise

Crop 1 Green 2 Solarization

Flip Vertically 1 Blue 2 Aging

Flip 1 Brightness 2 Posterize

Horizontally

Rotate 90° Left 1 Contrast 2 Pop Art

Rotate 90° 1 Gamma 2 Charcoal Sketch

Right

Frame 1 Invert 2 Relief

Properties

Transparency 1 Smooth 2 Mosaic

4. How to Using the Crop tool in word processing?

To use the Crop tool, right-click the image and select Crop from the context menu. Cropping handles
appear at the corners and mid-points of the sides of the image Drag a handle to cut off part of the image.
Click outside the image to turn off cropping mode.
5. Write the Drawing toolbar menu

Select Polygon 1 Stars 1 Points

1 5

Insert Line Quick

Shapes
Lines & Arrows Basic 1 Flow 1 Toggle
 Shapes 2 charts 6 Extrusion

Curve/ Symbols 1 Text

Freeform Line 3 Box
Curve Arrows
1 Font
4

Session-3 : CREATE AND USE TEMPLATE

[Link] to Creating a document from the Templates dialog

To use a template to create a document:

⮚ From the Menu bar, choose File > New > Templates, or click the small arrow next to the new
icon on the Standard toolbar and select Templates.

⮚ From the Filters list at the top of the Templates dialog, optionally select a category.
⮚ Find and double-click the required template. You can then edit and save the new document
just as you would any other document.
2. How to use wizards to create templates
You can use wizards to create templates for letters, faxes, and agendas, and to create presentations and
Web pages.

For example,

● Type of fax (business or personal).

● Document elements like the date, subject line (business fax), salutation, and
complimentary close.
● Options for sender and recipient information (business fax).
● Text to include in the footer (business fax).

Session-4: CREATE TABLE OF CONTENTS

[Link] to create a table in word processing?

[Link] TABLE from the menu bar.

[Link] the drop-down menu ---🡪 select the insert table
[Link] in the number of columns and rows field with the correct number for the table we want to create.
[Link] you want each column or row to be certain width, enter that width in the column width field.
[Link] ok button. A table should appear in your document and should be ready for you to complete
with your information.

2. how to insert a row in the table?

 Inserting a row in the table
To add a row to the bottom of a table you have already created

1. Select the cell located at the lower right corner of your table (the last column of the last row)
and then press the Tab key. If you want to add a row in the middle of a table you have already created:
2. Select any cell on the row just below where you want to add a new row.
3. Select Table from the menu bar.
4. Select Insert Rows from the drop-down menu and press enter.

[Link] to Inserting a column in the table?

To add a column to a table you have already created

1. Place your cursor anywhere in the column immediately to the right of where you want to insert
a column.
2. Choose Table from the menu bar.
3. Choose Select Column from the drop-down menu.
4. Press enters.
5. Select Table from the menu bar.
6. Choose Insert Columns from the drop-down menu.
7. Press enters.
8. A new column should appear in your table.

[Link] to Deleting a row or column in the table

1. Select any cell in the row or column you wish to delete.
2. Select Table from the menu bar.
3. Choose Select Row or Select Column from the drop-down menu.
4. Press enters.
5. Select Table from the menu bar again.
6. Choose Delete Row or Delete Column from the drop-down menu.
7. Press enters.
[Link] to Saving a document in Ms word?
1. To save a new document, select File from the menu bar.
2. Choose Save from the drop-down menu.
3. Select the location to which you wish to save the document from the drop-down menu at the
top of the save box.
4. Enter the name of the document you are saving.
5. Select the type of file you are saving from the drop-down menu at the bottom of the save box.
6. Click Save.
❖ Fill in the blanks

1.a-word document can be used create a -----letter----, report, or even a web page.

[Link] ----preview---- is the option available for previewing the document.

[Link] can be deleting using the ---back space/ delete----button.

 UNIT-2: ELECTRONIC SPREAD SHEET

1. What is spreadsheet and uses of spread sheet?

Spreadsheet is a long sheet of rows and columns on the computer screen to do data analysis and
calculation.
● Tabulation of data
● Simple mathematical calculations
● Complex calculations using formula and functions
● Arranging data in ascending and descending order (sorting)
● Filtering the required data
● Check the validity of data
● Protection of data using passwords
● Saving for future use

2. What are the advantages of pre-written formulae or functions in MS Excel?

(i). Formulas are used to calculate cells. All formulas must begin with an equals (=) sign. Also, when
creating formulas, use the cell location, not what is in the cell to create your formula.

(ii) Functions are prewritten formulas. The most common functions are Sum, Average, Minimum, and
Maximum. click on the cell you wish to place the function. On the toolbar, click on the AutoSum button.

[Link] is the difference between spreadsheet, work sheet?

excel sheet is a single spread sheet that contains cells organized by rows and columns
A worksheet begins with row1 and column A. each cell can contains number, text or formula A cell can
also reference another cell in the same worksheet.

4.. How do formula work in a spreadsheet?

The main advantage of entering formula with cell addresses and operators, works just like a variable.
When the values of the cells concerned change, the results obtained by the formula also get updated
accordingly. Suppose to add the values in two cells A1 and A2 and get the addition in cell A3.

Ex: =sum(c2:h2)

[Link] is Title bar in a spreadsheet?

Title bar: The Title bar, located at the top of the page, shows the name of the current spreadsheet.

6.. What is Menu bar in a spreadsheet and explain?

Menu bar: Menu bar is located just below

 the Title bar. It contains the menus with commands for various tasks. Each menu item has a submenu
called pull-down menu. The various menu items are briefly explained below.

(i)File: contains commands applied to entire document — Open, Save, Wizards, Export as PDF, Print,
Digital Signatures and so on.

(ii) Edit: contains editing commands — Undo, Cut, Copy, Paste, Select, Find & Replace and so on.

(iii) View: contains commands for modifying the user interface — Toolbars, Column & Row Headers, Full
Screen, Zoom and so on.

(iv) Insert: contains commands for inserting elements into a spreadsheet — Image, Media, Chart,
Object, Shapes, Date, Time, Headers and Footers.

(v) Format: contains commands for modifying the layout of a spreadsheet — Cells, Rows, Columns,
Page, Styles and Formatting, Alignment and so on.

(vi) Styles: for managing styles.

(vii) Sheet: contains commands to insert and delete cell, rows and columns, insert sheet, rename sheet,
fill cell, etc.

(viii) Data: contains commands for manipulating data — Define range, sort, and so on.

(ix) Tools: contains various functions to check and customize spreadsheet — Spelling, Language, Gallery,
Macros and so on.

(x) Window: contains commands to display window — New Window, Split and so on.

(xi) Help: contains links to the help system included in the software and other miscellaneous functions
— Help, License Information, Check for Updates and so on.

[Link] is LINK SPREADSHEET DATA

When you open a new spreadsheet it has, by default, one sheet named Sheet1 , unless you have
specified a different number of sheets or a different Prefix name for worksheets in Tools

There are several ways to insert a new sheet. The fastest method is to click on the Add Sheet button .

This inserts one new sheet at that point, without opening the Insert Sheet dialog.

[Link] the syntax and example of any three mathematical functions in spreadsheet?

Function Syntax Use

● SUM = SUM (Number1, Number2....) Adds the values contained

in a range of cells.
● AVERAGE =AVERAGE (Number1, Number2....) Finds out the average of the
 values contained in a range of cell

● MAX =MAX (Number1, Number2, ......) Finds out the largest value
contained in a range of cells.

● MIN =MIN (Number1, Number2, ......) Finds out the smallest value
contained in a range of cells.

● COUNT =COUNT (Number1, Number2...... Counts the number of cells

With in a range of cells.

[Link] the syntax and example of any three statistical functions in spreadsheet.

Excel has a variety of functions you can use to analyse a column range statistically.

● AVERAGE () --------------- =AVG (B2:H6)

● MAXIMUM () --------------- =MAX (B2:H6)
● MINIMUM () ---------------- =MIN (B2:H6)

[Link] the syntax and example of any three date and time functions in spreadsheet.

● DATE (year, month, day): returns the number that represents the date in MS Excel date time
code
● DATEVALUE (date _text): converts a date in the format of text to a number that represents the
date in MS Excel date time code
● DAY (serial _number): returns the day of the month a number from 1 to 31
● DAYS360(start _date, end _date, method): returns the number of days between two dates
based on 360 days

11. Give the syntax and example of any three logical functions in spreadsheet.

Spread sheets use functions that test the value of a cell and perform different operations on it
depending on the outcome

● IF ()
● OR ()
● AND ()
● NOT ()
● FALSE ()
● TRUE ()

[Link] and explain any five components of a chart in a spreadsheet package.

● Column Chart
● Bar Chart:
 ● Line Chart
● Pie Chart
● XY Scatter Chart:

[Link] and use of merging cells?

● Combine the space of the cells and merging is useful for make tittles and headings for data.

[Link] often a file should be saved?

Save your workbook. Save early, save often! Once you type in some data, it is a good time to save your
work.
Click the File Tab located on the upper left corner .

1. Select Save As

2. The Save As Dialog Box appears

[Link] the Save in box to the location where you wish to save your document.

[Link] the File Name Box, type in the name of your document.

[Link] the Save button.

Part-B Unit-3

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

[Link] is database?

A database is an organized collection of data. You can visualize it as a container of information. The data
is typically organized to model relevant aspects of reality

● for example, the availability of rooms in hotels.

● for example, finding a hotel with vacancies.

[Link] the Difference between Data and Information

● Data is a fact that can be represented as audio, video, text or number. Data by itself may not be
relevant, but if it is processed and put in a certain context, it takes on a meaning and becomes information.
Information is that context- the meaning attached to the data.
[Link] the Advantages of Database
● Ability to store large amounts of information
● Sharing information
● Having quick access to information
● Eliminating duplication
● Increasing productivity
 ● Reducing storage space
● Information Security.
● Easy maintenance

[Link] is Database Management System:

A database management system is a software package with computer programs that controls the
creation, maintenance, and use of a database. It allows organizations to conveniently develop databases for
various applications.

(OR)

A database is an integrated collection of data records, files, and other objects. A DBMS allows different
user application programs to concurrently access the same database.

[Link] some DBMS software’s

▪ Oracle,
▪ IBM DB2,
▪ Microsoft SQL Server,
▪ Microsoft Access,
▪ PostgreSQL,
▪ MySQL,
▪ FoxPro,
▪ SQLite.

[Link] many types Data can be organized.

Data can be organized into two types

● Flat File: Data is stored in a single table. Usually suitable for less amount of data.
● Relational: Data is stored in multiple tables and the tables are linked using a common field.
Relational is suitable for medium to large amount of data.

[Link] is Database Servers?

▪ Database servers are dedicated computers that hold the actual databases and run only the
DBMS and related software. Typically, databases available on the database servers are accessed through
command line or graphic user interface tools referred to as Front-ends; database servers are referred to as
Back-ends. Such type of data access is referred to as a client-server model.

[Link] RDBMS

relational database management system (RDBMS)

[Link] IS PRIMARY KEY?

A Primary Key is a field (fields), which clearly identifies each record saved in a table. Determination of
primary keys is a very important part of the database design.

[Link] is relationship
 Relationships (connections) between tables are made through primary keys and on the principle of
field equality. Tables are connected in order to make queries, reports and forms with data located in
multiple tables.

[Link] many types the Relationship:

● 1: N (One to Many) – One field in the relationship is the primary key. This is the most common
relationship type.
● 1: 1 (One to One) – Both fields in the relationship are primary keys. This is the most uncommon
relationship type.
● N : N (Many to Many) – In this relationship, a third table is created in which the primary key
consists of two fields that are foreign keys from the connected tables.

[Link] purpose do the queries serve?

Queries in LibreOffice base application are used for data (that have met a certain condition) extraction
from a table. They can also serve to change the data, and for data analysis. Also, query results can be data
sources for forms and reports.

13. what is table?

A table is the most important element of any database, it is used for data storage. It consists of records
(that are) presented as rows and fields, which are presented as columns.

[Link] is queries?

Queries provide an overview of one or more tables, enable sorting and selecting data, adding and
deleting data etc.

[Link] is forms?

Forms are used to enter, delete or modify data in tables with data seen in graphical representation, and
not in tables.

16. what is reports?

Reports are used when preparing data for printing, and represent the database output.

UNIT-4:
 [Link] does the following A safety and health system as an employer?

As an employer, it is your responsibility to maintain a safe and healthy workplace. A safety and health
management system, or safety program, can help you focus your efforts at improving your work
environment. Whatever you call it, your plan describes what the people in your organization do to prevent
injuries and illnesses at your workplace.

2. Write the Employee Responsibility: Your Safety is Your Responsibility

● Following established health and safety policies and procedures.
● Maintaining your personal work area in a clean and orderly manner.
● Wearing, maintaining and properly storing your personal protective equipment (PPE).
● Attending all safety training that your employer offers.
● Volunteering to serve on your Safety Committee.
● Using safe work practices to eliminate slips, trips and falls.
● Becoming familiar with material safety data sheets.
● Knowing evacuation procedures and the location of emergency equipment.
[Link] is Electrical safety:

Electrical malfunctions are one of the leading causes of home fires. Make sure that you hire a qualified
electrician to make any changes in your home. In addition, be sure to check electrical cords regularly, and
make sure cords do not run across doorways or under carpets where they could be damaged. Remember to
limit the number of plugs you have in an electrical outlet or power strip.

[Link] the Slips and Falls:

People must be able to move around the workplace safely. Slips, trips and falls are among the most
common causes of accidents and injury at work. Visitors may also be at risk, both inside and outside
premises under your control.
Common slip, trip and fall hazards Most slips and trips are caused by
● poor lighting
● trailing cables
● unsuitable floor coverings
● uneven or damaged floor surfaces
● contaminated floor surfaces, for example liquid or grease
● poor housekeeping, for example tripping or falling over something left in a walk way.
 5. Write the Chair and Desk Arrangement:

Having your desk equipment set up incorrectly may increase the chance of developing health problems.

[Link] - Make sure your elbows are level with the keyboard when you are sitting at your desk. This
will position your wrists at the correct angle.

[Link] & knees - Make sure that your feet are flat on the floor with your knees bent at a 90 degree
angle. If you cannot achieve this you may need a footrest.

[Link] & neck - The top of your computer screen should be level with your eyes. The screen should be
right in front of you and about an arm's length away when you are sitting in an upright position
[Link] reaching - Make sure that items you use regularly such as your keyboard and phone are placed
within easy reach to avoid overstretching.
[Link] Pain
[Link] the steps to First aid in the workplace

Current health and safety guidelines advise employers to use risk assessment to help decide on the first
aid provision required. The companies must offer the following facilities.

1. First aid boxes at various places

2. Trained first aiders – on all floors of a building
3. Knowledge of the nearest casualty department or local hospital

A basic workplace first aid kit should include:

• Plasters: Used for small cuts and grazes

• Dressings: Used to apply pressure to larger wounds and help to stop bleeding
• Bandages: Used to support joints, hold dressings in place, put pressure on wounds and to stop
swelling
• Disposable gloves: Used to reduce the risk of infection
• Face shields or pocket masks: Used to prevent infection when you give rescue breaths
• Cleaning wipes, alcohol free wipes: Used to clean the skin around the wound
• Adhesive tape: Used to hold dressings or the loose end of bandages in place
• Scissors: Used to cut bandages or sticky tape or someone’s clothing if you need to get to a wound
• Foil blankets: used to help retain body heat in survival, emergency and first aid situations

[Link] is meant by Hazard?

A hazard is any object, situation, or behaviour that has the potential to cause injury, ill health, or
damage to property or the environment.

[Link] of hazards
 Types of workplace hazards are: chemical, ergonomic, physical, psychologial and general workplace.
Luckily, there are ways to mitigate the risks from these hazards such as through planning, training and
monitoring.

[Link] is Warning Signs:

Warning signs are required when risks are in place that cannot be controlled or avoided by other
means. Should the risk not be significant, or if a sign would not minimise the risk, then one is not needed.

[Link] the General Evacuation Procedures

Fire and evacuation alarms are intended to alert building occupants that a fire or other life- threatening
situation exists. Upon hearing the alarm, everyone should leave the building immediately. In the event of a
fire, the following steps should be taken to ensure the safety of all building occupants:

1. Activate the fire alarm.

2. Call 101 immediately and provide information.
3. Assist injured personnel or notify emergency responders of the medical emergency.
4. Exit the building following emergency maps.
5. Assist physically impaired individuals to a secure area and notify emergency responders.
6. Ensure all personnel are out of the building.
7. Do not use the elevators.
8. Use a fire extinguisher only if safe to do so and you have been trained.
9. Assemble personnel at a remote location noted on evacuation maps.
10. Report hazardous conditions.
11. Stay low if confronted with smoke. Check closed doors for heat before opening.
12. Stay away from the building until it is safe to return.

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