REPUBLIC OF BENIN

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MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

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DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF HIGHER EDUCATION

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ADONAI HIGHER INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT

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ENGLISH ORAL

THEME:
PRODUCTION

Realized By: Under the supervision of:

AGBADJE Charles Mr GANDAHO
FATOKE Zouhriath
KOUMAVENG Rénové
DJIBODE Victoria

ACADEMIC YEAR:

2022-2023
 Production

PLAN
INTRODUCTION

I. PROCESS OF PRODUCTION
II. FACTOR OF PRODUCTION
III. TYPES OF PRODUCTION

CONCLUSION

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 Production

INTRODUCTION

Production is any human activity which aims at satisfying humans wants

or needs. It also can be defined as the creation of utilities ( goods and
services) for the satisfaction of humans needs. Production means to convert
the raw material into finished or final good by using machinery and human
recourse. Production also known as a operation because it is a process to
changing inputs into outputs, by adding or creating value to an entity. The
world “operation” became famous after development of service sector such
as a bank, hospital, transportation etc….

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 Production

I. PROCESS OF PRODUCTION
Production process

The production process goes through various stages, which can be

understood with the help of the flow chart. There are multiple ways to create a
production process flow chart, depending on the organization’s need and their
production line. The following are generally the basic stages that are involved in
most of the production processes. However, these may vary from industry to
industry.

1 Planning: usually the basic requirement of all production processes. This

stage helps to define the purpose and how the goals of production can be
achieved properly.

2 Routing: This is the next stage in the production process where the raw
materials may be procured, processed, finished, quality checked, and
distributed. Decisions are made regarding the quantity and quality of goods and
services as well as on the place of production. This is a crucial stage in the
production process.
3 Scheduling: Scheduling means deciding the timings of the production
process. For example, how much time should each stage of production involve?
How long should each person work on a particular workflow?

4 Dispatching: This stage is the actual start of the production. It may involve
the provision of necessary items, the maintenance of records, the monitoring of
workflows as planned, the recording of the number of times a machine works,
machine idling time, etc.

5 Follow-up: Follow-up is the last stage of the production process. Follow-up

measures the actual versus the expected productions. Follow-up helps to detect
the problems and remove them to help with the smooth functioning of the
process.

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 Production
II. FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

factors of production are the inputs needed for creating a good and service,
and the factors of production include LAND, LABOR, CAPITAL and
ENTREPRENEURSHIP.

a)_FACTORS AS A FACTOR
Land is all natural resources that are used to produce goods and services.
land has a broad definition as a factor of production and can take on various
forms, from agriculture land to commercial real estate to the resources
available from a particular piece of land. Natural resources such as oil and
gold, can be extracted and refined for human consumption from the land.

b)_LABOR AS A FACTOR
labor refers to the effort expended by an individual to bring a product or
service to the market. Again, it can take on various forms. for example: the
construction worker at a hotel site is part of labor, as is the waiter who serves
guests or the receptionist who enrolls them into the hotel.

c)_CAPITAL AS A FACTOR
in economics, capital typically refers to money, however, money is not a
factor of production because it's not directly involved in producing a good or
service. instead, it facilitates the process used in production by enabling
entrepreneurs and company owners to purchase capital goods or land, or to
pay wages for modern mainstream economists, capital is the primary drivers
of value.
we can distinguish between fixed capital ( building, machinery, vehicles etc)
and liquid capital ( money).

d)_ENTREPRENEURSHIP AS A FACTOR
entrepreneurship is the secret sauce that combines all the others factors of
production into a product or service for the consumer market.

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 Production
III. TYPES OF PRODUCTION

There are three kinds of productions

Primary production ( extractive industries) secondary production ( manufacturing
industries) and tertiary production ( services industries )

Primary production or extractive industries use the resources of the land and
sea. Extractive industries include mining, farming, fishing and forestry. Iron ore,
diamonds,copper, yams, tomatoes, and fish are all products of extractive industries.
Products of extractive industries are called raw materials.

Secondary production or manufacturing industries use the raw materials

produced by extractive industries to produce finished goods Finished goods include
automobiles, shoes, books, chairs, pens, notebooks, clothing and many other things. Also
included in secondary production are the constructive industries which use finished goods
to construct other things we need. For example, bricks are used to construct housesand
steel is used to construct cars.
Goods are tangible and movable commodities which are produced in order to
satisfy people's wants and needs. Consumer goods give direct satisfaction to the
consumer. Examples of consumer goods include food and clothing Consumer durable
goods are consumer goods which have a long life such as televisions, radios, cars, etc.
Capital or producer goods are used to create other goods. A sewing machine is one
example of a capital good.
The final kind of production is the service industry or tertiary production. The
service industry includes any useful labor that does not produce tangible goods Tangible
goods are things that you can touch and see. The products of the service industry are called
services. They are not tangible; they cannot be touched or seen. A doctor, for example, is
part of the service industry. We can see doctors, but we cannot touch and see the service
that a doctor provides: health consultations. Other service industry workers include:
teachers, policeman, government workers and taxi drivers.

Services are of two kinds: direct services and indirect services. Direct services give
satisfaction, amusement or enjoyment. Direct service workers give services directly to
those who employ them. Performing artists, cooks, stewards, lawyers and accountants all
provide direct services. Indirect services are those enjoyed by the general public. For
example, the road between Porto Novo and Cotonou is used by all people. Policemen and
soldiers provide security for all. In this way, individuals benefit indirectly from such
workers. We are not rendered these services face-to-face. Members of society pay for those
services through
taxes.
Goods and services have three things in common: they are produced, they are consumed
and they satisfy the needs of people. However, there are many differences
between goods and services. Goods are material while services are immaterial. Services
are consumed as soon as they are produced but goods can be consumed long after they
are produced. Goods are storable while services are not. Whereas goods are perishable,
services are not.

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 Production

CONCLUSION
in short, we have seen that production is the process or activity that leads to the
creation of products or services. we have seen the stages, factors and types of
production

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