Chapter 7: Sets,Relation and functions
Sets:
• A set is defined to be a collection of well defined distinct objects.
• This collection may be listed or described
• Each object is called an element of the set
• We usually denote sets by capital letters and their elements by small letters
Roster or Braces form Set builder or algebraic form or rule method
A = {a, i, e, 0, u} A = set of vowels in the alphabet
B= {2,4, 6, 8, 10} B = {x: x= 2m and m being integer lying in the interval 0<m<6}
a2A d6
2A
Types of sets
1. Empty set : a set which does not contain any element Á
2. Finite set : a set which consist of definite number of elements
3. Infinite set: a set which consist of infinite number
4. Singleton set : set with only 1 element
5. Equal set : all the elements in two sets are same
6. Equivalent set : n(A) = n(B). elements may be different
7. Sub set :if every element in set A is also element of set B A ½ B
8. Power set :power set of set A is collection of all the subsets of set A
9. Complement of set A:(A’) element in universal set but not in set A thus A+A’ = U
10. Disjoint sets : n (A \ B) = 0
• N : set of all natural no.
• Z: set of all integers
• Q: set of all rational no.
• R : set of all real no.
• W: set of whole no.
• Union of set : all the element in two or more sets without repeating common element A[B
• Intersection of set : common element in two or more sets
A\B
• Formulas
Relations & functions :
• Ordered pair : two elements a and b , listed in a specific order , form an ordered pair denoted by (a, b)
• Cartesian product of sets : if A and B are two non empty sets , then the set of all ordered pairs (a,b)
such that a belongs to A and b belongs to B , is called the Cartesian product of A and B , to be denoted
by A*B
A £ B = f(a; b) : a 2 A; b 2 Bg
• Any subset of the product set x.y is said to define a relation from x to y and any relation from x to y
in which no two different ordered pairs have the same first element is called a function .
• Let X and Y be two non empty sets. Then a rule or a correspondence f which associates to each element
of set X , a unique element , denoted by f(x) of Y is called a function or mapping from X to Y and we
write it as f: X Y
• Image : element of set Y
• Pre image : element of set X
• Domain of function f : x y is set x
• Co-domain of function is set y
• Range of the function is elements in set y which satisfies f(x)=y
• Types of functions
1. one - one function : if different elements in X • Types of relations.
have different images in Y Let S= {a,b,c….}be any set then the relation R
2. Onto or Surjective function : if every element is subset of the product set s*s
in y has at least one pre-image in X 1. If R contains all ordered pairs of the form
3. Bijective function : a one one and onto (a,a) in S*S, then R is called reflexive. Eg.
function is said to be bijective . ‘is equal to’ is a reflexive relation for a = a
4. Identity function : it is one-one onto function 2. If (a; b) 2 R ) (b; a) 2 R For every a; b 2 S
with domain X and range X. Then R is called symmetric . Eg a=b
5. Into function : there exists even a single b=a
element in Y 3. If (a; b) 2 R; (b; C) 2 R ) (a; c) 2 R For
6. Constant function : all the elements in X have every a; b; c 2 S Then R is called
the same image a in Y . i.e. range is singleton transitive . eg. a=b, b=c then a=c
set 4. Identity relation : {(a,a): a 2 A }
7. Equal function : f = g are equal if they have 5. Inverse relation : domain.¡R ¢ = Range (R)
¡1
same domain and they satisfies the condition
f(x) =g(x), for all x
8. Inverse function : function is invertible only
and only if it is one -one onto . I.e if f(x)=y
then. f ¡1(Y)= x
Limits and continuity
f(a)= value of the function at x=a
lim f (x) = Limit of the function as x approaches towards a
x!a
lim f (x)
x!a
Left hand limit Right hand limit
lim f (x) = lim f (a ¡ h) lim f (x) = lim f (a + h)
x!a¡ h!0 x!a+ h!0
If lim f (a ¡ h) = lim F (a + h) Then lim f (x) Exists.
h!0 h!0 x!a
1 1 1 1 1
lim+ = +1 lim¡ = ¡1 Thus lim+ = lim ) lim does not exist.
6
And x!0 x x!0 x x!0 x x!0 x
x!0 x
*some important limits.
ex ¡ 1 ax ¡ 1 log (1 + x)
1] lim =1 2] lim = loge a 3] lim =1
x!0 x x!0 x x!0 x
xn ¡ an n 1 µ ¶x
4] lim = nan¡1 (1 + x) ¡ 1 1
x!0 x ¡ a
5] lim =n 6] lim (1 + x) x = lim 1 + =e
x!0 x x!0 x!1 x
A function f is continuous at the point x= a if the following are true:
f(a) is defined .
1)
2) lim f (x) = f (a)
x!a
3) lim¡ f (x) = lim+ f (x)
x!a x!a
• If f and g are continuous at x=a then f+g , f-g, fg and f/g are also continuous at x=a
• A polynomial function y=p(x) is continuous at every point x
• A rational function R(x)= P (x) Is continuous at every point x in it’s domain .
Q (x)