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Mountains Fold
Mountains
Formed through the folding The Himalayas - Iconic
of the Earth's crust, resulting mountain range created by the
in elevated structures. collision of tectonic plates.

Hills formed by the erosion Nilgiris, Parasnath, Girnar,

What is a mountain? Residual
Mountains
of surrounding rock, leaving Rajmahal - Hills in India shaped
behind resistant peaks. by erosional processes.
Types
Mountain and Hill Ranges of India
Satpura and Vindhya - Central-
Formation of Himalayas Block
Created by the uplifting or
tilting of large blocks of the
western India features block
Mountains mountains with distinct
Types of Himalayan Range Earth's crust.
elevations.

West to East Division of Himalayas

Purvanchal Hills Result from volcanic
Volcano activity, characterized by the
Barren Island - The only known
instance of a volcanic
Aravalis Mountain Range Mountains accumulation of volcanic
materials.
mountain in the Andaman Sea.

Vindhyas Mountian Range

Feature dome-shaped
Satpura Mountain range Dome
Mountains
peaks and are formed by the
Kedar Dome - A dome-shaped
mountain in the Garhwal range
uplifting of rock layers.
Western Ghats Mountain Range
Eastern Ghats Mountain Range
Top 10 Highest Mountain Range
Highest peaks of the Indian States (List)
Highest peaks of the Indian States (Map Plotting)
Highest peaks of the Mountain Ranges Pangaea
Mountain Ranges of the World (List) A large supercontinent that existed ~225 million years ago
at the .. between the close of the Paleozoic and start of the
Mountain Ranges of the World (Map Plotting) Mesozoic (at the Perma-Triassic).
Practicing through DHITRASHTRA MODE (Simplicrack Special)
Gondwanaland
Longest Mountain Ranges of the world (List) A large supercontinent that existed in the southern
Highest Peak of the neighboring Countries of India (SSC Special) hemisphere, clustered near the Antarctic Circle, before it
began to break up ~200 million years ago, consisting of the
Previous year Questions A hill is a land surface that rises higher than the surrounding area. Generally, a steep hill with
modern-day continents of Antarctica, India, Australia,
an elevation of more than 600 metres is termed as a mountain. South America and Africa. Breakup of Gondwanaland

Laurasia
A large supercontinent that existed in the northern
hemisphere before it began to break up ~200 million years
Contribution
Covering 27% of the world's
ago, consisting of the modern-day continents of North
land, they contribute 80% of America, Europe and Asia.
fresh surface water.
Tethys
An east-west trending ocean that separated
Gondwanaland from Laurasia
Shape
Population
Erosion, driven by rivers,
Around 12% of the global
weather, and glaciers,
population resides in mountains.
shapes mountains

Formation
Elevated landforms,
steeper than hills, Resources
formed by tectonic Over 50% depend on mountain
forces or volcanism resources, per the UN's FAO.

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Trans Himalayan Range Great or Inner Himalayas

(Himadri)
- Located north of the Great Himalayan range,
often referred to as the Tibetan Himalaya.
- Primary ranges include Zaskar, Ladakh, Kailas, The most continuous range in the
and Karakoram. Himalayas, often known as the
- Also known as Krishnagiri, forming Himadri.
Karakora
India's borders with Afghanistan and
m Range
China.
- Houses K2 (Godwin Austen), the
- Consists of the loftiest peaks with an
second-highest peak globally, at average height of 6,000 meters.
8,611 m.
Ladakh - Located north of Leh, drained by the - Core of this part is composed of
Range Indus River. granite.
- Significant passes include
- Shipki-La, Nathu-La, and Zoji-La are
Khardung La and Digar La to the
north and east of Leh. prominent mountain passes, crucial
for connectivity.
Zaskar - Divides Ladakh from Kashmir
Range lowlands and Chenab River.
- Features rivers such as Hanle,
Khurana, Zanskar, Suru, and Shingo.
The Himalayan Ranges - Divides Kinnaur and Spiti in
Himachal Pradesh, hosting Locate in Map Below
Himachal's tallest peaks.
The Himalaya consists of four distinct mountainous ranges: Kailash - An extension of the Ladakh Range
Trans-Himalaya or Tethys Himalaya
Range in western Tibet.
Located in the north.
Associated with the Tethys Ocean. - Mount Kailash, the highest peak in
Greater Himalaya the range, at 6,714 m.
Major central range.
Houses some of the world's highest peaks.
Lesser Himalaya The Middle Himalayas, also Shiwaliks
Parallel and south of the Greater Himalaya. known as Himachal Himalayas
Features lower peaks.
Siwalik or Outer Himalaya or Lesser Himalaya (Outer or Sub-Himalaya)
Outermost range. - Extends over a width of
Altitude - Altitude varies between 3,700 and 4,500 Extension
Comprises foothills and low-lying hills. 10-50 km.
Range meters.
Average - The average width is approximately 50 - Altitude varies between
Width km. Altitude Range
900 and 1,100 meters.
Prominent - Pir Panjal range is the longest and most
Ranges important range in this region. Valley - Valleys covered with
Characteristics thick gravel and alluvium.
- Dhaula Dhar and the Mahabharat
ranges are also prominent in the Middle - Longitudinal valleys
Himalayas. lying between the Lesser
- Encompasses the famous valleys of Longitudinal
Valleys and Himalaya and the
Kashmir, Kangra, and Kullu in Himachal Valleys
Regions Shiwaliks are known as
Pradesh.
Duns.
- Home to significant Himalayan hill
- Examples include
stations, including Shimla, Mussoorie,
Nainital, Almora, and Darjeeling, among DehraDun, Kotli Dun, and
others. Patti Dun.
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West to East Division

- The part of the Himalayas lying
between the Indus and Satluj rivers.
- Regionally known as Kashmir and
Punjab Himachal Himalaya from west to east
Himalaya respectively.
- The part of the Himalayas lying
between the Satluj and Kali rivers.
Kumaon
- The Lesser Himalaya in Kumaon
Himalaya
Himalaya is represented by the
s
Mussoorie and Nag Tiba ranges.
- Also known as Garhwal Himalaya.
- The Central (Middle) Himalayas
Nepal
situated between the Tista River and
Himalaya
the Kali River.
s
- Also known as Central Himalaya.
Assam - The part lying between the Teesta
Himalaya and Dihang rivers.
s - Known as the Eastern Himalayas.

Purvanchal Hills

Geographical - Southward extension of the Himalayas along the

Extension northeastern edge of India.

- Emerges as a series of comparatively low hills after

Formation
a sudden southward bend at the Dihang Gorge.

Geographical - Extends from Arunachal Pradesh in the north to

Coverage Mizoram in the south.
Constituent - Arunachal Pradesh: Patkai Hills, Miri Hills, Dafla
Hills Hills, Mishmi Hills, Abor Hills.
- Nagaland: Naga Hills.
- Manipur: Manipur Hills, Laimatol Range.
- Mizoram: Mizo Hills (previously known as the
Lushai Hills).
Geopolitical
- Runs along the India-Myanmar Border.
Borders

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Western Ghats
Aravali Vindhya Range (Sahyadri)
- Runs from the Tapi valley to a little north of
Eastern Ghats
Geographical
Kanyakumari, covering a distance of
- Extends from Coverage
approximately 1,600 km.
- One of the oldest folded mountain Gujarat in the
Age Regional - Known as Sahyadri in northern
ranges in the world. - Runs from northern Odisha through
west to the Names Maharashtra, Sahya Parvatham in Kerala.
- Ranges from 300 meters to 900 Geographical Geographical Extent Andhra Pradesh to Tamil Nadu, passing
Elevation Ganges river - Central part known as Kanara, and the some parts of Karnataka.
meters. Extension Subdivisions southern part referred to as the Malabar
valley in region or the Malabar Coast.
Geographi
cal
- Extends through the states of Varanasi, Uttar Type of
- Block mountain. - Eroded and cut through by major rivers:
Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan, and Gujarat. Pradesh. Formation River Connections
Coverage Godavari, Mahanadi, Krishna, and Kaveri.
- Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage
Recognition
Main
- Divided into two main ranges: the - Gives rise to Site.
Sambhar Sirohi Range and the Sambhar - Nilgiri Mountains (Doddabetta, Anamudi
Ranges primary southern - Jindhagada(1,690 metres, Highest) ,
Khetri Range in Rajasthan. River Basin Peaks and
(2,695 m, Kerala - the highest peak),
tributaries of the Cardamom Hills (Yela Mala), Anaimalai Hills Notable Peaks and
Mahendragiri, Deomali, Solaikaradu Peak,
Contribution Hills
(Elephant Hills), Palani Hills, Brahmagiri Hills
Erramala Hills, Nallamala Hills, Velikonda

Tallest
- Guru Shikhar (Mount Abu, Rajasthan) Ganges-Yamuna Range.
Hills, Palkonda Hills, Javadi Hills,
Shevaroy Hills
is the highest point, reaching an basin.
Point - Matheran, Lonavala-Khandala,
elevation of 1,722 meters. Famous Hill
Mahabaleshwar, Panchgani, Amboli Ghat,
- Rashtrapati Bhawan in Delhi is built on - Contributes Stations
Kudremukh, Kodagu.
Significant to the
Raisina Hill, which is a part of the
Landmark
Aravalli mountain range. Major Chambal,
Nilgiri, Annamalai, Cardamom, Palani Hills (Eastern
Tributaries Betwa, Ken,
Southern Hill Complex Ghats: Shevaroy, Javadi, Palkonda, Nallamalai,
and Tons
Satpura rivers.
Northern Circars)
Oblique Ranges in
Geographical - Runs parallel to the Vindhya Ajanta, Satmala, Harishchandra, Balaghat
Maharashtra
Orientation Range.
Satpura Range (East to
- Extends between the valleys of Amarkantak, Maikal, Mahadeo, Gawilgarh, Rajpipala
West)
Location the Narmada graben in the north
and the Tapi graben in the south.

- Spans eastern Gujarat, borders

Geographical of Maharashtra and Madhya
Coverage Pradesh, and ends in
Chhattisgarh.
Vindhy
a
- Seven mountain ranges or Satpur
Mountain folds include Maikal, Mahadeo a
Ranges/Folds Hills, Kalibhit, Asirgarh,
Bijagarh, Barwani, and Arwani.

- Dhupgarh (1,360 m) near

Pachmarhi on Mahadeo Hills is
Highest Peak
the highest peak above Mean
Sea Level (MSL).
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Highest peaks of the Indian States

STATE/UT HIGHEST PEAK RANGE/REGION
Arma Konda or Sitamma Konda or
Andhra Pradesh Eastern Ghats
Jindhagadha
Arunachal Pradesh Kangto Eastern Himalayas
Bihar Someshwar Fort Shivallik Hills
Goa Sonsogor Western Ghats
Gujarat Girnar Girnar Hills
Haryana Karoh Peak Morni Hills (Shivalik Hills section)
Himachal Pradesh Reo Purgyil Western Himalayas
Jharkhand Parasnath Chota Nagpur Plateau
Kerala Anamudi Anamalai Hills (Western Ghats)
Karnataka Mullayanagiri Sahyadri Hills (Western Ghats)
Manipur Mount Tempu (Mount Iso) Barail Range
Mizoram Phawngpui Lushai Hills (Patkai Range)
Maharashtra Kalsubai Sahyadri Hills (Western Ghats)
Madhya Pradesh Dhupgarh Satpura Range
Meghalaya Shillong Peak Khasi Hills (Shillong Plateau)
Nagaland Mount Saramati Naga Hills (Patkai Range)
Odisha Deomali Eastern Ghats
Sikkim Kanchenjunga Eastern Himalayas
Tamil Nadu Doddabetta Nilgiri Hills (Western Ghats)
Telangana Doli Gutta Deccan Plateau
Tripura Betlingchip (Jampui Hills) Lushai Hills (Easternmost section)
Uttarakhand Nanda Devi Garhwal Himalaya (Western Himalayas)
Uttar Pradesh Amsot Peak (Rajaji Range) Shivalik Hills
West Bengal Sandakphu Singalila Ridge (Eastern Himalayas)
Andaman and
Saddle Peak (North Andaman Island) -
Nicobar Islands
Jammu and
Nun Kun Peak Western Himalayas
Kashmir
Ladakh Saltoro Kangri Saltoro Range (Karakoram)

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Mountain Ranges of the World
Mountain Location Type Highest Peak
Southern Alps New Zealand Fold Aoraki/Mount Cook
Great Dividing Range Australia Fold Mount Kosciuszko
MacDonnell Ranges Australia Block Mount Zeil
Drakensberg South Africa, Lesotho, Eswatini Escarpment Thabana Ntlenyana
Rwenzori Mountains Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo Block Mount Stanley
Atlas Mountains Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia Fold Toubkal
Western Ghats India Escarpment Anamudi
Eastern Ghats India Faulted Jindhagada Peak
Himalayas India, Nepal, China, Pakistan, Bhutan Fold Mount Everest
Karakoram India, Pakistan, China Fold K2
Hindu Kush Afghanistan, Pakistan Fold Tirich Mir
Tian Shan China, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan Fold Jengish Chokusu
Ural Mountains Russia, Kazakhstan Fold Mount Narodnaya
Altai Mountains Russia, China, Mongolia, Kazakhstan Fold Belukha Mountain
Zagros Mountains Iran, Iraq Fold Dena
Russia, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkey,
Caucasus Mountains Fold Mount Elbrus
Iran
Taurus Mountains Turkey Fold Mount Ararat
France, Italy, Switzerland, Austria, Germany,
Alps Fold Mont Blanc
Slovenia
Apennine Mountains Italy, San Marino Fold Corno Grande
Pyrenees France, Spain, Andorra Fold Aneto
Scandinavian Mountains Norway, Sweden Fold Galdhøpiggen
Andes South America Fold Aconcagua
Sierra Nevada United States Block Mount Whitney
Sierra Madre Occidental Mexico Fold Cerro Mohinora
Rocky Mountains United States, Canada Fold Mount Elbert
Appalachian Mountains United States, Canada Fold Mount Mitchell