Modern Physics

Chapter 4

Classical Theory of Atomic Physics

Lecturer: Van ThiThu Trang

vtttrang@[Link]
Deparment of Physics and Engineering Physics
10/11/22 University of Science, VNU 1
 Contents

➢ Atomic Spectrum of Gases

➢ Thomson's Atomic Model
➢ Rutherford's Atomic Model
➢ Borh's Atomic Model
➢ Hydrogen Atom

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 Basic properties of atoms
❑Atoms are very small, with a radius of about 0.1 nm.
All attempts to see atoms with visible light are futile.
❑Atoms are stable
Atoms do not spontaneously break apart into smaller particles,
so the internal forces holding atoms together must be
balanced.
❑Atoms contain negatively charged electrons, which are
electrically neutral
If we give atoms enough energy, electrons are emitted.

❑Atoms can emit and absorb electromagnetic radiation

Helps us understand the structure of atoms.
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4.1 Atomic spectrum of gases
Previously, it was thought that
the wavelength emitted from a
heated object had a continuous
distribution.

In the experiment, it was found

that the emitted wavelength
radiation was discontinuous

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4.1 Atomic spectrum of gases
➢ When analyzing the spectrum of hydrogen atoms, Balmer found
the formula:
1  1 1 
= RH 2 − 2  (n = 3, 4, 5, 6)
 2 n 

➢ Rydberg developed for all lines

1  1 1 
= RH 2 − 2  (m < n)
 m n 
Balmer-Rydberg formula

RH = 0,011nm-1 = Rydberg constant

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4.1 Atomic spectrum of gases
After Balmer's discovery, scientists: Lyman, Paschen, Brackett
discovered the remaining series in the hydrogen spectrum.
➢ Lyman series
1 1 1 
= RH 2 − 2  (n = 2, 3, 4, 5,…)
 1 n 

➢ Paschen series
1 1 1 
= R H  2 − 2  (n = 4, 5, 6,…)
 3 n 
➢ Brackett series
1  1 1 
= RH 2 − 2  (n = 5, 6, 7…)
 4 n 
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4.2. Thomson's Atomic Model
➢ Anything that carries an electric charge
must come from matter, including particles
within matter
Thomson proposed that atoms are spheres of
positive charge and that electrons are
distributed evenly within the atom, like
raisins in a pudding.

- Positive charge of
an atom +Ze
- Atomic mass is
the mass of the Bánh pudding
sphere
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4.2. Thomson's Atomic Model
This atomic model can explain:
➢ The neutrality of the charge of the atom.
➢ The origin of the electron.
➢ The origin of the chemical properties of the elements.
However, the Thomson model does not explain:
➢ Atomic spectral lines (according to this model, the emitted
radiation is monochromatic; however, experiments with hydrogen
atoms show a series of lines falling in different regions of the
electromagnetic spectrum).
➢ Scattering of charged particles by atoms.
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 4.3. Rutherford's atomic model

Expected Unexpected

Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937)

It was quite the most incredible

event that ever happened to me in
Most alpha particles pass my life. It was as incredible as if
Most alpha particles will pass through the gold foil, a few you fired a 15-inch shell at a piece
through the gold foil (because are deflected at very large of tissue paper and it came back
and hit you.
the atomic model is electrically angles, even flying back
neutral) ➢ inconsistent with
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Thomson's model
4.3. Rutherford's atomic model
Rutherford's reasoning:
➢ Most alpha particles pass through the gold foil → the atom is mostly empty space apart from
the charges
➢ Large scattering angle → positive charges are concentrated at the center of the atom forming
the atomic nucleus, accounting for almost the entire mass of the atom
➢ Electrons move around, carrying a negative charge equal to the positive charge of the
nucleus

Ze

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Atomic planetary model Rutherford's model 10
 4.3. Mẫu nguyên tử của Rutherford
➢ How can electrons move outside the nucleus when there is an electrostatic
force of attraction?

➢ Why are the positive charges in the nucleus tightly bound together when
there is an electrostatic force of repulsion?

➢ But according to classical electromagnetic theory, when electrons move

with acceleration around the nucleus, they will inevitably radiate energy
and eventually fall into the nucleus.

→Thus, atoms would not exist.

In addition, when studying the emission spectrum of hydrogen
atoms, people obtained line spectra.
→ Those phenomena cannot be explained by classical physics..
11
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4.4. Mẫu lượng tử của nguyên tử (Mẫu nguyên tử Bohr)
Postulate 1: Stationary states
➢ Atoms exist only in certain states of definite energy, called
stationary states. When in a stationary state, the atom does
not emit radiation.
➢ In the stationary states of an atom, electrons move around
the nucleus only in orbits of perfectly definite radius. These
orbits are called stationary orbits.
Quỹ đạo cao, En Niels Bohr (1885-1962)
Postulate 2: Photon emission and absorption Quỹ đạo thấp, Em

E n 2 − E n1 = hf

Postulate 3: The radius of the h h

electron's orbit is determined by its Hấp thụ photon Phát xạ photon
angular momentum:

L = m e vr = n (n = 1, 2,..) absorption emission

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4.5. Hydrogen atom
Bohr's hypothesis states that the electron's angular momentum (L = mvr) is
quantized and is equal to a multiple of Planck's constant, for a circular orbit:

h h
L = mvr = n = n (4.5) = = 1,055  10 −34 J.s
2 2
Then, the radius of the electron's orbit is calculated (Coulomb force equals
centripetal force):
2
 n  ke 2 n 2 2
m  =  rn = = n 2a 0 (4.6)
 mr  r 2
ke m

Radius of electron orbit is quantized

2 Bohr radius
where: a0 = = 0,0529 nm
ke 2 m
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 4.5. Hydrogen atom
❖ From the orbital radius rn, the energy levels in the hydrogen atom
can be calculated as follows:
ke 2 1
En = − (4.7)
2a 0 n 2
Quantization of energy
13,6
En = − (eV)
2 (4.8)
n
❖ The integer n corresponding to the discrete energy values ​of an
atom is called the principal quantum number.

❖ The lowest stationary state is called the ground state which has n
= 1 and has energy E1 = -13.6 eV.

❖ The next state is called the first excited state which has n = 2 and
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2
 4.5. Hydrogen atom
➢ The ionization energy of the
hydrogen atom according to
Bohr's calculations is 13.6 eV.
paschen

Consistent with experiment result Banmer

➢ The energy of photons absorbed or
emitted from a hydrogen atom
during the electron's transition
between orbits n and m (n > m)
can be determined Lyman

ke 2  1 1 
E = En − Em =  −  (4.9)
2
2a 0  m n2 

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4.5. Hydrogen atom
Wavelength

1 ke 2  1 1 
=  2− 2 (4.10)
 2a 0 hc  m n 
Consistent with
Balmer – Rydberg
formula
ke 2
= 1,1.107 (m −1 ) = R H
2a 0 hc Wow!!!

1  1 1 
= RH −  mn (4.11)
 m 2 2
n 

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4.5. Hydrogen atom
❖ After learning of Bohr's discovery, Rutherford stated:
"Bohr's quantum theory of the atomic spectrum is one of the
greatest revolutions, and I know of no more successful theory…..I
regard Bohr's work as one of the greatest achievements of the
human intellect."

❖ Meanwhile, Albert Einstein said succinctly after learning

the theoretical calculation of the Rydberg constant:

“It was one of the greatest discoveries”.

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 4.5. Hydrogen atom
Bohr found that certain mysterious lines observed in the Sun and
Stars could not be produced by hydrogen atoms but were
correctly predicted by his theory, namely helium ions (He+).

Orbital radius of an atom in state n:

2 a0
rn = (n ) (4.12)
Z
Energy of atom in nth orbit:

2 2 2
ke  Z   Z
En = −   = −13,6(eV)  (4.13)
2a 0  n  n
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Example problems
Example 4.1. A hydrogen atom initially at rest in the n = 3 state
decays to its ground state and emits a photon.
(a) Calculate the wavelength of the emitted photon.
(b) Calculate the recoil momentum of the atom.

Bài giải
1 1 1
a) = RH 2 − 2  Answer: 102 nm
 1 3 

  h
b) p  + p nt = 0  p nt = p  =

Answer: 7,9.10-8 eV
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Example problems
Example 4.2. The hydrogen atom is in the first excited state.
Using Bohr's theory, calculate:
(a) The radius of the orbit in this state.
(b) The momentum of the electron.
(c) The angular momentum of the electron.
(d) The kinetic energy of the electron.
(e) The potential energy of the electron.
(f) The total energy of the electron.
Solution
ke 2
r2 = 2 a 0
2
b) p = mv = m c) L = n = 2
a)
mr2
ke 2 ke 2 ke 2
d) K = e) U = − f) E = K + U = −
2r2 r2 2r2
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 Example problems
Example 4.3. Knowing the limiting wavelength in the Paschen
series is 𝜆0 = 820.1 nm. Find the longest and shortest wavelengths
in the Paschen series of the hydrogen atom.
Solution
1  1 1 R 1  1 1  7R H
= RH 2 −  = H = RH 2 − 2  =
0 3  9  43  3 4  9 16

Example 4.4. Knowing that the limiting wavelength in the

Lyman series is 𝜆0 = 92.13 nm. Find the longest wavelength in
the Balmer series and the two longest wavelengths in the Lyman
series of the hydrogen atom.

Example 4.5. Calculate the two longest wavelengths in the

Balmer series of the Be3+ ion (Z = 4).
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Example problems

Example 4.6: Balmer series for hydrogen atom

The spectral lines in the Balmer series of hydrogen atom correspond
to transitions from higher energy levels to the m = 2 level.
a) Find the longest wavelength of the emitted photon and calculate
the energy of this photon.
b) Find the shortest wavelength of the emitted photon and calculate
the energy of this photon.

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Exercises
Exercise 1: Calculate the wavelength of the first 3 lines in
the Balmer series of the hydrogen atom.
Exercise 2: Calculate the wavelength of the first 3 lines in
the Lyman series of the hydrogen atom.
Exercise 3: The wavelength 𝜆 = 102.6 nm of the photon
emitted in the Lyman series corresponds to what value of n?
Exercise 4:
a) Calculate the radius of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd orbits of the
electron in the hydrogen atom.
b) Find the velocity of the electron in these three orbits.

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Summary

➢ Atomic Spectrum of Gases

➢ Thomson's Atomic Model
➢ Rutherford's Atomic Model
➢ Borh's Atomic Model
➢ Hydrogen Atom
➢ Example Exercises

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 CHƯƠNG 4
VẬT LÝ NGUYÊN TỬ

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 Bài tập ví dụ: Mẫu nguyên tử Thomson
Ví dụ 4.1: Xét 1 electron cách quả cầu mang điện dương Ze một khoảng r.
(a) Dùng định lý Gauss, hãy chứng minh rằng điện trường do điện tích
dương tạo ra tác dụng lên electron tại r là
1 Ze
E= r
40 R 3
(b) Tính lực điện trường tác dụng lên electron
Bài giải
e-
a) Điện thông gửi qua mặt cầu bán kính r:
r
e = 4r E 2

Định lý Gauss về điện thông:

q' 1 r 3 1 r3
e = = q 3 = Ze 3
0 0 R 0 R
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 1 Ze e-
E= r
40 R 3 r

1 Ze2
b)
F = eE = r
40 R 3

Ví dụ 4.2:
(a) Tính tần số dao động của electron và bước sóng phát ra theo
mẫu Thomson về nguyên tử hydro. Lấy R = 0,053 nm. So sánh với
bước sóng quan sát từ thực nghiệm là 122 nm.
(b) Lập lại phép tính câu a) cho nguyên tử Na (Z = 11). Lấy R =
0,18 nm. So sánh với bước sóng quan sát từ thực nghiệm là 590 nm.
Đáp số: a) f = 6,57.1015 Hz, = 45,7 nm; b) f = 3,48.1015 Hz,  =
86,2 nm

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Bài tập ví dụ: Mẫu nguyên tử Thomson
Bài giải
1 Ze2 r 1 Ze 2
a)
F = kr = k = m2 =
40 R 3 40 R 3
c
f = 6,57.1015 Hz = = 45,7 nm
f
b) Với Na: Z = 11

f = 3,48.1015 Hz c
 = = 86,2 nm
f

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Bài tập ví dụ: Mẫu nguyên tử của Rutherford

Ví dụ 4.3: Hạt alpha (Z = 2) có động năng bằng bao nhiêu trước khi đến
khoảng cách gần nhất với hạt nhân Au (Z = 79) một khoảng bằng bán kính
hạt nhân (7.10-15 m)?

Bài giải:
Định luât bảo toàn năng lượng
(2e)(79e)
K0 + U0 = K + U  K0 = U K0 = k
R
Đáp số: K = 33 MeV
Đáp số: K = 33 MeV
Ví dụ 4.4: Khoảng cách gần nhất bằng bao nhiêu khi hạt alpha có động
năng 6 MeV đến bị tán xạ bởi hạt nhân Cu (Z = 29)?
Bài giải: (2e)(29e) (2e)(29e)
K0 = k d=k
d K0

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Đáp số: d = 14 fm 29