Course Outline
Mathematics in the Modern World
TRINAL PERIOD
[Link]
Preliminaries:
• Orientation
• Mission Vision
• Standards for the Conduct of Class Hidden
• Course Requirements
• Grading system
TRINAL MODULE 1
Mathematics for our World
Patterns and Numbers in Nature and the World
The Fibonacci Sequence & Liber Abaci (Leonardo Pisano Bigollo – Italian 13th Century)
The Bitnet’s Formula (Jacques Philippe Marie Binet – French 18th Century)
The Lucas Sequence (François Édouard Anatole Lucas – French 19th Century)
P=P 0 e rt (Population Growth/Compound interest – continuous compounding)
1
Arithmetic sequence :an =a1 + ( n−1 ) d ; Geometric sequence: an=a1 ¿ r (n−1) ; Harmonic sequence :an =
a1+ ( n−1 ) d
; increasing and decreasing sequence.
TRINAL MODULE 2 – 3
Characteristics and Conventions in the mathematical language
a. Characteristics of Mathematical Language (Precise, Concise, Powerful, Symbolic, Abstract,
Logical)
b. Conventions in Mathematical Language (Order of operations, Use of symbols, Notations,
Capital vs. Lowercase, Definitions & Proofs)
Translating words into symbols, mathematical expressions and statement or vice versa)
PEMDAS, BODMAS OR GEMDAS
Language of logic (George Boole English, 18th century , Boolean Algebra
a. Statements or Propositions
b. Logical Connectives:
(Negation (¬ or ~) – “not”; Conjunction (∧) – “and”; Disjunction (∨) – “or”; Conditional (→) –
“if... then...” Bi-conditional (↔) – “if and only if”
c. Truth Tables
d. Tautology, Contradiction, and Contingency (always true; always false; sometimes true;
sometimes false respectively)
e. Logical Equivalence (De Morgan's Laws: 1 e . ¬ ( p ∧q ) ≡ ¬ p ∨¬ q 2 e . ¬(p ∨ q)≡ ¬ p ∧¬ q
f. Rules of Inference ¿
f 2. ModusTollens : If p →q∧¬ q , then¬ p ;
f 3. Hypothetical Syllogism , Disjunctive Syllogism , etc .
g. Fallacies (Common logical errors in reasoning):
g1. Affirming the consequent; g2. Denying the antecedent; g3. Circular reasoning
Language of sets (formalized by George Cantor – German 19th century)
a. Set Notations (Roster, Set-builder and recursive notation)
b. More Concepts to Learn about Sets (Finite, infinite, unit, empty/null …)
c. Sets and subsets (Proper and Improper Subsets)
d. Sets Operations (¿ ∩ ,∪ ∪ , set difference – , Complement ' or Ac )
The Language of Relations and Functions
Relations
a. 3 types of relation (one-to-one; one-to-many; many-to-one) – by mapping
Function (Introduced by Rene Descartes in 1637)
a. Descartes defined a function as simply meant any positive integral power of a variable x.
b. Leonhard Euler employed the word to mean any equation or formula involving variable
and constants. His idea of a function is the one most often used today in courses that precede
calculus.
c. Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz used the word to denote any quantity associated with a
curve, such as coordinates of a point on the curve.
d. Vertical Line Test (VLT)
e. Independent Variable Vs. Dependent Variable
f. Functions as Representations of Real-Life Situations
TRINAL MODULE 4
A. REASONING AND PROBLEM SOLVING (Inductive and Deductive Reasoning)
Inductive Reasoning (The conclusion formed by using inductive reasoning is called
conjecture which may or may not correct.)
a. Use inductive reasoning to predict the next number in each of the lists.
b. Use inductive reasoning to make a conjecture out of the following procedure.
c. Use the data in the table and inductive reasoning to following questions.
d. A statement is a true statement provided that it is true in all cases. If you can find one case
for which a statement is not true, called a counterexample, then the statement is a false
statement.
Deductive Reasoning (Deductive reasoning is distinguished from inductive reasoning in that
it is the process of reaching a conclusion by applying general principles and procedures.
a. Logic Puzzles (can be solved by using deductive reasoning and a chart that enables us to
display the given information in a visual manner.)
B. Polya’s Problem Solving Strategy -George Polya (1887–1985)
-Hungarian in his book “How to Solve it”
4 steps process
a. Understand the problem
b. Devise a plan
c. Carry out the plan
d. Review the Solution/Look back
C. Recreational Problems Using Mathematics
a. Soduko
b. Magic Square
c. KenKen Puzzle
d. Tower of Hanoi
Prepared by:
MELCHOR S. ARCENAS JR., LPT, MSTM