25
12 (a) 1029
–2
.
(i)
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii)
......................................................
(b) m
(a)
(i) (a)
[2]
(ii) (a) (b)(i)
......................................................
[Total: 7]
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12 (a) State what is meant by luminosity of a star.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) The luminosity of the Sun is 3.83 1026 W. The distance between the Earth and the Sun is
1.51 1011 m.
Calculate the radiant flux intensity F of the Sun at the Earth. Give a unit with your answer.
F = .............................. unit .................. [2]
(c) Use data from (b) to calculate the mass that is converted into energy every second in the
Sun.
mass = ..................................................... kg [1]
(d) The radius of the Sun is 6.96 108 m.
Show that the temperature T of the surface of the Sun is 5770 K.
[1]
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10 (a) State Wien’s displacement law.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Fig. 10.1 shows the wavelength distributions of electromagnetic radiation emitted by two stars
A and B.
rate of
emission
star A
star B
0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
wavelength / m
Fig. 10.1
The surface temperature of star A is known to be 5800 K.
(i) Determine the surface temperature of star B.
surface temperature = ...................................................... K [2]
© UCLES 2022 9702/41/M/J/22
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(ii) Star B appears less bright than star A when viewed from the Earth.
Use Fig. 10.1 to suggest, with a reason, how else the physical appearance of star B
compares with that of star A.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) The lines in Fig. 10.1 have been corrected for redshift.
(i) State what is meant by redshift.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Explain how cosmologists are able to determine that light from a distant star has
undergone redshift.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 9]
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9 (a) (i) State Hubble’s law.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Explain how cosmologists use observations of emission spectra from stars in distant
galaxies to determine that the Universe is expanding.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Explain how Hubble’s law and the idea of the expanding Universe lead to the Big Bang theory
of the origin of the Universe.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 7]
© UCLES 2022 9702/42/M/J/22 [Turn over
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9 (a) State what is meant by the luminosity of a star.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) A star in the constellation Canis Major is a distance of 8.14 1016 m from the Earth and has a
luminosity of 9.86 × 1027 W. The surface temperature of the star is 9830 K.
(i) Calculate the radiant flux intensity of the radiation from the star observed from the Earth.
Give a unit with your answer.
radiant flux intensity = ............................................. unit ................. [2]
(ii) Determine the radius of the star.
radius = ..................................................... m [2]
(c) Explain how the surface temperature of a distant star may be determined from the wavelength
spectrum of the light from the star.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 8]
© UCLES 2022 9702/41/O/N/22 [Turn over
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9 (a) Fig. 9.1 shows the visible part of the emission spectrum from hydrogen gas in a laboratory on
the Earth. The numbers indicate the wavelength, in nm, represented by each line.
411 435 488 658
Fig. 9.1
(i) Explain how the emission spectrum provides evidence for the existence of discrete
energy levels for the electron in a hydrogen atom.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Fig. 9.2 shows five of the energy levels in the hydrogen atom. The wavelengths of
radiation shown in Fig. 9.1 relate to transitions to the – 3.400 eV level in Fig. 9.2.
– 0.378 eV
– 0.544 eV
– 0.850 eV
energy
X
– 3.400 eV
Fig. 9.2 (not to scale)
Show that the energy level X is –1.51 eV.
[3]
© UCLES 2022 9702/42/O/N/22
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(b) The same part of the emission spectrum from hydrogen as in (a), observed in light from stars
in a distant galaxy, is shown in Fig. 9.3. The numbers indicate the wavelengths in nm.
429 454 509 686
Fig. 9.3
The spectrum shows the same pattern as Fig. 9.1 but with different wavelengths.
(i) State the name of the phenomenon that gives rise to the change in the wavelengths.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State what this phenomenon shows about the motion of the galaxy.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Use one of the lines in Fig. 9.1, and the corresponding line in Fig. 9.3, to determine the
speed of the distant galaxy relative to the observer.
speed = ................................................ m s–1 [3]
(c) The galaxy in (b) is known to be a distance of 5.7 1024 m from the Earth.
Use your answer in (b)(iii) to determine a value for the Hubble constant H0.
H0 = ................................................... s–1 [2]
[Total: 13]
© UCLES 2022 9702/42/O/N/22 [Turn over