International Journal of Modern Studies in Mechanical Engineering (IJMSME) Volume 6, Issue 2, 2020, PP 28-38 ISSN 2454-9711 (Online) uttp://[Link]/10.20431/2454-9711.0602003 [Link] Mechanical Properties of Materials: Definition, Testing and Application S. Senthil Murugan Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College (Autonomous), Sivakasi, India *Corresponding Author: S, Senthil Murugan, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College (Autonomous), Sivakasi, India Abstract: Mechanical properties of the metals are associated with the ability of the material to resist mechanical forces and load. But basically, those properties are associated with stress and strain. The mechanical properties of a material indicate how it responds under specific stresses, which helps to determine its suitability for different applications. In this paper, the definition and applications are explained in an easy way and gives the overview of the importance of such properties. Every design engineers must know how to select the apt materials for their design applications and it is necessary to understand the ‘mechanical properties of the material to select the material for the engineering applications. Keywords: Strength, hardness, mechanical property, toughness, elasticity, eryo-treatment. 1. INTRODUCTION ‘The mechanical properties are those which affect the mechanical strength and ability of a material to ‘be molded in suitable shape. Some of the typical mechanical properties show huge applications in space and automobile industries. These properties are associated with the capability of the materials to resist mechanical forces and load and they are measured in terms of the behavior of the material when subjected to a force. Mechanical properties may be determined to provide either design data for the engineer or as a check on the standard of raw materials [1]. Mechanical properties may be changed by heat treatment process and the working temperature. Mostly, the strength, toughness and hardness of ‘materials are to be measured after the metal forming process [2]. The main objective of the paper is to give the overview of the importance of mechanical properties of the materials, testing. This paper, includes the concepts of strength, plasticity, malleability, stifiness, elasticity, brittleness, ductility, toughness, resilience, fatigue, creep and shown how improper understanding of properties can lead to have confusion. The engineering concepts of mechanical properties dominate the teaching in the technological universities over natural sciences. 2. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES DEFINITION 2.1, Strength and Stress-Strain Curve Strength of the materials refers to the ability of a material to resist the externally applied forces without breaking or yielding. The maximum stress is that any material withstands before destructive is, called its ultimate strength (D). Figure 1 shows the stress and strain relationship, Stress and strain curve of the material obtained during tensile test describe its ductility and yield strength [3]. According to figure 1, upto the elastic limit, the elasticity of material, that means the material would return to its original dimension, would be maintained, over it the plasticity would follow. Once the ‘material exceeds the ultimate stress point (DD), necking starts to have on the specimen (4). The strain hardening is kept between yield points to ultimate tensile strength, A material obeys hooks law upto proportional limit accurately. The stress and strain curve is used to obtain Young’s modulus of ‘materials by comparing stress and strain value upto elastic limit. In the figure, A-B range is measured as clastic limit, The Ability of materials to sustain loads without undue failure or distortion is known as strength and it is known that the ability of a material to provide an equal reaction to an applied International Journal of Modern Studies in Mechanical Engineering (IJMSME) Page |28of Materials: Mechanical Propet lefinition, Testing and Application force (tensile, compression, shear) without rupture. Simply, the strength is a maximum resistance by the material to the deformation. Similarly, tenacity is the ability of a material to resist rupture due to a tensile force. (A: Proporional Limit Upper Visd Suess Point : Lower Yield Stees Point 1D: Umate Stress Point E: Frocture Stross \, laste Strain Figurel. Siress- strain relationship curve 2.2. Stiffness It is the ability of a material to resist deformation under stress. Modulus of elasticity is the measure of stiffness. Material which suffers slight deformation under load has a high degree of stiffness or rigidity. Steel beam is stiffer or more rigid than aluminium beam, Finally, it means that the ability of material to resist elastic deflection is known as stiffness. 2.3. Elasticity Itis the property of materials to regain its original shape after deformation when the external forces are removed. Example is the extension or compression of a spring. This property is desirable for materials used in tools and machines. Steel is more elastic than rubber. Elasticity is a tensile property of the material. Proportional limit and clastic limit indicate elasticity. It is also known as Non- permanent deformation. It consists of two sub properties within this elastic region. They are proportional limit and elastic limit. Proportional limit is the maximum stress under which a material will maintain a perfectly uniform rate of strain to stress. Proportional limit applications are precision instruments, springs ete... The greatest stress that a material can endure without taking up some ‘permanent set is called elastic limit. Beyond the elastic limit, material does not regain its original form and permanent set occurs. 2.4, Plasticity It is the ability of material to undergo some degree of permanent deformation without rupture or failure [12]. That means, this is the property of material to deform permanently under the application of a load. Plastic deformation will take place only after the elastic range has been exceeded by the process of slipping when the shear stress on the slip plane reaches a critical value. Displacement caused by slipping is permanent and the crystal planes do not return to their original positions even after the removal of the stresses. Applications are forming, shaping, extruding, hot & cold working process, forging, ormamental work, stamping, rolling, drawing, pressing, ete Aluminium is a good plasticity material [Link] It is the property of a material which enables it to draw out into thin wire with the application of a tensile force, Ductile material must be both strong and plastic, Ductile materials are gold (most ductile material), mild steel, copper, aluminium, nickel, zinc, tin, Ductility usually measured by the terms, percentage elongation and percentage reduction in area. Ductility is thought of as a tensile quality. Ductile material combines the properties of plasticity and tensile strength. It is also mentioned as a capacity of a material to undergo deformation under tension without rupture or the ability of a International Journal of Modern Studies in Mechanical Engineering (IJMSME), Page |29Mechanical Properties of Materials: Definition, Testing and Application material to withstand cold deformation without fracture, Ductility of a material is to stretch under the application of tensile load and retain the deformed shape on the removal of the load. If subjected to a shock load the material would yield and become deformed. Ductile material can be worked into a shape without loss of strength. All materials which are formed by drawing are required to be ductile, e.g drawing into wire form. [Link] Breaking of a material with little permanent distortion simply states the property of brittleness. Brittle materials when subjected to tensile loads snap off without giving any sensible elongation [5]. Usually the tensile strength of brittle materials is only a fraction of their compressive strength, Examples of brittle materials are glass, bricks, cast iron etc... It is also a tendency of a material to fracture when subjected to shock loading or a blow. Material that shatters is also a brittle material. [Link] It is the ability of materials to be rolled, flattened or hammered into thin sheets without cracking by hot or cold working. Malleable material should be plastic but it is not essential to be strong and ‘malleability is considered as a compressive quality. Examples for malleability Al, Cu, Sn, Pb, soft steel, wrought iron. This is the property of a material to deform permanently under the application of a compressive load, A material which is forged to its final shape is required to be malleable. Forging, Rolling processes are malleability. 2.8. Toughness and Testing It is the ability of a material to withstand bending without fracture due to high impact loads. Toughness of material decreases when it is heated [16]. It is also measured by the amount of energy that a unit volume of the material has absorbed after being stressed up to failure point and is the area under stress strain curve. For example, if a load is suddenly applied to a piece of mild steel and then to a piece of glass, the mild steel will absorb much more energy before failure occurs. Thus mild steel is said to be much tougher than a glass. This property is desirable in parts subjected to shock and impact loads. Notch toughness is the measure of the metal’s resistance to brittle fracture in presence of flaw or notch and fast loading conditions [17]. Examples are Mn-steel, wrought iron, MS, etc...it can be also defined as property of absorbing energy before fracture. To the opposite of brittleness, the ability of a material is to resist fracture under shock loading. Basically, two main impact tests for measuring the toughness of material in Joule are available namely Izod and Charpy test. Figure 2 shows the thre types of Notches used for fracture study. U type notch specimens can also be used for testing, In cas of ductile materials, when the material is stressed, it plastically deforms by absorbing high energy and then the material fractures. But in the case of brittle materials, the cohesive strength of the material exceeds before getting plastically deformed and hence absorbs less energy before getting fractured. There are factors responsible for brittle behaviour; they are notch, low temperature, thickness and microstructure. When temperature falling, the failure mode of certain materials changes from ductile to brittle. For FCC materials, if the temperature increases, the energy absorbed also slightly increases. The factors responsible for the Charpy impact test are ductility, yield strength, notch, temperature, and fracture mechanism. Figure 3, shows the working procedure of impact testing, The pivoting arm is raised to a specific height, which is the potential energy and then this arm gets released. The arm swings down hitting a notched sample, available on the specimen holding vise, and breaking the specimen. The energy absorbed by the sample is measured from the height the arm swings to after hitting the sample. The fracture energy (Joule) is determined from the swing-up angle of the hammer and its swing-down angle. A notched sample is generally used to determine impact energy and notch sensitivity. Some of the standards are followed worldwide for the test they are ASTM D6110, ASTM. E23, and ASTM D256 ete..., Figure 4 depicts the difference between Izod and Charpy test. In Charpy test (figure 4 a), a test specimen having a V-shaped notch (figure 5) is placed on the holder in such. Position that the notched section is in the center of the holder and the specimen is broken by striking, the back of the notched section with the hammer. The Charpy impact value (ki/m’) is calculated by dividing the fracture energy by the cross-section area of the specimen. If a test specimen having a V- shaped notch is fixed vertically, and the specimen is broken by striking it from the same side as that of the notch by the use of the hammer, this is called Izod test (figure 4 b). The Izod impact energy value (Jim,) is calculated by dividing the fracture energy by the width of the specimen. International Journal of Modern Studies in Mechanical Engineering (IJMSME) Page [30Jefinition, Testing and Application Mechanical Properties of Materials: V-Notch Beet | /48\ eal U-Notch 1 ew 2mm \ 2mm Keyhole-Notch ©) I, 1.6mm Figure2. Different types of Notches (a, b,c) Starting Position igure3. Working principle of impact testing ss fay sel be is bs bp wo Charpy V notch (Top View) Izod test (side view) Figured. Impact loading and specimen difference for Charpy and Izod impact test a onan 0.394") = FigureS. Standard specimen for Charpy V-notch test 2.9. Resilience ‘The property of a material to absorb energy and to resist shock and impact loads are known as resilience, Generally, it is mentioned by the amount of energy absorbed per unit volume within elastic International Journal of Modern Studies in Mechanical Engineering (IJMSME) Page [31of Materials: Mechanical Propet lefinition, Testing and Application limit. This is essential for spring materials. Two kind of resilience are available. Proof resilience: Maximum energy which can be stored in a body up to clastic limit is called the proof resilience. But the Proof resilience per unit volume is called modulus of resilience. [Link] ‘When a part is subjected to a constant stress at high temperature for a long period of time, it will undergo a slow and permanent deformation called creep. Property is considered in designing IC engines, boilers, turbines. Simplest type of creep deformation viscous flow Plastics, rubber and amorphous materials are very temperature sensitive to creep. Stress for a specified rate of strain at a constant temperature is called creep strength, When a material sustains steady loads for long periods of time, the material may continue to deform until they may tend to fracture under the same load. This is called creep. If load is applied and left on the sample for months or years, the sample will slowly extend. In metals with high melting temperatures, creep becomes a problem at higher temperatures, €.g- gas turbines that operate at the highest temperature. ASTM E139 is the standard specimen test procedure for creep strength, Creep and Stress Rupture Testing are designed to analyze the amount of stress a material can safely withstand until failure and elongation. These are important indications for products in the aerospace, automotive, power generation, medical, oil & gas and many other industries. The three stages of classical creep curve is shown in figure 6. The primary Creep starts at a rapid rate and slows with time, But the secondary creep has a relatively uniform rate. While in the third stage, in the Tertiary Creep, creep rate has been accelerated and terminates when the material breaks or ruptures. It is associated with both necking and formation of grain boundary voids. Rupture Primary Tertiary Secondary : Instantaneous t t, Figures, Classical Creep Curve [Link] It is a failure of materials under cyclic loads. When a part is subjected to a repeated or fluctuating stresses, the fracture takes place under a stress whose maximum value is less than the tensile strength of the material. For instance, the components of high speed aero and turbine engine are of this type. This is the property of a material to withstand continuously varying and alternating loads. If a part is loaded once to a stress near the yield stress, it will not break. However, if it is loaded repeatedly to this level, it will eventually break. This failure is called fatigue. Fatigue is an important goal in the design of moving machinery [18]. Basically three stages of fatigue processes are i) Initial fatigue damage which leads to crack nucleation and crack initiation. Stage ii) Progressive cyclic growth of a crack, this is the crack propagation stage, until the remaining un-cracked cross section of a part becomes too weak to withstand the loads applied. iii) Final stage is the sudden fracture. [Link] Property of a material to resist penetration by another material is known as hardness. It embraces many different properties such as resistance to wear, scratching, deformation etc... Hardness of materials can be meant like resistance to abrasion, deformation or indentation. There are many hardness measurement methods available namely, Moh’s scale, Vickers hardness, Rockwell hardness, Knoop test, and Brinell hardness. Usually, hardness of material is measured by the depth or International Journal of Modern Studies in Mechanical Engineering (IJMSME) Page [32Mechanical Properties of Materials: Definition, Testing and Application area of an indentation left by an indenter with a specific force applied for a specific time [19]. Three kind of forces for hardness measurement available, with that force it is classified as macro hardness (force >30 N), small hardness (force 3-30 N) and micro hardness (<0.5N). In, Brinell hardness test (BHN), an iron ball of tempered steel or carbide steel with a known diameter is pressed vertically with a test force ‘F” on the testing surface of specimen [19, 20]. Test force is exerted during a defined time called dwell time, Brinell hardness (figure 7 a) is calculated by the pressure diameter and the test force, The Brinell hardness measurement is used for the soft metals and medium hard metals. In Vickers hardness test (HV), indenting the test material with a diamond indenter, in the form of a right, pyramid with a square base and an angle of 136° between opposite faces subjected to a load of different kgf for 10 to 15 seconds. After removal of the load, two diagonals of the indentation left (figure 7 b) on the surface of material are measured using a microscope and their average is calculated. Vickers hardness is the quotient obtained by dividing the kgf load by the square mm area of indentation. Knoop Hardness Test employed on miniature material feature that cannot be put on test by other methods. It uses a testing load of | Kg or less. Just like the Brinell hardness test, the Knoop is performed by applying force to an indenter in a rhombus-shape over a period of time. Meticulous measurement of the impression is done, and is employed alongside test load for calculation of value on the scale. Rockwell Hardness test consists of indenting the test material with a diamond cone or hardened steel ball indenter. The standard for this test is ASTM E18. For B, C, A (hard and very hard materials) and N versions (for thin walls) a diamond ball is used. For B and F version or T (for thin walls) steel ball is used. The permanent increase in depth of penetration, resulting from the application and removal of the additional major load is used to calculate the Rockwell hardness number. The abbreviations used for Rockwell hardness measurement are HRC, HRA, HR3ON, etc.. The ASTM standards for hardness test are Brinell (ASTM E10), Knoop (ASTM. E92, ASTM E384) and Vickers (ASTM E92, ASTM E384). Brinell hardness (BHN) calculation is given in equation 1, 2 Load on ball BEN= |) ———_ a Area of indentation: 2P BEN @ aD (D-(D?-¢?)") where, P- Applied load (kgf), D- Diameter of the indentor ball (mm), d- Diameter of the impression (mm) ‘Moh’s scale of hardness measurement is given in table 1. The measurement can be calculated by the element and the acting of load as shown in table 1. Diamond is the hardest material; it can be penetrated or cut by another diamond. Tablel. Mohs scale of Hardness (Scale value in number) Seale Tlement “Applying load for penetration i ale Can be erushed by fingernail 2 Gypsum. Scratched by a finger nail 3 Calcite By bronze coim 4 Fluorite By lass 5 “Apatite By penknife © Orthoslase By Quartz T Quartz By Hard ste! fle = Topaz By Corundum 7 Torundum By Diamond 0 Diamond Tniy by diamond International Journal of Modern Studies in Mechanical Engineering (IJMSME) Page [33Mechanical Properties of Materials: Definition, Testing and Application D (a) ; ) Figure. Hardness measurement principle (a- Brinell, b- Vicker) [Link] Machinability is defined as the ‘ease’ with which a material can be machined such as drill, lathe work, cutting etc.... Machinability of metal is indicated by percentage (7) that is known as machinability index [15]. Standard metal used for the 100% machinability rating is the free-cutting steel. Materials with good machinability may be cut with relatively little power and low cost. Alloys containing more than 10% Si are the most difficult to machine because hard patticles of free silicon cause rapid tool wear. Machinability can be improved by cold working. ASTM E618, while developed primarily to evaluate the machinability of steels, appears to be equally applicable to non-ferrous alloys [21]. Table 2 shows the machinability of different materials, the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) tested machinability and compared the values with B1112 [22]. ble2. Machinability index for various materials ‘Sino. Material Machinability index T SS. 23 2. ‘Al 300-1500 3. Copper 70 4, Mig alloy 600-2000 5. C45 stecl 60 6. C20 steel 65 7. Brass 180 8 Cast iron 70 9. ‘AT 6063, 6061 190 3. APPLICATIONS OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES The mechanical properties of materials are fundamentally important in terms of materials science [6]. Every mechanical property has specific applications in designing components in manufacturing industries [7, 14], automobile, forging, power plant, aerospace etc...Some of the applications and its properties are given in table 3. Table3. Properties and applications Sino. Properties ‘Applications T Proportional limit | Precision instruments, springs 2 Plasticity forming, Torging, shaping, extruding, bot & cold working, omamental work, stamping, rolling, drawing, pressing z Fasiey Desirable for materials used in tols and machines 4 Malleability rolling, hammering 3 Toughness Desirable for shock & impact Toads @ Resilience springs 7 ‘Creep in designing IC engines, boilers, turbines 5 Taarduess resistance to wear, seratching, deformation te Fatigue [high speed aero and turbine engine International Journal of Modern Studies in Mechanical Engineering (IJMSME) Page [34Mechanical Properties of Materials: Definition, Testing and Application 4, METALS /ALLOYS AND THEIR PROPERTIES Figure 8 list out the materials and their usefull properties for industrial applications. In this table the data are given in descending order regarding their property susceptibility. In ductility point of view, gold has maximum value and lead has least value. | coRROsION TOUGHNESS — | BRITTLENESS | DUCTILITY | MALLEABILITY | RESISTANCE Conner White Cason | Goud Gold | Goud Nickel Gray Cast Iron Silver Silver | Platinum eon Haencd Steel | Planum Aunisum silver Magnesium Bismuth Iron Cooper Mercury Zine Manganese Nickel Tin Copper ‘Aluminum Bronzes Coppce Lead Lead Lead Aunicum Aun ice Tin Tn Brass | Tungsten Iron Nickel Cotat Structural Steels | Zine iron Bismuth Zinc | Tin Zinc Monel Lead Magnesium {ta Aluminim | copper tron L + Metavalioys re ranked in descending order of having Ue property named inte column heading Figure8. Metals and alloys comparison on properties 5. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF CAST IRON The strongest structural component in cast iron is Pearlite, its ultimate tensile strength (UTS) is 640 MPa, similarly for ferrite is 400 MPa at 2% Si and for Cementite is 20 Mpa, Pearlite refining is a method to increase the strength of cast iron, Graphite in cast iron has strong effect on the principle properties of cast iron especially on the strength and ductility [9]. Graphite inclusions act as stress concentrators. Graphite in cast iron decreases the UTS, yield strength, ductility, elongation, elastic modulus, impact strength, Alloying clements Al, C, $i, Ti, Ni, Cu, P are favorable for graphitization. Alloying elements such as S, Cr, V, Mg, Mn, inhibit the process. Silicon favors graphitization by lowering the solubility of carbon in liquid and the solid solution lowers C*= 4.26- 0.3 Si, C8= C+ 0.3 Si Increase of the C*° value increases the concentration of graphite and decreases the Pearlite. Decrease of the concentrations of carbon, silicon raise the cast iron strength by decreasing the ferrite, and diminishes the graphite inclusion, Content of C, Si can be lowered only to a definite limit beyond which free Cementite appear and decrease the mechanical properties, increase the hardness and worsen the metal workability, Mn & S inhibits graphitization in cast iron, 1.5% Mn positive effect on the mechanical properties of cast iron. Increasing concentration of Phosphorous first improves the mechanical properties and then, in high concentrations decreases the strength due to the formation of the Phosphide. Compacted graphite iron (CG) with ferritic matrix exhibits good impact property of 331, But the impact energy of the pearlitic CG iron is lower than ferritic [10]. Table 4 shows the physical properties of cast iron [23] led. Properties of Cast iron Sino | Properties value 1 | Melting point, 1150-1300 ——[Brinel hardness 149-241 3 [Tensite strength, Nin 190-420 a [Density, glen 7235 5 ‘Youngs modulus E , Nimm’ Ixi0” 6 Modulus of rigidity, Nimnt T35x10 7 | Thermal conductivity, K eal om °C 0.130 %___[ Coefficient of finear expansion, jimim'C 9.0 [Poisson's ratio 0.25 10 | Charpy impact Foule [a tay International Journal of Modern Studies in Mechanical Engineering (IJMSME) Page [38Mechanical Properties of Materials: Definition, Testing and Application 5.1. Applications of Cast Iron (CI) The cast iron widely popular in engineering machine manufacturing. The CI is classified into 5 different categories. The applications of CI types are given in table 5, Tables. Cast iran types and their applications # | _ Cast iron type ‘Applications: T] Gray cast iron Tris to resist wear even when lubrication supply is limited (e.g. upper eylinder wall in engine blocks). It is used for making, engine blocks, manifolds, eylinder heads, gear blanks, gas burners, ete Z| White cast iron It is used to make mill linings, shot-blasting nozzles, railroad brake shoes, slurry ump housings, rolling mill rolls, crushers, slurry pump housings. 3 | Ductile ron Tt can be used to make steering knuckles, plow shares, erankshalls, heavy duly applications gears, automotive and truck suspension components, hydraulic components, and automobile door hinges. 7] Malleable ron Different grades of malleable won correspond to different microcrystalline applications structures. Specific attributes that make malleable iron attractive are its ability to retain and store lubricants, the non-abrasive wear particles, and the porous surface which traps other abrasive debris, Malleable iron is used for heavy duty bearing, surfaces, chains, sprockets, connecting rods, drive train and axle components, railroad rolling stock, and farm and construction machinery. Malleable iron is used for heavy-duty bearing surfaces such as drive train and axle components. S| Compacted graphite ] Compacted graphite iron is beginning to make its presence known in commercial iron applications | applications. The combination of the properties of gray iron and waite iron create a high strength and high thermal conductivity product—suitable for diesel engine blocks and frames, cylinder liners, brake dises for trains, exhaust manifolds, and gear plates in high pressure pumps 6, TECHNOLOGY FOR IMPROVING THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS [24] LPSC (Bang) and IIS, Bangalore, India developed a facility for studying the effects of Cryo- treatment on the dimensional stability of diaphragms of pressure sensors, Experiments consisted of subjecting the samples to low temperatures (upto 98 K) for prolonged periods. They studied the hardness, tensile strength, residual stress & material crystal structure, before and after the cryo treatment on the samples. Whenever material is subjected to manufacturing operations like melting, forming, machining etc.. It undergoes stress. As the level of stress increases, the density of defects increases, cracks develop in materials and failure takes place. For space scientists this could spell disaster. Hence the need for developing technologies that helps improve stability. The technology is gaining respect as a technique for increasing the durability and dimensional stability of materials and helped significantly improve wear-resistance of materials through cryogenic treatment, 7, MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS [25] The properties of materials can be compared among them to understand the need of engineers for developing machine components. Table 6 compares the properties of metals, le6. Mechanical properties value comparison Material Shear Modulus (GPa) [ Poisson's Rata ‘Aluminum 26 0.55 ‘Alunsinum Allo 35-30 0:35 Brass 36-41 0:34 Bronze 96-120 36 44 0:34 Ceramic 300-400 = S Concrete 18-30 = T1-02 Copper Tio 120 0-47 0.33038 Copper Allo 120 a7 = Tron (Cast) B17 es) o3-05 Tron (Wrought) 190 75 03 Magnesium Allo 5 17 035 Nickel 2i0 0 O31 ‘Nylon; Polyamide Z1-28 = oa Stee 190-210 7500 27-03 Ti 2B = 0:36 (tania Ti 0-4 035 International Journal of Modern Studies in Mechanical Engineering (IJMSME) Page [36Mechanical Properties of Materials: Definition, Testing and Application 8. CONCLUSION This paper discusses the different classifications of mechanical properties and their application with their testing procedure. It is mandatory to know them to convert the concept design into a product in an industry since the success of the material selection is completely depending on how an engineer selects a material for their designing products. The new technology developed in India for property improvement is also quoted here. The mechanical properties of CI and their applications are also given here, The standards for the various mechanical testing are also given here, Titanic ship drowning into sea is also due to one of the reasons of materials properties failure, In the development of new materials, we need to learn a lot more from what exists in nature. REFERENCES [1] Senthil Murugan $, Fegan V, Development of Hybrid Composite for Automobile Application and its Structural Stability Analysis Using ANSYS”, “Intemational Journal of Modern Studies in Mechanical Engineering (MSME) Volume 3, Issue 1, 2017, PP 23-34 ISSN 2454-9711 (Online) DOL Intp://[Link]/10.20831/2454-9711,0301004 [2] W. Gill) Wei, “Teaching the Concepts of the Mechanical Properties of Materials in Conservation”, htps://[Link]/10.4000/ceroart.4215. [3] Bo Xu, Junwa Xia, etal, “Investigation on True Stress-Strain Curves of Flat and Comer Regions of Cold- Formed Section Using 3D Digital Image Correlation Method”, https:/[Link]/10.1155/2019/3138176. [4] K.L. Meena, Dr. A. Manna, et al..” An Analysis of Mechanical Properties of the Developed AVSiC- MMC’s, American Journal of Mechanical Engineering. 2013; 1(1):14-19. doi: 10.12691/AJME-1-1-3, [5] Senthil Murugan §, et al. Mechanical Properties of SiC, AI203 Reinforced Aluminium 6061-16 Hybrid Matrix Composite”, 1J. Inst Eng. India Ser. D (2018) 9:71-77, DOK 10.1007/540033-017-0142-3. {6] Jong Hun Kim, Jac Hwan Jeong, et al, Mechanical properties of twosdimensional materials and their applications, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Volume $2, Number & [7] Astakhov V.P. (2018) Mechanical Properties of Engineering Materials: Relevance in Design and Manufacturing. In: Davim J. (eds) Introduction to Mechanical Engineering. Materials Forming, Machining and Tribology. Springer, Cham, [8] Standard test methods and definitions for mechanical testing of steel produets — ASTM (A370) [9] Lima, M.L., Albertin, E., Corea, ER. et al, “Pearlite Refining Strategies for Hypocutectic Gray Cast Iron”, Inter Metalcast 14, 766-173 (2020). https:[Link]/10,1007/s40962-020-00413-6. [10] R. W, Gregorutti & J, B. Grau (2014) Mechanical properties of compacted graphite cast iron with different microstructures, International Journal of Cast Metals Research, 27:5, 275-281, DOE: 10.1179/17431 33614Y,0000000118 [11] S. K, Sama, "The Applications of the Cast Iron, Iron Castings Made in China," Reliance Foundry. Books [12] George E Dieter, “Mechanical Metallurgy”, third edition, Meraw hill publication, [13] The ASM handbook, volume 8, mechanical testing and evaluation. [14] Martin $. Ray, “The technology and applications of engineering materials”, 1987. [15] W.F. Gale and T.C. Totemeier, Smithells Metals Reference Book, 2004 Websites [16] hitps://[Link]/cast-iron-mechanical-properties [17] [Link] [18] htps:/[Link]/What_Is_Fatigue Testing htmI? [19] hitps://[Link]/understanding-different-types-h: [20] tps://[Link]-types/rockwell-hardness-testing. [21] [Link] | &type=paf [22] hups://[Link]/financial-glossar y/machinability! [23] tp://[Link]/search/DataSheet aspx?MatGUID=629 1a245727S4cae9 1 yesstests/ \6Sed99D96M8ckck™ [24] htps://[Link]/others/scitech/iises-cold-test-works-wonders/articleshow/[Link] [25] hitps://[Link]/blog/cast-irontigref International Journal of Modern Studies in Mechanical Engineering (IJMSME), Page [37Mechanical Properties of Materials: Definition, Testing and Application AUTHOR'S BIOGRAPHY [Link] Murugan, hails from the state of Tamilnadu, India, He was born in the year of 1984. He completed both UG and PG degree in mechanical engineering and in 2005, 2012 respectively. He is pursuing Ph.D degree in the field of welding engineering at National institute of technology (NIT), ‘Thiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India He has around 10 years of teaching experience and 4 years of industrial experience. He has undergone faculty summer fellowship at IIT, Delhi during May-July 2016 and now working as assistant professor (senior grade) in Department of mechanical engineering, Mepco Schlenk engineering college, Sivakasi, Tamilnadu. His area of interest are welding,, environmental safety, composites and manufacturing engineering, Mr. Murugan published more than 70 research articles in conferences and journals. He was awarded sivler faculty for INFOSYS campus connect programme in the years 2018, 2019. He is also the members of institute of engineers India (MIE), Indian institute of metals (MIIM), professional member in society of mechanical engineers Hong Kong, ete. Citation: S. Senthil Murugan, (2020)"Mechanical Properties of Materials: Definition, Testing and Application”, International Journal of Modern Studies in Mechanical Engineering, 6(2), pp. 28-38. DOI: ‘tp: [Link]/10.2043 1/2454-9711,0602003 Copyright: © 2020 Authors, This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. International Journal of Modern Studies in Mechanical Engineering (IJMSME) Page [38