CHAPTER : 18 NEURAL CONTROL & COORDINATION

Page No. : 230 - 236

Total Pages : 7
Questions Asked : 23

1-2 QUESTION PER PAGE AT AN AVERAGE

BUT, LETS SEE WHICH PAGE HAS MAXIMUM WEIGHTAGE

• Which page has the maximum

321, 324 = 2 Page
55% Questions

2010-2024 Page No.

315,316,320,
0 322,325,327,328
11,12,13,15,17,
2 317,319,326,216
18,20,24

13,18,19,22 3 323,318

10,11,14,16,17, 5 324

10,12,15(2),18,19 6 321

NUMBER OF QUESTIONS ASKED

NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION

1. Neural system provide an organised network of point to point

connection for quick co-ordination Endocrine system provide
chemical integration through hormone.
2. Human neural system divided into 2 part
a. CNS (Central Neural System)ðinclude brain and spinal
cord.
b. PNS (Peripheral Neural System)ðComprise of all the
nerve of body associated with CNS.
3. Nerve fiber of PNS are two type :
a. Afferent fibers
Transmit impulse from tissue / organðCNS
b. Efferent fibers
From CNSðPeripheral tissue/organ
4. PNS divided into two parts:
a. Somatic neural system
Relays impulse from CNSðSkeletal muscle
b Autonomic neural system
From CNSðInvoluntary Organ and smooth muscle
NOTE : Visceral nervous system also part of PNS in which
impulse travel from CNS to viscera and viscera to CNS
also.
5. Neuron - 3 major part (Cell body, dendrites, axon)
Cell body - Contain cytoplasm with cell organelles and Nissl’s
granules.
Dendrites - Also contain nissl’s granule and transmit impulse
toward. cell body.
Axon - distal end branched, each branch terminate as bulb like
structure called synaptic knob (which posses synaptic vesicle)
 • Axon transmit signal away from cell body.
6. Type of Neuron (on basis of number of axon and dendrites)
a. Multipolar - 1 axon + 2 or more dendrites Ex- Cerebral
Cortex
b. bipolar - 1 axon + 1 dendrites Ex- Retina of eye.
c. Unipolar - 1 axon only found Ex- Embryonic stage

Myelinated nerve fiber Non myelinated Nerve fiber

[2017] [NCERT-332]
• Enveloped with & schwann • Envelop by schwan cell but
7. cell which form myelinated not form myelin sheath
sheath around axon around axon.

• Found in spinal and cranial • Found in somatic and

Nerve autonomic neural system.

8. Gap between two adjacent myelin sheath called node of

Ranvier.
9. When neuron is not conducting any impulse (Resting) the
axonal membrane is more permeable to K+ ion and nearly
+
impermeable to Na .
[2011][NCERT-332]
• Membrane is also impermeable to negatively charge
protein found in axoplasm.
• Hence inside axon (axoplasm)
[2013] [NCERT-332]
High concentration of K+, protein
Low concentration of Na+.
10. Ionic gradient across resting membrane maintain by active
transport of ion by Na/K pump (3 Na+ outwards and 2K+ into
cell)
 Outer surface of membrane become +ve charged
11. Hence Polarised
Inner Suface of membrane become –ve charged

Note: The electrical potential difference resting membrane

Resting Potential
12. When a stimulus is applied at any site an polarise membrane it
become freely permeable to Na+ this leads to rapid influx of Na+
followed by reversal of polarity at that site. i.e

A B
+---++++++++++++
-+++----------------

-++------------------
+--+++++++++++++
B
A
Site of Stimulus

Outer surface become ð -ve charged

Inner surface become ð +ve charged
13. Electrical potential across plasma membrane at stimulus site ð
Action potential (or nerve Impuluse)
14. As a result
Current flow ð Outer surface ð B to A
ð Inner surface ð A to B
15. Nerve impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another
through junction called synapse.
Synapse form by
Pre-synaptic neuron
Post synaptic neuron
both may or may not be separted by synaptic cleft.
 Electrical synapse Chemical synapse
• Pre and post synaptic • Fluid filled synaptic cleft
neuron Very close to each present between pre and
other post neuron.
16.

• Electrical current flow • Chemical called

directly from one neuron to neurotranmitter involve in
other transmission of Impulse.

[NEET-2022][NCERT-214]
• Rare in our system

17. When impulse arrive at axon terminal it stimulate the movement

of synaptic vesicles (filled with neurotransmitter) towards
membrane where they fuse and release neurotransmitter into
synaptic cleft
[2013]
18. The released neurotransmitter bind to specific receptors
present on post synaptic membrane.
[2017][2013][NCERT-214]
19. Human brain protected by skull. Inside skull the brain covered
by cranial meninges.
• Cranial meninges
Outer - Dura Mater
Middle - Arachnoid (Very thin)
Inner - Pia mater (Contact with brain tissue)
20. Brain can be divided 3 major parts ð
a. Forebrain : consist of cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus
• Cerebrum major part of human brain
• A deep cleft divides the cerebrum longitudinally into two
halves which are termed as the left and right cerebral
hemisphere - Corpus callosum
[2018][2015] [2024] [NCERT-214]
• Layer of cell which cover cerebral hemisphere called
cerebral cortex and thrown into prominant folds.
• Cerebral cortex contain motor area, sensory area and
large area that are neither sensory nor motor in function
called Association Area.
• Function of Association area are memory communication,
intersensory association.
• Hypothalamus lies at the base of thalamus and it controls
the body temperature, urge of eating and drinking .
[2024, 2019, 2014, 2010,23][NCERT-216]
• Inner part of cerebral hemisphere and a group of
associated deep structure like amygdala, hippocampus
etc form a complex structure called limbic lobe or lymbic
system.
• Limbic system with hypothalamus regulate sexual
behaviour
[2023][NCERT-216]
Expression of emotional reactions (Excitement, pleasure,
rage, fear etc)
[2023][NCERT-216]
b. Mid brain - Located between thalamus/ Hypothalamus of
forebrain and pons of hindbrain
• Dorsal portion of midbrain consist mainly of four round
swelling (lobe) called corpora quadrigemina.
c. Hind brain - Comprise of pons, cerebellum and medulla
[2024, 2012]
• Cerebellum has very convoluted surface in order to
provide the additional space for many more neuron.
• Medulla contain centres which control respiration,
cardiovascular reflex and gastric secretion.
[2018][NCERT-216]
21. Three major region make up brain stem (midbrain, pons,
medulla) Brain stem form connection between brain and spinal
card. [NEET 2024][NCERT-216]