Applied Business

Tools and
COMPUTER BASIC Technology
Applied Business Tools and Technology
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History of
Computer
 QOUTES

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“Necessity is the Mother of All Invention” –

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Proverb

“Accident is the name of the greatest of

all inventors” - Mark Twain

”Invention is a process; you don’t get

there over night” – Louis Foreman
 Brief History
(Notable People and Machine)

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Abacus - First calculating device

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Blaise Pascal – inventor of Pascaline First electronic computer

Jacquard Loom - Used punched cards to create woven fabrics.

Invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard

Charles Babbage – Father of Modern Computer

Difference Machine - First special purpose computer
Analytical Machine - First general purpose computer

Census Machine - First tabulating machine. Invented by Herman

Hollerith
 Brief History
(Notable People and Machine)

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Adding Machine – Key driven. Produced a

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hardcopy. Invented by William Seward Burrough

Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)- First all-electronic

computer. Invented by John Atanasoff and Clifford
Berry

MARK 1 or ASCC - First stored-program computer

Invented by Howard Aiken
 Brief History
(Notable People and Machine)

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Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer

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(EDVAC). Invented by John Von Neumann. Used to
solve problems in mathematics, meteorology,
economics and hydrodynamics

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) -

First general digital computer . Invented by John Presper
Eckert Jr. and John Mauchly , 1000 times faster than
Mark 1 and could perform 5,000 additions per second

Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator (SSEC) -

Developed by IBM. Designed to be more efficient than
ENIAC
 Brief History
(Generation of Computer)

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1951 – 1958

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First Generation Computer
Vacuum Tubes
• Vacuum Tube

The first device that could amplify an electronic signal

• UNIVAC

1951 – UNIVAC
Universal Automatic Computer
First commercial digital computer
Invented by John Presper Eckert Jr. and John Mauchly
 UNIVAC

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 Brief History
(Generation of Computer)

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1959 – 1963

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Second Generation Computer
Transistors
• Transistor
is a semiconductor device used to amplify and
switch electronic signals
• PDP 8
First minicomputer
Released by Ken Olsen
 PDP 8 /Transistor

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 Brief History
(Generation of Computer)

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1963 - 1974

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Third Generation Computer
Integrated Circuits
• Integrated Circuits (IC)
is an electronic circuit manufactured by the
patterned diffusion of trace elements into the surface
of a thin substrate of semiconductor material
invented by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce
• Microprocessor
First tiny computer on a chip
Designed by Intel Corporation
 Integrated Circuit

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 Brief History
(Generation of Computer)

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1975 – 1979

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Fourth Generation Computer
Large Scale Integration
• Very-Large-Scale-Integration (VLSI)
is the process of creating integrated circuits by combining
thousands of transistors into a single chip
• Ultra-Large-Scale-Integration (ULSI)
was proposed for chips of complexity of more than 1 million
transistors
• Altair 8080
First microcomputer or personal computer
Produced by MITS – Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry
Systems
 Altair 8080

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 Brief History
(Generation of Computer)

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1975 – 1979

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Fourth Generation Computer
Large Scale Integration
• Apple computer
• Apple II
• IBM PC
• Apple Macintosh
• Pentium computer
 Brief History
(Generation of Computer)

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1979– Present

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Fifth Generation Computer
The term “fifth generation” as it pertains to
computer systems refer to smart systems, as in,
human smart. The terms broadly used are
artificial intelligence, expert systems, and natural
language processing.
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What is a
Computer
 What is a Computer?

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Computer – an electronic device that accepts and

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process data, converting it into information that is
useful to people(user).
 Data vs Information

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Data Information
Meaning Data is raw, unorganized When data is
facts that need to be processed, organized,
processed. Data can be structured or presented
something simple and in a given context so as
seemingly random and to make it useful, it is
useless until it is organized. called information.
Example Individual student test Class Average score
score
 Key Characteristics

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• Automate tasks – Follow instructions without

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human intervention.
• Perform calculations quickly – Handle complex
math or data processing at high speeds.
• Store vast amounts of information – Keep data
for short- or long-term use.
• Communicate – Send and receive information
to/from other devices or networks.
• Adapt to many tasks – From writing documents
to editing videos or controlling machines.
 Limitations of Computer

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• Lacks Intelligence

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• Cannot Make Decisions on Their Own
• No Initiative or Originality
• Dependent on Human Input
• Lack of Emotion and Feelings
• Limited Understanding of Context
• Can Make Errors (Indirectly)
 Importance of Computers

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🌐 1. Fast and Accurate Data Processing
Computers can process large volumes of data in seconds with high

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accuracy.
Useful for calculations, data analysis, and complex simulations.
🧑‍🏫 2. Enhances Education
Computers enable e-learning, research, and interactive tools.
Widely used in schools and universities for teaching, learning, and
administrative tasks.
🏢 3. Improves Business Efficiency
Used in inventory, payroll, accounting, communication, and automation.
Helps businesses make faster decisions and manage operations more
efficiently.
🏥 4. Vital in Healthcare
Used for diagnosis, medical records, imaging (like X-rays), and
telemedicine.
Helps improve patient care and hospital management.
________________________________________
 Importance of Computers

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📡 5. Communication and Connectivity

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Powers email, social media, video calls, and messaging apps.
Keeps people connected globally in real time.
🎨 6. Creative Work and Design
Used for graphic design, video editing, music production,
animation, and game development.
Essential tool for artists, content creators, and engineers.
🏛️ 7. Government and Public Services
Used in data management, national ID systems, disaster response,
law enforcement, etc.
Improves transparency and service delivery.
🤖 8. Automation and Artificial Intelligence
Computers control machines, robots, and smart systems.
Increases productivity and reduces human error in manufacturing
and other industries.
 Computer for individual – (Personal
Computer)

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• Desktop Computers – most common type of common type. A
system designed to be on or under a desk. Use by preschooler

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to nuclear physicist.
• Workstation – A specialized single user computer that has more
power and feature than a standard desktop computer. Popular
among scientist, engineer, animator etc..
• Notebook Computer – Portable PC commonly known as laptop
computer. Typical for people who are always on the go.
• Tablet PCs – a PC that offers functionality of a notebook PC but
they are lighter and can accept input using stylus (digital) pen
and touch screen monitors.
• Handheld PCs – a computing device small enough to fit your
hand. Popular type PDA personal digital assistant. Use for
taking notes, displaying and storing contact detail.
• Smart Phones – Cellular phones double as miniature
PC. Android Phone and iPhone.
 Computer for Organization

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• Network Server – a powerful computer with special software and
equipment that enable it to act as the primary computer in a

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network.
May not take the appearance of regulars PC
Clusters – Server Farms dozens / hundreds of network servers
working together
• Mainframe – a large computer system that can handle the processing
needs of thousands of users at any given moment. Powerful but
usually lacks flexibility (most system handle specific task only). Can be
accessed through terminal. Dumb Terminal (I/O only) and Intelligent
Terminal ( may performed operations but most of them usually does
not have storage). Can also be accessed through regular computers.
• Mini Computer - often called midrange computer and can handle
much more input and output than a regular PC.
• Supercomputer - Most powerful computer made and physically are
some of the largest. They usually house thousands of processors.
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System
Parts of a
Computer
 Parts of a Computer System

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• Hardware – any part of the computer that you

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can touch
• Software – set of instruction that tells the
computer what to do
• Data – individual fact or piece of information that
by themselves may not mean anything to people
• User – people that operate/ use the compute
 USER’S ROLE

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• Setting-up the system
• Installing Software
• Running Programs
• Managing Files
• Maintaining System
 System Unit

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• also known as a "tower" or "chassis,"

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• contains the main components of a desktop
computer.
• motherboard,
• CPU,
• RAM,
• other components.
 Mother Board

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• main circuit board of your computer

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• also known as the mainboard or logic board
• Attached to the motherboard, you'll find the CPU,
ROM, memory RAM expansion slots, PCI slots, and USB
ports. It also
includes controllers for
devices like the
hard drive,
DVD drive, keyboard
, and mouse.
 CPU

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• Central Processing Unit.

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• primary component of a computer that
processes instructions.
• It runs the operating system and applications
 RAM

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• Stands for "Random Access Memory"

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• Electronic scratch pad
• It is where program are stored when you are
running them
 Information Process Cycle

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INPUT

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It is the process of capturing or acquiring

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the information, or it is the process of
accepting data or information.
Information or data that is entered into a
computer or computer device using input
devices.
INPUT

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It is the process of capturing or acquiring

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the information, or it is the process of
accepting data or information.
Information or data that is entered into a
computer or computer device using input
devices.
INPUT

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Types of Computer Input
Data - the raw facts given to the

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computer.
Programs - the sets of instructions that
direct the computer.
Commands - special codes or key words
that the user inputs to perform a task.
User response - the user's answer to the
computer's question.
INPUT

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Input Devices

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Any hardware component that allows you
to enter data, programs, commands, and
user responses into a computer Input Device
Examples : Keyboard, Mouse etc…
Processing

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It is the transformation process to convert
the input into output.

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A process is an instance of running a
program.
It cause the computer to follow
instructions from the memory.
Perform by Central Processing Unit (CPU).
Output

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It is the result, which comes from the
transformation process or it is the

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outcome of the process.

Anything that comes out of a computer.

Output

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Types of Computer Output

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• Hard copy
Printed on paper or other permanent
media.
• Soft copy
A soft copy is the unprinted digital
document file. Displayed on screen or by other
non-permanent means. It can be transported
from one computer to another..
Output

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Output devices make the information
resulting

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from processing available for use
Example: Printer, Monitor, Speaker, etc…
Storage

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Storage is a process through which digital
data is saved within a data storage

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device by means of computing
technology. Storage is a mechanism that
enables a computer to retain data, either
temporarily or permanently. Storage may
also be referred to as computer data
storage or electronic data storage.
Storage

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A storage device is any computing
hardware that is used for storing, porting

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and extracting data files and objects. It
can hold and store information both
temporarily and permanently, and can
be internal or external to a computer,
server or any similar computing device..
Storage

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There are two types of storage devices

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used with computers: a primary storage
device, such as RAM, and a secondary
storage device, such as a hard drive.
Secondary storage can be removable,
internal, or external.
Storage

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Removable storage or removable media, a removable disk is
media that enables a user to move data between computers

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without having to open their computer
Internal is a term used to describe a device that is installed in
the computer. When referring to a drive, an internal drive (e.g.,
internal hard drive) is any drive inside the computer.
Cloud storage is a model of computer data storage in
which the digital data is stored in logical pools. The
physical storage spans multiple servers (sometimes in
multiple locations), and the physical environment is typically
owned and managed by a hosting company.
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Software
SOFTWARE

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Software is a set of programs, which is designed to

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perform a well-defined function. A program is a
sequence of instructions written to solve a particular
problem.
There are two types of software −
• System Software
• Application Software
SYSTEM SOFTWARE

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• The system software is a collection of programs

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designed to operate, control, and extend the
processing capabilities of the computer itself.
• These software products comprise of programs written
in low-level languages, which interact with the
hardware at a very basic level.
• System software serves as the interface between the
hardware and the end users.
SYSTEM SOFTWARE

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prominent features of a system software −

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• Close to the system
• Fast in speed
• Difficult to design
• Difficult to understand
• Less interactive
• Smaller in size
• Difficult to manipulate
• Generally written in low-level language
 SYSTEM SOFTWARE

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APPLICATION SOFTWARE

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• Application software products are designed to satisfy

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a particular need of a particular environment
• Application software may consist of a single program,
such as Microsoft's notepad for writing and editing a
simple text.
• It may also consist of a collection of programs, often
called a software package, which work together to
accomplish a task, such as a spreadsheet package.
APPLICATION SOFTWARE

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Features of application software are as follows −

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• Close to the user
• Easy to design
• More interactive
• Slow in speed
• Generally written in high-level language
• Easy to understand
• Easy to manipulate and use
• Bigger in size and requires large storage space
 APPLICATION SOFTWARE

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Application Software

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Application software is a type of computer
program that performs a specific personal,
educational, and business function. Each program
is designed to assist the user with a particular
process, which may
be related to productivity,
creativity, and/or
communication
Functions of Application Software

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Application software programs are created to facilitate
a variety of functions, including but not limited to:

• managing information
• manipulating data
• constructing visuals
• coordinating resources
• calculating figures
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of Software
Classification
Type of software according to
license

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• Proprietary
• Freeware
• Open Source
Proprietary, Freeware and Open
Source

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Characteristic of proprietary software

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• It has to be bough
• Has a license which is the property of a developer,
company or the owner.
• Without access to its source code
• Free distribution or copy is prohibited. Actually, it is a crime
• Its use depends on the end-users agreement
• They can take you to jail if you violate any rule or
agreement you accepted before.
Proprietary, Freeware and Open
Source

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Characteristic of Freeware (Free software)

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• Use the software for free.
• Run it.
• Understand who it works.
• Share and distribute it.
Proprietary, Freeware and Open
Source

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Characteristic of Open source:

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• Get access to the source code.
• Permission to change the software.
• Free distribution of original and modified code.
• Having derived work that can be distributed under the same terms of
original software.
• The same license of the original software. You can take a new
license, but it is not necessary.
• Sometimes, If you use it, it is not necessary that your program has to
be open source too.
• The principle here is to promote the collaboration inside a
community to generate mutual benefits.
Classification of Software

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Software can be classified according to
development . They are:

• Custom Software
• Off-the-Shelf Software
Classification of Software (Custom)

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Custom Software - This type is also known
as bespoke soft, tailored or tailor-made
app as it represents the most personalized
development approach.
Classification of Software (Custom)

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To order a customized project,
businessmen should contact one of the
dedicated teams which are able to create
an app according to their needs and
wishes exclusively.
Classification of Software (Custom)

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During the planning stage, the company’s
stakeholders can list the most demanded
features while developers will analyze the
brand and the market to find the best
implementation way.
Classification of Software (Off-the-
Shelf)

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Off-The-Shelf (prepackaged, out-of-the-
box, ready-made or simply COTS –
Commercial Off-the-Shelf) software comes
as a finalized sets of functions which
customers can start using instantly.
Classification of Software (Off-the-
Shelf)

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Vendors of these applications have certain
ready solutions which they sell to all clients
directly or with minor customization.
Classification of Software (Off-the-
Shelf)

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Prepackaged solutions are based on best
practices, i.e. general market strategies
which efficiency and results are proven by
various users. However, off-the-shelf apps
often don’t fulfill all the requirements of a
given project
 Off-the-Shelf Software
Key Features Custom Software and

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Classification of Software

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Software can also be classified according
to deployment . They are:

• In-House
• Cloud Base
• Hybrid
Classification of Software – (In-House)

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When your business needs to decide which
server is best for your business, there is a lot
of information to consider. The two most
popular options include in house servers
(sometimes called dedicated servers) and
cloud servers.
Classification of Software – (In-House)

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While they perform similar basic functions
to store, share and protect information and
data, there are key differences in user
experience, implementation time and cost
Classification of Software – (In-House)

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Historically small and medium businesses
have chosen in house servers over cloud
servers for file sharing, to host applications
including email and software.
Classification of Software – (In-House)

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Now the cloud is a more viable option for
small and medium businesses, there are still
some who prefer in house servers because
they have total control over it.
It’s important to note however that in
house servers can require substantial initial
capital investment for software and
equipment.
Classification of Software – (In-House)

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In house servers can also be developed to
meet the changing needs of your business.
It’s important to note that your business will
need to have a dedicated IT manager to
maintain it and ensure it is secure at all
times which can be expensive.
Pros and Cons of In House Server

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The pros of in house servers include:

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• Having physical control over your back up
• Being able to keep critical data and
information in house with no 3rd party
access available
• No requirement for an Internet connection
to access the data
• Can be more cost effective for some small
and medium businesses
Pros and Cons of In House Server

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The cons of in house servers include:

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• Sizeable capital investment required for
infrastructure and hardware
• Dedicated IT support required with a
dedicated space needed for the in house
server
• Being more susceptible to data loss during
disaster situations. This will be dependent on
how often data is stored securely offsite.
• No recovery time or uptime guarantees
Classification of Software – (Cloud Base)

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Cloud servers for small and medium
businesses offer advantages over in house
servers but also some drawbacks. If your
business has numerous virtual and remote
employees and you don’t want to
manage an in house server, a cloud server
will be beneficial.
Classification of Software – (Cloud Base)

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Cloud servers are easily scalable and give
businesses the flexibility to meet changing
demands, without hefty investment. You’ll
need to budget for monthly hosting fees,
but won’t have to be concerned about
the security of your data and information
Pros and Cons of Cloud Base Server

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The pros of cloud servers include:

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• No requirement capital expenses or onsite
hardware. This usually suits organizations that
outgrow data storage quickly.
• Storage can be easily added when needed with
most cloud solution providers charging you only
what you need.
• Easy and efficient to backup and restore from
anywhere, using any device including computers,
tablets, or smartphones.
• Data losses can be minimized by having data
backed up to the cloud as regularly as 15-minute
intervals.
Pros and Cons of Cloud Base Server

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The cons of cloud servers include:

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• If your business isn’t dependent on uptime and
instant data recovery, the costs could outweigh the
benefits.
• There is a limit to how much data can be stored in
the cloud, which depends on cost and storage
availability.
• You will have no access to any data or information
if the Internet goes down at your business or at the
cloud provider’s side.
• If full data recovery is required, it can be time-
consuming and impact heavily on your business.
Classification of Software – (Hybrid)

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A hybrid cloud is a combination of in house

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and cloud based server solutions, which gives
businesses the best of both worlds. With the
ability to have multiple configurations a hybrid
cloud can be:

• Dedicated servers integrated with public

cloud storage
• Private cloud servers integrated with public
cloud servers
Classification of Software – (Hybrid)

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Businesses who use a hybrid cloud can

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quickly extend their processing power. For
instance, larger analytical and processor
intensive tasks can be sent to the public
cloud while the in house server can be
used for critical tasks. This appeals to
organizations that value keeping sensitive
data and information private but need
extra processing power via the cloud.
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Cloud
Computing
Cloud Computing - Introduction

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With the increased adoption of cloud

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environments, more and more businesses
are moving away from on-premise IT
solutions and have come to rely on IT
infrastructures, platforms, and software
offered as a service. But what does that
look like in practice and what are the
differences between the various service
models?.
 Cloud Computing - Introduction

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Cloud Computing - Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)

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IaaS allows organizations to purchase

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resources like networking and storage on-
demand instead of having to buy costly
hardware. IaaS is highly scalable and offers
businesses more flexibility than on-premise
solutions.
Cloud Computing - Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)

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IaaS can be seen as the basic layer in

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cloud computing. The virtualized
components available through the internet
are equivalent to the servers and
hardware companies would traditionally
store in their building.
Cloud Computing - Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)

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The platform that can be accessed

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through the internet provides developers
with a framework and tools to build apps
and software that are tailored to the
organization’s individual needs.
Cloud Computing - Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)

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PaaS can be seen as a scaled-down

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version of IaaS. Just like IaaS, the customers
have access to servers and data centers
which are maintained and managed by
the third-party provider. However, they
mainly use PaaS for building custom SaaS
applications..
Cloud Computing - Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)

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These entire cloud application services are

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the most common form of cloud
computing. They are ready-to-use and
often run directly through the client’s web
browser, meaning there is no need for
installations or downloads like it with on-
prem solutions.
Cloud Computing - Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)

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SaaS is hosted on remote servers and fully

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managed, updated, and maintained by a
third-party vendor. This results in less
responsibility but also less control for the
end-user.
Cloud Computing - Pros

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IaaS PaaS SaaS

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Flexibility Cost-reduction Cost-reduction
Automation Scalability Scalability
Cost-reduction Migration Integration
Control Less coding Upgrades
Scalability Freedom Ease of use
Cloud Computing - Cons

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IaaS PaaS SaaS

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Legacy systems Data security Data security
Internal training Runtime issues Limited
customization
Security Integrations Interoperability
Limitations Less control
Wasted resources
 Cloud Computing

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Business

Software
Application
Business Application Software

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Business application software is a subset of the
application software. These programs are built
to facilitate certain business functions, improving
the accuracy, efficiency, and effectiveness of
operations.