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Diabetes

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 Table Contents
– Definition
– Introduction
– Symptoms of Diabetes
– Types of Diabetes
– Risk-Factors of Diabetes
– Causes of Diabetes
– Complications of Diabetes
– Treatment of Diabetes
– Conclusion
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 Definition
Diabetes happens when your body isn't able to take
up sugar (glucose) into its cells and use it for energy.

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 Introduction

• There are different types of diabetes, each with

different causes, but they all share the common
problem of having too much glucose in your
bloodstream.
• Poorly controlled diabetes can lead to serious
consequences, causing damage to a wide range of
your body's organs and tissues – including your
heart, kidneys, eyes and nerves.

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Symptoms of Diabetes

●●●
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 Types of Diabetes
Type 1 diabetes:
• This type is an autoimmune disease, meaning
your body attacks itself. In this case, the insulin-
producing cells in your pancreas are destroyed.
Up to 10% of people who have diabetes have
Type 1.
• It’s usually diagnosed in children and young
adults (but can develop at any age). It was once
better known as “juvenile” diabetes.

●●●
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 Types of Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes:
• With this type, your body either doesn’t make
enough insulin or your body’s cells don’t
respond normally to the insulin. This is the most
common type of diabetes. Up to 95% of people
with diabetes have Type 2.
• It usually occurs in middle-aged and older
people. Other common names for Type 2 include
adult-onset diabetes and insulin-resistant
diabetes.
●●●
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 Types of Diabetes
Prediabetes:
• This type is the stage before Type 2
diabetes. Your blood glucose levels are
higher than normal but not high enough
to be officially diagnosed with Type 2
diabetes.

●●●
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 Types of Diabetes
Gestational diabetes:
• This type develops in some women during
their pregnancy. Gestational diabetes
usually goes away after pregnancy.
However, if you have gestational diabetes
you're at higher risk of developing Type 2
diabetes later on in life.

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 Risk-Factors of Diabetes
• Having a family history (parent or sibling) of
Type 1 diabetes.
• Injury to the pancreas (such as by infection,
tumor, surgery or accident).
• Presence of autoantibodies (antibodies
that mistakenly attack your own body’s
tissues or organs).
• Being physically inactive.
• Being age 45 or older.
●●●
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 Risk-Factors of Diabetes
• Family history (parent or sibling) of
prediabetes or Type 2 diabetes.
• Being Black, Hispanic, Native American,
Asian-American race or Pacific Islander.
• Having overweight/obesity.
• Having high blood pressure.
• Having low HDL cholesterol (the “good”
cholesterol) and high triglyceride level.

●●●
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 Risk-Factors of Diabetes
• Family history (parent or sibling) of
prediabetes or Type 2 diabetes.
• Being African-American, Hispanic, Native
American or Asian-American.
• Having overweight/obesity before your
pregnancy.
• Being over 25 years of age.

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 Causes of Diabetes
Causes of Type 1 diabetes:
• This is an immune system disease. Your
body attacks and destroys insulin-
producing cells in your pancreas.
• Without insulin to allow glucose to
enter your cells, glucose builds up in
your bloodstream.

●●●
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 Causes of Diabetes
Cause of Type 2 diabetes and prediabetes:
• Your body’s cells don't allow insulin to work
as it should to let glucose into its cells. Your
body's cells have become resistant to
insulin.
• Your pancreas can’t keep up and make
enough insulin to overcome this resistance.
Glucose levels rise in your bloodstream.

●●●
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 Causes of Diabetes
Gestational diabetes:
• Hormones produced by the placenta
during your pregnancy make your body’s
cells more resistant to insulin.
• Your pancreas can’t make enough insulin
to overcome this resistance. Too much
glucose remains in your bloodstream.

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 Complications of Diabetes
• Cardiovascular issues including coronary
artery disease, chest pain, heart attack,
stroke, high blood pressure, high
cholesterol, atherosclerosis (narrowing
of the arteries).
• Nerve damage (neuropathy) that causes
numbing and tingling that starts at toes
or fingers then spreads.

●●●
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 Complications of Diabetes
• Kidney damage (nephropathy) that can
lead to kidney failure or the need for
dialysis or transplant.
• Eye damage (retinopathy) that can lead
to blindness; cataracts, glaucoma.
• Foot damage including nerve damage,
poor blood flow and poor healing of
cuts and sores.

●●●
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 Complications of Diabetes
• Skin infections.
• Erectile dysfunction.
• Hearing loss.
• Depression.
• Dementia.
• Dental problems.

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 Treatment of Diabetes
Diabetes affects your whole body. To best
manage diabetes, you’ll need to take steps to
keep your risk factors under control and within
the normal range, including:
• Keep your blood glucose levels as near to
normal as possible by following a diet plan,
taking prescribed medication and increasing
your activity level.

●●●
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 Treatment of Diabetes
• Maintain your blood cholesterol (HDL and
LDL levels) and triglyceride levels as near the
normal ranges as possible.
• Control your blood pressure. Your blood
pressure should not be over 140/90 mmHg.
• Exercising regularly. Try to exercise at least
30 minutes most days of the week. Walk,
swim or find some activity you enjoy.

●●●
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 Treatment of Diabetes
• Planning what you eat and following a
healthy meal plan. Follow a Mediterranean
diet (vegetables, whole grains, beans, fruits,
healthy fats, low sugar) or Dash diet.
• These diets are high in nutrition and fiber
and low in fats and calories. See a registered
dietitian for help understanding nutrition
and meal planning.

●●●
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 Treatment of Diabetes
• Exercising regularly. Try to exercise at least 30
minutes most days of the week. Walk, swim
or find some activity you enjoy.
• Achieving a healthy weight. Work with your
healthcare team to develop a weight-loss
plan.
• Taking medication and insulin, if prescribed,
and closely following recommendations on
how and when to take it.

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 Conclusion

✓ Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases

that affect how the body uses blood sugar
(glucose).
✓ Glucose is an important source of energy for the
cells that make up the muscles and tissues.
✓ It's also the brain's main source of fuel. The main
cause of diabetes varies by type.

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 Thanks
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