Electromagnetic Attraction Relay (Attracted

Armature Type)
• Electromagnet produces the
operating force proportional to the
actuating quantity ( current or
voltage) in the coil,
• Under normal condition, the
operating force is balanced by
restraining force produced by the
spring, thus relay does not operate,
• Under fault condition, high current
flow through the coil producing
greater force that attract the
armature to close the trip circuit

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Electromagnetic Attraction Relay (Solenoid or
Plunger Type)
• Under normal condition, the
spring holds the plunger in the
position such that it can not
make contact with trip circuit
contacts,
• Under fault condition when
current through relay coil
increases the solenoid draws the
plunder upwards. Due to this, it
makes contact with the trip
circuit contacts, which results in
an opening of CB
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Operating Principle of Electromagnetic Relay
• Electromagnetic force produced is proportional to square of
flux produced in electromagnet,
𝐹𝑒 ∝ ∅2 ---(1)
• Flux produced is proportional to operating current,
∅ ∝ 𝑖, ---(2)
• Therefore, from (1) and (2)
𝐹𝑒 ∝ 𝑖 2 ----(3)
• For d.c. operation,
𝑖 = 𝐼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡, ----(4)
• Therefore, from (3) and (4)
𝐹𝑒 ∝ 𝐼 2
𝐹𝑒 = 𝐾1 𝐼 2=Constant ----(5)

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Operating Principle of Electromagnetic Relay
• Restraining force due to spring,
𝐹𝑟 = 𝐾2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 ----(6)
• On the verge of relay operating, electromagnetic force is just equal to restraining
force of spring, therefore,
𝐹𝑒 = 𝐹𝑟
𝐾1 𝐼 2 =𝐾2 from equations (5) and (6)

𝐼 = 𝐾2 /𝐾1 =constant ----(7)

where, 𝐼 is the current at which the relay operates

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Operating Principle of Electromagnetic Relay
• For a.c. Operation • For ac current, 𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝑤𝑡, therefore
𝐹𝑒 ∝ [𝐼𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡] 2
• Electromagnetic force
𝐹𝑒 = 𝐾 𝐼𝑚 2 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝑤𝑡
𝐹𝑒 ∝ ∅2 ---(8) 𝐼𝑚 2
• Flux produced is proportional to 𝐹𝑒 = 𝐾 [1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 (𝑤𝑡)]
22
operating current, 𝐼𝑚 𝐼𝑚 2
𝐹𝑒 = 𝐾 2 − 𝐾 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 (𝑤𝑡)]---(10)
∅ ∝ 𝑖, ---(9)
• Equation (10) shows that electromagnetic
• Therefore, from (8) and (9) force consists of two components,
𝐹𝑒 ∝ 𝑖 2 , i) Constant term independent of time, and
ii) A second term pulsating at double frequency
of current

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Operating Principle of Electromagnetic Relay…..
• In the figure 𝐹𝑟 is the restraining
force produced by spring,
• Relay picked up at time t1 and
drop off at time t2 as shown in
figure,
• The relay armature pulsate at
double frequency. This causes
the relay to produce noise and
can damage relay,

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Operating Principle of Electromagnetic Relay…..

• To overcome double frequency pulsation

• The flux producing electromagnetic force is
divided into two fluxes acting simultaneously
but differing in time phase,
• This causes resulting force always positive
and greater than restraining forces under a
fault condition.
• Thus relay armature will not vibrate,
• The phase lag between two components of
flux can be produced using shading in relay,
• Flux through shaded pole lags behind the
flux through unshaded part

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Advantages, disadvantages and uses of
electromagnetic attraction relay
• Advantages • Disadvantages
• They are fast in operation and • The directional feature is absent,
reset. • Due to its fast operating nature,
• They are almost instantaneous, the relay may trigger false
however time delay in operation operation during transient
and resetting can be obtained with
extra arrangement like copper • Application (Uses)
ring, dashpot etc • Protection of various ac and dc
• The can be used for both a.c. and equipment,
d.c. system • As instantaneous relay in
differential protection,
• As auxiliary relay in protection
relaying schemes

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Induction Type Relays
• Work in the principle of induction motor or Induction
an energy meter Type Relays
• A metallic disc or cup is allowed to rotate
between two electromagnets. The coils of Induction Disc Induction Cup
electromagnets are energized with ac Type Relays Type Relays
current.
• Torque is produced due to interaction of Watt-hour
one alternating flus with eddy currents Meter Type
induced in the rotor by another flux
• Two fluxes have same frequency but are Shaded Pole
displaced in term of phase Type

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Watt-hour Meter Type Induction Relays
• Construction and Operation:
• It consists of two electromagnets, and a
disc is free to rotate in between them,
• The upper E shaped magnet carries both
primary and secondary windings,
primary windings carry relay current 𝐼1
which produces flux ∅1 ,
• E.m.f. gets induced in secondary winding
due to this flux,
• Induced e.m.f. drives current 𝐼2 through
secondary winding,
• Due to 𝐼2 , flux ∅2 gets produced in lower
magnet

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Watt-hour Meter Type Induction Relays
• Construction and Operation……..:
• This flux ∅2 lags behind the main flux ∅1 by an angle α (say).
• Torque is exerted on the disc due to interaction of one flux with the
current induced by another flux, and the disc rotates to close the trip
circuit of a circuit breaker (CB),
• Tappings can be provided on primary winding to select suitable no. of
turns and hence current setting can be achieved
• Its operation can be controlled by opening and closing of secondary
winding. If secondary is opened, no current flow through it to
produce ∅2 and hence no torque is produced to rotate disc.

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Torque Equation for Induction Type Relays
• The two alternating fluxes ∅1 and ∅2
produced in the electromagnets have
same frequency but have a phase
difference of α such that ∅2 leads ∅1 .
Two fluxes mathematically expressed
as,
• ∅1 ∞ ∅1𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑡
• ∅2 ∞∅2𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 + α) ------(1)
• These fluxes ∅1 and ∅2 induce emfs 𝑒1
and 𝑒2 in the rotor (disc).

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Torque Equation for Induction Type Relays
• These induced emfs 𝑒1 and 𝑒2 drive induced eddy currents 𝑖1 and
𝑖2 to circulate in the disc. Assuming self inductance of disc to be
negligible small such that rotor eddy currents 𝑖1 and 𝑖2 are in
phase with respective induced emfs 𝑒1 and 𝑒2 , and therefore,
𝑖1 ∞𝑒1 and 𝑖2 ∞𝑒2 --------(2)
• Induced voltages are proportional to rate of change of fluxes, as
𝑑∅1 𝑑∅2
𝑒1 ∞ and 𝑒2 ∞ --------(3)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
• From equations (2) and (3), we get
𝑑∅1 𝑑∅2
𝑖1 ∞ and 𝑖2 ∞ --------(4)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

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Torque Equation for Induction Type Relays
• Substituting values from eq (1) to eq (4),
𝑑[∅1𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑡] 𝑑[∅2𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡+α)]
𝑖1 ∞ and 𝑖2 ∞
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑖1 = 𝑤𝑘1 ∅1𝑚 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑤𝑡 and 𝑖2 = 𝑤𝑘2 ∅2𝑚 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑤𝑡 + α)
𝑖1 ∞∅1𝑚 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑤𝑡 and 𝑖2 ∞∅2𝑚 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑤𝑡 + α) -----(5)

• Forces 𝐹1 and 𝐹2 are produced due to the interaction of ∅1 with 𝑖2

and ∅2 with 𝑖1 and expressed mathematically as,
𝐹1 ∞∅1 𝑖2 and 𝐹2 ∞∅2 𝑖1 -----(6)

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Torque Equation for Induction Type Relays
• The direction of forces F1 and F2 given by Flemings Left Hand Rule
suggests that two forces are acting in opposite directions. Thus net
force acting on the disc is proportional to the difference between
the two forces. Net force,
𝐹∞𝐹2 − 𝐹1
𝐹∞∅2 𝑖1 − ∅1 𝑖2 [from eq (6)] -----(7)
• We know from eq (1) and (5),
∅1 ∞∅1𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑡 and ∅2 ∞ ∅2𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 + α) -----(8)
𝑖1 ∞∅1𝑚 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑤𝑡 and 𝑖2 ∞∅2𝑚 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑤𝑡 + α)

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Torque Equation for Induction Type Relays
• Substituting values from eq (8) into eq (7) ,
𝐹∞[∅2 𝑖1 − ∅1 𝑖2 ]

𝐹∞ [ ∅2𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 + α ∅1𝑚 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑤𝑡 − ∅1𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑡 ∅2𝑚 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑤𝑡 + α)],

𝐹∞ ∅1𝑚 ∅2𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 + α 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑤𝑡 − 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑡𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑤𝑡 + α ,

𝐹∞ ∅1𝑚 ∅2𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 + α − 𝑤𝑡 ,

𝐹∞ ∅1𝑚 ∅2𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛 α

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Torque Equation for Induction Type Relays
• Substituting maximum value of flues with rms values, we get,
𝐹∞ ∅1 ∅2 𝑆𝑖𝑛 α
Torque, 𝑇∞ ∅1 ∅2 𝑆𝑖𝑛 α (as 𝑇 α 𝐹) -----(8)
• Net force or torque acting on the disc is constant quantity
independent of time, t. Action of relay under such force is free from
vibration.
• When α =0 in equation (8), torque, 𝑇=0𝑜 , and disc can not rotate,
• Torque, 𝑇 is maximum at α =90𝑜 ,
• Hence, there must exist a phase difference between two fluxes,
• Disc rotates in the direction of net force which depends on which flux leading
the other.

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Shaded Pole Type Induction Relays
• Construction and Operation
• It consists of an aluminum disc which is free to
rotate in an air gap of an electromagnet,
• A part of pole face of each pole is shaded with
copper band or ring.
• Flux produced in electromagnet due to ac
current split into two fluxes,
• The flux in the shade part lag with respect to
the flux in unshaded part by an angle α ,
• Two fluxes induce e.m.f. in the disc which drive
induced eddy currents to circulate in the disc,
• Torque is produced due to interaction of one
flux with the current induced by another flux
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Shaded Pole Type Induction Relays
• Let, ∅𝑠 =Flux in shaded portion
• ∅𝑢 = Flux in unshaded portion
• 𝐸𝑠 = E.M.F induced in disc due to ∅𝑠
• 𝐸𝑢 = E.M.F induced in disc due to ∅𝑢
• 𝐼𝑠 = Induced current due to 𝐸𝑠
• 𝐼𝑢 = Induced current due to 𝐸𝑢
• 𝐸𝑠 lags behind ∅𝑠 and 𝐸𝑢 lags behind ∅𝑢 by
90𝑜 each,
• 𝐼𝑠 lags behind 𝐸𝑠 and 𝐼𝑢 lags behind 𝐸𝑢 by a
negligibly small angle β,
• From torque equation for induction relay,
𝑇∞ ∅1 ∅2 𝑆𝑖𝑛 α

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Induction Cup Type Relays
• Construction and Operation:
• Construction is similar to an induction
motor
• There can be 2,4 or more poles, figure
shows 4 pole structure and two pairs of
coils: 1 and 1’, and 2 and 2’,
• Two separate actuating quantities or a
single actuating quantities can be used
• Single quantity relay has both coils fed by
the same actuating quantity with fixed
phase angle shift circuit in between
them,
• Rotor is hollow cylindrical cup type
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Induction Cup Type Relays….
• The currents and respective fluxes produced by two pairs of coils are
displaced from each other by an angle α, thus, resultant flux in the air gap is
rotating,
• Rotating fluxes induce eddy currents in the rotor,
• Flux produced by eddy currents interacts with the main rotating flux and
torque is produced,
• This torque rotates the rotor in the same direction as that of rotating
magnetic flux,
• A control spring attached to the spindle of the rotor cup produces restraining
torque

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End of Chapter Two

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