DIY DNA Extraction Science Project
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ScribdTranslationsDIY DNA Extraction Science Project
Translated by
ScribdTranslationsScience Fair Project
Model and extraction of DNA
Made by:
Yesica Milena Murillo Gallego
Maria Camila Pérez Pérez
Dubán Andrés Betancur Tobón
Area: Chemistry
Grade: Tenth
Presented to: Helida Ramos Casas
Educational Institution Presbytero Ricardo Luis Gutiérrez Tobón
Belmira - Antioquia
2016
INTRODUCTION
DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA is the molecule that carries the
genetic information used by a cell for the creation of proteins. DNA
contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of
all known living organisms. The main function of the molecules of
DNA is the long-term storage of genetic information. The code
Genetics was a mystery until biologists discovered the structure of DNA.
like a spiral staircase. Information is stored in DNA as a
code formed by four chemical bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C)
and thymine (T).
The present work aims to expose the possibility of an extraction
manual and homemade genetic material, which gives us the opportunity to interact
with this in real time and concretely, and not just limit ourselves to
to know it through its structural model in the form of a double helix or
focusing exclusively on theoretical concepts. A knowledge
DNA specialization can open up a huge universe of possibilities for each
individual, being one of the biological components that can be more
prone to being enhanced and directed towards an improvement for the way of life
of humanity and our role in the world.
JUSTIFICATION
The reasons that led us to seek to deepen our understandings
usual DNA interactions and delve into the way a direct interaction with it
essential components could be carried out correspond to that in the
we do not give everyday life a deserved appreciation and a proper inquiry
and analysis of this vital component, whose research has led to enormous
benefits for humanity in general, that we are repeatedly not
conscious.
The conceptual knowledge about this element has theoretical value.
invaluable for the development of modern science, but for the dissemination of
these concepts within the generalities require practical methods and
empirical, a foundation that led to our projection of carrying out a
comparison between a structural model of double helix in representation of
deoxyribonucleic acid and an immediate evidence of how to extract a sample
from our own genetic material using household elements, which
subsequently it could be analyzed under the corresponding microscope.
OBJECTIVES
General
1. Delve into the common knowledge about deoxyribonucleic acid,
delving into its relevance within the structuring of beings
living and the development of humanity, through a practical experience and
an analysis of its configuration.
Specifics
Strengthen manipulation skills and use of everyday elements for
of its application for scientific and research purposes, which leads to
the generalities have access to pose hypotheses and conduct tests without
need to resort to specialized scientific and technical elements.
2. Apply collective work with a view to developing new methodologies
techniques and scientific practices that even allow for the development of the
self-taught knowledge and create a constant emergence and
complementarity between ideas, concepts, and fundamentals.
3. Understand and appreciate the importance of DNA as a scientific concept
but also as an element whose research and application has
revolutionized even social roles and whose future evolution may
open an infinity of possibilities for humanity and for well-being
general.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
DNA: it is an organic compound that contains the genetic information of
a living being and some viruses, in prokaryotic cells and in the nucleus of
eukaryotic cells, inside the chromosomes. DNA has as
main function to store genetic information for the construction of
proteins and RNA that are essential for any vital function of a
organism. DNA stores and transmits from generation to generation all
the essential information for the development of biological functions
from an organism. The segments of DNA that carry the information
Genetics are known as genes.
The facts
DNA is the map that stores the information necessary to build the
cellular components in the organism. The instructions to create the cells
are contained in the part of the DNA called genes. In humans, the
genes are inherited from parents. Each human has two copies of each
one from your mother and one from your father. DNA also plays a role in health
from a person. Many diseases can be inherited through DNA.
History
DNA was discovered in 1869 by Johann Friedrich Miescher. Miescher identified
a substance found in the nucleus of white blood cells. Later this
the substance was known as DNA. In 1912, studies were conducted using new
technology in microscopes showed that both DNA and proteins are
they are found present in the chromosomes. Thirty-seven years later, a
biochemist named Erwin Chargaff demonstrated that DNA is specific to each
species. In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick were able to demonstrate the
molecular structure of DNA. These two scientists won the Nobel Prize for
his discovery.
Identification
DNA is often referred to as a double helix due to its appearance. The
DNA is made of two long strands called nucleotides that run in
opposite directions to each other. Nucleotides are made of sugars and groups
phosphate linked by ester bonds. Attached to each of the sugars is
a molecule called base. Four different types of bases encode the
information used for cell replication.
Evolution
As organisms evolve, DNA sequences change to
produce new qualities and eliminate those that are no longer necessary. Some
sometimes this happens due to a process of natural selection. The qualities that
They help people survive certain diseases and conditions
continue to be passed on to their offspring, while the lesser qualities
desirables are slowly eliminated from the population. These DNA evolutions
they help species survive and reproduce despite living in conditions
changing.
Importance
DNA is the building block of all organisms. Look for mutations.
in the DNA helps to uncover the reason why some people develop
certain diseases while others remain free of them. The
discovery and study of DNA helps doctors and researchers to
find a way to test and treat diseases. Understand DNA
It also has the potential to help scientists find a way to
produce drugs that adapt to an individual's genetic structure.
MATERIALS
1 small paper cup
1 bottle of colorless sports drink (for example, a Gatorade)
Liquid soap (thesoapas clear or colorless as possible
A few drops of pineapple juice
1 wooden skewer (cooking utensil for piercing and holding)
foods
Alcohol (the closer to 100% its proof, the better)
1 narrow container with a lid (a test tube is the best option)
PROCEDURE
1 whole day before starting, place the alcohol in the freezer of the refrigerator
to cool down properly before starting the experiment. Take
a sip of the sports drink and swish it around in the mouth for at least 2
minutes, as if it were mouthwash. If we help with the tongue to
a small tear is better, to obtain good samples of the cells of
the cheeks and gums. There is nothing to fear, no bleeding and no injury inflicted
some. Pour the drink gently into a paper cup and then pour it out
in the container, preferably in a test tube, up to a third of its
capacity.
Add liquid soap to the container until nearly full, place the lid and
mix by shaking gently, it is important to mix the contents well, but also
avoid the excessive formation of bubbles. Add about 3 or 4 drops of juice.
pineapple and mix again. Fill the container with the alcohol you were
cooling, pouring it very carefully, trying to form a small
a layer that floats on the mixture. Let the entire solution rest for 1 minute.
After at least 60 seconds, closely observe what happens in
where the layer of alcohol floats on the cellular solution you created. It can be seen
a kind of band of a viscous and whitish material suspended between the
substances. Insert the wooden skewer/stick into the container in such a way that the
thinner part of it, where the tip of the spike is, touch that substance
peculiar. Gently stir so that the substance adheres to the skewer and
lift it very carefully so that the tip and the substance remain in
the alcohol layer and thus be able to observe better. What you see is your DNA.
OBSERVATIONS
When the rinses are done, the drink is mixed with a large number of cells.
that live in the mouth. The salts of the sports drink and the pineapple juice
contain enzymes capable of breaking down cell membranes, including the
that covers the nucleus and releases DNA. Cell membranes are composed of
2 basic layers of fat, sugars, and salts. The fat is located in the part
internal of the membrane, where they avoid contact with the water surrounding the cell.
On the other hand, the molecules of liquid soap have two ends, one is
attracted to fat and the other to water, which makes it so useful when it comes to
washing the dishes. This, in the cellular solution that was created in the cheek,
move the broken cell membranes upwards, separating it from the DNA.
The DNA was dissolved in the water that contains the sports drink, but it did not.
it dissolves in alcohol. When the cold alcohol was added and was placed in a
cap, at the top of the solution, the DNA precipitated and rose until it remained
outside of the solution. When inserting the wooden stick and twisting, the thousands and thousands
DNA strands were trapped and attached to it, creating a shape
visible material of DNA.
CONCLUSIONS
The relevance of deoxyribonucleic acid as a container molecule of
genetic material is invaluable; in addition to determining complexity,
identity and characteristics of each organism, that is, to have a
undeniable biological relevance, it also has utility in resolution
of social problems such as crimes, since the traces of DNA
present in the scenes where they were committed allow the detection of the
genetic pattern unique to each person.
Establish a direct and accurate contact with constituent elements of the
species and the environment are of utmost relevance for scientific projects
that can be executed in the future. The chemical structuring of
elements of the environment and their visualization in a direct and accessible way must
to favor oneself, with the aim of awakening investigative pretensions that
sooner or later they will end up benefiting the generalities and lead us
to discover the still uncertain secrets of nature and the Universe.
Science is infinitely complex; specifically the study of the
genetic structure is fascinating. Through small advances such as
extract one's own DNA and proceed to its subsequent analysis can occur
great strides for the possibility of taking it to another level in the future
modify and reconfigure genetic material, creating organisms that us
they provide a completely different view of our environment.