Chapter 3 Dielectric Materials

Chapter 3

Dielectric Materials

3.1 Definition

A material is dielectric if it does not contain electric charges that can be displaced.
move on a macroscopic scale. In other words, it is a medium that cannot conduct current
electric. For this reason, it is sometimes called an electric insulator. It has a very high resistivity: 108à
1016A dielectric material is characterized from an electrical point of view by its constant
dielectric (permittivity).

3.2 Properties of a dielectric material:

A dielectric:
✓ Allows to describe the ease of polarizing in the presence of an electric field.
✓ It is a material designed to prevent electrical conduction between elements.
drivers.
✓ It is a material with low electrical conductivity that is practically negligible.
One can distinguish an insulator from a conductor using a conductimeter.
The conductivity meter consists of a battery connected to a lamp and two contact points. When
The contact points touch a conductor, the electrons flow and the lamp lights up.

It possesses almost all the following physical properties:

✓ poor temperature stability <200°C in general (except for asbestos, glass, and mica);
✓ high electrical rigidity 10 kV/mm;
✓ very high electrical resistivity: > 106 m;
✓ relative permittivity r 1 ( 2 to 8)
✓ poor thermal conductivity: thermal insulator;
✓ Solid, liquid, or gas;
✓ density close to 1.

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Chapter 3 Dielectric Materials

3.3 Use of Dielectrics

Dielectrics are used for:

✓ Ensure electrical separation between conductors carrying different potentials.
protection of people and equipment;
✓ Support the elements of an electric network and isolate them from each other and
in relation to the earth;
✓ Dielectrics being good electrical and thermal insulators are therefore used for
gain the electrical cables to avoid contact with other cables or people;
✓ On the other hand, if it is subjected to a sufficiently strong electric field, any substance
will ionize and become conductive;
✓ They are sometimes used to create an anti-reflective layer, for example on certain
models of glasses frames;
✓ Fill the dielectric functions of a capacitor;
✓ An insulation system is a thermal insulator or a set of insulators associated within a machine.
electric.

3.4 Characteristic magnitudes of dielectric materials

Dielectric materials are characterized in particular by:

✓ Their dielectric permittivity ε, or dielectric constant;
✓ Their dielectric rigidity;
✓ Electrical conductivity, which is never zero;
✓ Their loss angle or delta tangent, tan(δ);

3.4.1 Dielectric permittivity (Dielectric constant)

The dielectric constant, also called the permittivity of free space or permittivity
The vacuum dielectric is a physical constant. It is denoted by ε.0:
ε0= 1/(μ0C2)
Where: μ0is the magnetic constant;
It is the speed of light in a vacuum.
In the SI unit system ε0has a value: 8.854187817 *10-12F.m-1

[Link] Relative permittivity

A dielectric is characterized by its relative permittivity or dielectric constant ε.r. In

the case of a perfect dielectric εris the quotient of the capacity Cxbetween two electrodes, supposed to

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Chapter 3 Dielectric Materials

drowned in this dielectric by capacity Cvfrom the same configuration of electrodes in the vacuum:
εr(Cx/ Cv).
Most polymers have relative dielectric permittivities between 2 and 4.
at industrial frequencies. For air or vacuum, εr1. For all other insulators, εr> 1.
✓ Permittivity of some polar solids:
Neoprene: r6.7 Nylon: r8 Bakelite r= 5 ~ 6
Glass: r= 5 ~ 7 Mica : r6 Porcelain r= 5 ~ 6
Rubbers: rranges between 2.5 and 35.
✓ Permittivity of some polar liquids:
Alcohol: r25.8 Glycerin: r= 47 Water: r= 80
Mineral oils: r= 2 ~ 2.5 (depends on impurities).
✓ Permittivity of gases:
Due to their low density, their permittivities are very close to 1.
Table 1: Relative dielectric constant of some materials

Material Relative dielectric constant r

Air dry 1
Paper 2
Polyester 3.3
PVC, Glass 5
Sodium chloride 6.12
Bakelite 6
Polystyrene (Styroflex) 2.3
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, Teflon) 2
Polymonochlorotrifluoroethylene (PCFTE) 2.3 to 2.8
Polyethylene terephthalate (Polyester, Mylar) 3.1
Special paper for capacitor (KRAFT) 4.5
Mica 5 to 6
Barium Titanates and Zirconates 500 to 15000

[Link] Absolute permittivity

The absolute permittivity ε is the product of the relative permittivity εrby the permittivity of
video0. ε = εr* ε0

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Chapter 3 Dielectric Materials

3.4.2 Dielectric strength

If we increase the voltage to which an insulator is subjected beyond a certain value

called breakdown voltage, an electric arc appears in the insulator: intense current passing through
the insulator following a path formed by the arc itself. In this case, there is a dielectric breakdown or
flashover. The dielectric strength depends on:
✓ The frequency, shape, and duration of the application of the tension;
✓ The temperature, pressure, and humidity of the atmosphere;
✓ The presence of impurities in the insulation (air bubbles, humidity, ...).
The dielectric strength (G) is the maximum electric field that an insulator can withstand.
it is defined by the ratio between the voltage U at which breakdown occurs and the distance L
between the electrodes across which the voltage is applied:
G=U/L

G is generally expressed in kV/mm.

Regarding the relative positions of the direction of the electric field and the surfaces
In terms of the insulator, the dielectric rigidity can be transverse or longitudinal.
Dielectric rigidity of some common dielectrics:
✓ Solids
Kapton 290 kV/mm
Porcelain 28 kV/mm
Plexiglass 20 kV/mm
Teflon 18 ~ 80 kV/mm
Polystyrene 16 kV/mm
Rubber 15 kV/mm
✓ Liquids
Mineral oils 20 kV/mm
Liquid nitrogen (77 K) 28 kV/mm

✓ Gas
Air 3 kV/mm
F6 8 kV/mm

3.4.3 Electrical conductivity

[Link] Transverse conductivity

Good insulators have transverse conductivities lower than 10.-10S/m and who fall at
10-18S/m for the best dielectrics.
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Chapter 3 Dielectric Materials

In insulators, the transverse conductivity depends at least as much on impurities.

(otherwise known as the manufacturing process) than the intrinsic properties of the material in question

[Link] Surface conductivity

SI d SId
S= S=
You too r U L
The figures above are only principle diagrams.

3.4.4 Dielectric loss angle and dissipation factor (tangent delta, tg(δ))

The loss angle δ is defined as the complementary angle of the phase shift between the
tension U between the conductors and the leakage current I passing through the insulator. The loss factor can
to be expressed from the active power, P, and reactive power, Q:
cosα Itot cosα P
tgδ = ctgα = = =
sinα U Itot sinα Q

With:
δ: angle of loss;
a: phase shift between the voltage U applied to the conductors
and the leakage current Itotpassing through the insulation.
Iuntil= I c + I G

I c = jwCU
U
I G=
R
wCU 1 1
tg = = wRC tg = =
U wRC
R
The value tgδ is called the dielectric dissipation factor.
The loss angle characterizes the quality of an insulator:

41
Chapter 3 Dielectric Materials

✓ Good insulator → high insulation resistance R, low δ;

✓ Poor insulator → Low R, high δ.
In practice, the dissipation factor tanδ varies between 10−2and 10−4.
Loss factor values
✓ Solids
Plexiglass: 2. 10-2 Epoxy resin: 4. 10-3
Teflon 6. 10-4 Polyethylene: 3. 10-4
Polystyrene: 10-4 Paraffin: 5. 10-5
✓ Liquids
Mineral oils: 3. 10-4~ 5. 10-3
✓ Gas
Sulfur hexafluoride (SF)6) : 2.10-7

3.5 Calculation of dielectric losses

An effective dielectric supports a variable charge with minimal dissipation.

energy in the form of heat. There are two main forms of loss that can be absorbed.
the energy in a dielectric, in this case the conduction loss and the dielectric loss.
The loss by conduction will occur when an electric current passes through a material.
causing energy dissipation by Joule effect. Dielectric loss is the dissipation of
the energy through the movement of charges in an alternating electromagnetic field as the
polarization changes direction. It shows that the power per unit volume of losses
dielectrics is:
5 2 −12
P=
of
fE 10
9
With: Pofdielectric losses (in W/cm3) ;
= r tg loss index

Hz
E: effective value of the electric field (in V/cm).

3.6 Classification of dielectrics

Several methods can be adopted to classify insulators:

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Chapter 3 Dielectric Materials

✓ Classification based on temperature resistance: Insulators are classified according to

maximum temperature below which they have a lifespan of about ten years
of years:

Table 2: Classification of dielectrics based on temperature resistance

Class Y A E B F H C
Max temperatures (°C) 90 105 120 130 155 180 >180

✓ Classification based on physical state: solid, liquid, and gas.

✓ Classification based on origin: mineral, organic, and synthetic

3.7 Polarization and electrostatic potential

Let it be a polarized dielectric with a polarization P. The potential created by a dipole is

given by:
d p.r
dV=
4 0r
3

Thus, the potential created by the dielectric at point M is given by:

d p.r P.r
V= dV= = dv
v
4 0r 3 4 0r 3
Uniform polarization case:
r r
V= P. dv = P.J Uniform, from where: J= dv
4 0r 3 4 0 r3

J is an electric field created by a fictitious charge density evenly distributed in the

volume of the dielectric.

3.8 The electric displacement vector:

Electric displacement or electric flux density D represents the movement of a

charge when subjected to a Coulomb force induced by an electric field E.

In the presence of free charges (Q) and polarization charges (Qind
Q Qind With: Qind = P dS
[Link]= −
0 0 S

Let it be: )
(0 E+ [Link]= QWe define the vector: D= 0 E+ P [C.m-2called displacement vector
S
electricwhat.

Like P= 0 and
Eon then D= 0 and
E+ 0 E= 0 (1+ e)E
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Chapter 3 Dielectric Materials

Let's define the constant =(1+

r ewhich will be called the relative permittivity of the material, we then have:
D= 0 rE= E
The quantity χeis called the material's polarization coefficient or dielectric susceptibility. We
Note that in a vacuum there is no polarization and χe = 0.

3.9 Polarization Phenomena

The application of an electric field induces movements of charge carriers. The effect
this movement is called induced polarization. Michael Faraday in 1837 was the first to
discover the effect of dielectric polarization. From a microscopic point of view, one can relate
the amplitude of the wave at the dipole created via the notion of polarizability α, which is a characteristic

specific to each atom. However, it is impossible to measure such microscopic quantities.

We prefer to use a macroscopic quantity: polarization P .
Let N be the number of atoms or molecules per unit volume and m the moment vector
dipolar (a microscopic quantity), polarization P is defined by the relationship: P= N m ,

The unit of polarization is the Coulomb.-2

Several types of polarization are to be distinguished: electronic, ionic, dipolar,
macroscopic.

3.9.1 Electronic polarization

Always present, due to the displacement and deformation of the electron cloud in relation to
positive nucleus, under the action of a field E. in this case, polarization occurs rapidly during
a brief moment (around 10-15remains active up to optical frequencies (1015Hz). She
occurs in atoms and ions, having a value of
P=
e
N and
EI

Where N is the number of atoms or molecules per unit volume to the polarizability
e

electronics and Ei the internal electronic field.

3.9.2 Atomic or Ionic Polarization

Due to the movement of atoms or ions in the material structure. In this case,
It is the ion as a whole that will oscillate with the electric field. The ion has much inertia.
larger than that of an electron, which brings the limits of this contribution towards the lows
frequencies (1011Hz). The time required for this movement, in order to ensure polarization is
of the order of 10-12a 10-13If we superimpose an electric field, the atoms move relative to each other.
relationship with others giving rise to an atomic polarization expressed by the equation:

44
Chapter 3 Dielectric Materials

P=
a
N a Ei

abeing the atomic polarizability. For organic compounds, Pa is on the order of 5 to 10%

Table 1 provides some values of atomic polarizability. a .

Table 3: Atomic polarizability in 10-40C. m2. V-1

Element H He Li Be C No Na A
αa 0.73 0.23 13 10 1.7 0.49 30 1.8

The electronic and ionic polarizations in both cases involve displacement of.
charges (and not rotation) in the direction of the electric field.

3.9.3 Macroscopic polarization

Due to charge displacements throughout the material.

3.9.4 Orientation polarization (dipolar)

This is the case for materials that are already microscopically polarized from the outset, this
polarization is only sensitive to frequencies close to 108The dipoles orient themselves according to the
direction of the applied electric field. In the absence of a field, the dipoles are oriented in a way
disordered, in such a way that the overall polarization is practically zero. If we superimpose a
constant electric field, each dipole is subjected to a couple creating a resultant polarization
in the direction of the field. The value of the orientation polarization is given by the relationship:

m2
P=
O
N EI
3KT
setting the dipole moment vector, K the Boltzmann constant, T the temperature (in Kelvin).

3.9.5 Space charge polarization (interracial)

Under the influence of E, the free charges of a material tend to concentrate.

around a localized defect, either at the grain boundaries of a ceramic. This local accumulation of
Charge causes the creation of dipoles. This type of polarization occurs at low frequencies.
Polarization P is often proportional to the electric field E who created it (this case is

this linear) : P= 0 E
and

With:
ε0the permittivity of free space
χdimensionless number called the electric susceptibility of the dielectric.

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Chapter 3 Dielectric Materials

Table 4: Different types of polarization.

3.10 The polarization vector

The distribution of these induced dipoles is described by a vector field called vector
Polarization. Polarization corresponds to the vector sum of all dipoles per unit of
volume. The unit of polarization is C/m2It is the unit of charge density.

3.11 Polarization Index

One can characterize the state of an insulator (or the degradation of its state) by evaluating the index of
polarization. This index is defined as the ratio between the current measured after one minute and
I
after 10 minutes: i p= t=1
I t=10
The measurement of the polarization index is mainly used to assess the condition of insulation of
cables and rotating machines. The insulation is considered as:
ip 4: good 1.5 < ip< 4 : dubious ip 1.5: bad

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Chapter 3 Dielectric Materials

According to other procedures (French standard NF C 15-100), the measurement of current is done at 30.

seconds and at 1 minute.

3.12 Nonlinear dielectrics

Linear dielectrics are characterized by a linear relationship between polarization and the
displacement with the electric field.
P = ε0x E
D = ε0εrE
For certain 'non-linear' materials, these relationships are no longer linear, the permittivity
depends then on the field E. This type of dielectric is used in certain specific applications.
There are several types of nonlinear dielectrics:

3.12.1. Ferro-electric Dielectrics

It is the most typical nonlinear dielectric, apart from the dependence on permittivity.
depending on the field, there are:
✓ Hysteresis phenomenon under the action of an alternating voltage between D and E identical to
the magnetic hysteresis between B and H;
✓ Very high values of permittivity;
✓ Variation of its parameters depending on the temperature;
✓ Presence of spontaneous polarization without the application of an external field.

3.12.2 Piezoelectric dielectrics

Piezoelectricity was discovered in 1800 by French researchers Pierre and Paul-Jean.

Curie. It is due to the appearance of electric charges on the surfaces of some crystals when they
are subject to mechanical forces of compression or tension, for example. The effect exists
inverse, namely the deformation under the action of an electric tension. Practically, all the
ferroelectric dielectrics are piezoelectric.

3.12.3 Electrets

An electret is a dielectric material that preserves its polarization for a long time.
after the external electric field that caused this polarization is removed, and which has installed a
electrostatic field in the surrounding space.
The electret creates an electric field in the same way that a magnet bar creates one.
magnetic field.

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Chapter 3 Dielectric Materials

3.13 Polar and non-polar dielectrics

All dielectrics can be divided into two categories: Polar dielectrics and
non-polar dielectrics. The total charge in a molecule is zero, but
The arrangement (the structure) of these charges may differ from one material to another. The centers
of gravity can coincide or not coincide:
✓ In the 1er Case: the molecule is nonpolar.
✓ In the 2emecase: the molecule (and thus the matter in question) is said to be polar. Even in
In the absence of an external electric field, the molecule has a dipole moment.
It is clear that molecules arranged in a symmetrical way (which have a center of
symmetry) are non-polar as long as the centers of gravity of the positive and negative charges
coinciding with the center of symmetry. On the other hand, asymmetric molecules are polar.

3.14 Some usual dielectric materials

Insulators are classified into three types: solids, liquids, and gases.

3.14.1 Solid Insulators

✓ The glass, used to make high voltage line insulators, glass fibers, resist
to heat and chemical agents.
✓ Ceramics, widely used for electrical post equipment, used in
overhead line and antenna insulators, HF and UHF inductance supports,
HF capacitors, piezoelectric components;
✓ Most plastics, especially polyethylene in its cross-linked form (XLPE) and
PVC, both used for cables;
✓ Polypropylene, used particularly in capacitors.
✓ Mica, which is hardly used anymore in the electrotechnical industry, Used
for high-temperature insulation of power component radiators (sheets of
mica) ;
✓ Bakelite, once widely used for low voltage electrical equipment;
✓ Teflon, used for some parts of high voltage circuit breakers;
✓ The paper impregnated with mineral oil is used to form the insulation of transformers;
✓ Papers: cellulose extracted from wood or alfa. Impregnated with liquid diacetate to prevent
water absorption, they are used in dry transformers and capacitors;
✓ Textiles: cotton, natural silk, synthetic fibers. Ribbons, fabrics for insulation, of
small diameter conductors, coils, cable winding;
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Chapter 3 Dielectric Materials

✓ Rubber: natural resin, latex from the rubber tree. Insulation of conductors and cables.

3.14.2 Liquid Insulators

Liquid insulators have the advantage of regenerating after a breakdown; they are used
also by convection or evaporation cooling (liquid insulators generally have
a good thermal conductivity). They are used alone or they impregnate a solid insulator whose
they fill the gaps
✓ Mineral oil, used in transformers, circuit breakers, capacitors and
cables. Risk of hot oxidation in the presence of oxygen;
✓ Chlorinated oils: non-flammable (no risk of fires), used for the
transformers, circuit breakers, capacitors;
✓ Silicone oil: resistant to high temperatures, high price;
✓ Varnish: These are combinations of resin + solvent + drying agent. Used for impregnation.
of windings.
✓ Vegetable oil, recent innovation in dielectric insulation in transformers
electric, plasticizing in the production of varnishes and resins;
✓ Pyralene (PCB), formerly used in transformers, but since banned in the
most countries due to its toxicity;
✓ Pure water. While water is usually conductive, perfectly pure water is a very
good insulator. The difficulty of keeping water very pure (without any impurities) makes everything
difficult industrial use;
✓ Liquid nitrogen and liquid helium allow for the isolation of superconducting components at very
low temperature

3.14.3 Gaseous insulators

✓ The dry air, which has the advantage of being abundant, is the most used at pressure.
atmospheric or under pressure. Compressed at 10 bars, its dielectric strength is 225
kV/mm; at atmospheric pressure it is only 3 kV/mm. Insulation of the lines
airborne, pneumatic circuit breakers, air capacitors.
✓ Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), which under pressure has better dielectric strength than
air;
✓ Dinitrogen, which is not as insulating as SF6 but, being present in the air, has no effect.
harmful to the environment in case of a leak;
✓ Nitrogen is chemically neutral. Transformers in a nitrogen atmosphere under pressure,
high voltage cables, surge protectors;

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Chapter 3 Dielectric Materials

✓ Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) has good dielectric strength: 7.5 kV/mm, 5 times
heavier than air, colorless, odorless, non-toxic. Arc extinguishing device
electric in the HV circuit breakers.
✓ Hydrogen has a high thermal conductivity, cooling of electric machines.
high power, problem: risk of explosion, requires good sealing.

3.15 Equivalent circuit of an isolation in alternating current

An insulator placed between two conductors can be simplified modeled by the circuit
following equivalent:
C: represents the capacity between the two conductors;
R is the insulation resistance of the insulator,
she is always ≥ 1012Ω.

3.16 Factors influencing the dielectric properties of materials

The permittivity and the measured dielectric dissipation factor of a material are affected
by various external or internal physical parameters such as frequency, temperature, intensity of
electric field, humidity, and chemical.

3.16.1 Frequency

In general, the dielectric properties of materials vary significantly with the

frequency of the applied electric field. The emergence of dielectric losses can be explained
as follows: at very low frequencies, the polarization follows the alternating field, which means that its
the contribution to the dielectric constant is maximal and losses do not occur.
At very high frequencies, the field alternates too quickly for polarization to occur.
increases and there is no contribution to the dielectric constant - no energy is lost
in the middle.
But somewhere between these two extremes, polarization begins to lag behind
related to the electric field from which energy dissipation occurs. The loss factor reaches a value
maximum at a frequencym, related to the characteristic relaxation time by the relationship:
1 1
= =
2 f mwm

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Chapter 3 Dielectric Materials

3.16.2 Temperature

An increase in temperature contributes to reducing the lifespan of an insulator:

✓ Decrease in insulation resistance (insulators generally have a coefficient of
negative temperature) ;
✓ Reduction of dielectric rigidity;
✓ Oxidation;
✓ Softening that can reach melting.
In a thermoplastic such as polyethylene, an increase in temperature
provokes a softening, thus an increase in the mobility of the molecules. The time of
relaxation of polarization decreases and the associated natural frequency increases.
The change in relative permittivity or capacitance with temperature is often
described by the temperature coefficient of capacitance (CTC), the latter is expressed in ppm/°C and
can be defined by the following equation:
dC C
CTC= =
CdT C T
Where is the capacity at temperature T. Temperature affects different things in different ways.
polarizations of the material. The two types of polarization most affected are the polarizations
of orientation and interfacial. The former increases the mobility of the dipoles by breaking the
interactions (reduction of viscosity forces) and the other by the mobility of charges.

3.16.3 Influence of the microstructure

The relative permittivity of materials can also depend on their microstructure.

Generally, ceramics are governed by their grain sizes. On the other hand, polymers
are characterized by different transition peaks related to chain segments.

3.16.4 Humidity and other impurities

The degree of polarization is increased by the absorption of water or the formation of a film.
water at the surface of the dielectric, which affects the permittivity, the dissipation factor and the
conductivity in direct current.
The degree of polarization is increased by the absorption of water or the formation of a film.
water at the surface of the dielectric, which affects the permittivity, the dissipation factor and the
conductivity in direct current. The conditioning of the samples is, in fact, of a
the capital importance and the regulation of humidity levels, both before and during the test, is
indispensable for the correct interpretation of test results. The degree of polarization depends
also impurities introduced by physical contamination or by chemical ingredients, by
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Chapter 3 Dielectric Materials

examples solvents or plasticizers. Therefore, we must ensure that the material to be tested is
not affected or only affected in a known way by the sampling operations of test tubes or well
by treatments applied afterwards, for example at high temperatures.

3.16.5 Physical and Chemical Structure

The direction of the polarization vector of the electromagnetic field relative to the structure
The test tube has a strong influence on the measurement result. Measurement results.
different results can be obtained due to a lack of homogeneity (as in laminates) or of
anisotropy, for example in the case of crystals, unless all measurements on the samples
are made in a way that they relate to an identifiable characteristic of the material.
Test tubes having the same chemical composition but different chemical structures.
different like curable resins subjected to different curing conditions
or polymers polymerized to different degrees will also yield different results.

3.16.6 Intensity of the alternating field

Generally, permittivity and the dielectric dissipation factor do not depend on

the intensity of the field as long as no partial discharge occurs in the dielectric. However
in the case of ferroelectric materials whose spontaneous polarization can be oriented, even
returned by applying a sufficient electric field. Their polarization is not a function
linear of the applied electric field and a spontaneous polarization persists even in the absence of
Field, a variation effect depending on the field may still be observable but it disappears.
rapidly as the frequency increases.

3.17 Difference between polarization and conduction

✓ During polarization, the charges are put into motion but can never leave.
the molecule. On the other hand, conduction is the movement of charges over large
distances, which release and leave the particles.
✓ Conduction in dielectrics is practically ensured by the impurities present.
in the insulation and not due to its base structure.
✓ Polarization can therefore be represented as a large number of charges moving.
over three very short distances, without ever leaving the molecules.
✓ While conduction in dielectrics is like the displacement of a small amount
of charges but over large distances. polarization can be considered as a
elastic movement. When the effect of the external electric field disappears, the charges
return to their initial position, which never happens for conduction.
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Chapter 3 Dielectric Materials

✓ While conduction occurs as long as the direct current voltage is applied, the
Polarization occurs only during the application or removal of voltage.

53
Chapter 3 Dielectric Materials

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Static Permittivity of Emulsions
(1979), p. 305.
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A.H. Shivola, J.A. Kong "Affective Permittivity of Dielectric Mixtures". IEEE Trans.
Geoscience Remote Sensing, vol. 26 (4), (1988), pp. 420-429.
Dielectrics: Theoretical Bases
A. Beroual "Materials for Electrical Engineering". DEA course in electrical engineering.
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J.C. Mage "Origin of Losses in Materials"
R. Coelho and B. Aladenize 'Dielectrics: Dielectric Properties of Materials
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P.S. Neelakanta "Handbook of Electromagnetic Materials. Monolithic and Composite
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M. Stolidi 'Materials in Electrotechnics'. IUFM AIX-MARSEILLE -- Preparation
CAPET and PLP2 Electrical Engineering.

[12] T. Wildi "Electrotechnics". 3thedition, DeBoeck University.

[13] J.P Mercier, G. Zambelli and W. Kurz "Introduction to Materials Science". Treatise of
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Chapter 3 Dielectric Materials

S. Orlowska "Conception and Prediction of the Dielectric Characteristics of Materials

Composites in Two and Three Phases through Modeling and Experimental Validation.
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Chapter 3 Dielectric Materials

Annex
Table 1 classification of dielectrics based on temperature

Class Insulating Materials Agglomerated materials Impregnation materials

Y90°C cotton, silk, paper and derivatives, acetate fiber, wood, No agglomeration or impregnation materials. Class low.
max polyéthylène, polystyrène, PVC, Caoutchouc used.
Class Y insulators impregnated with a dielectric
liquid.
Varnished cloth
Resin-based varnish Resin-based varnish
varnished paper
A105°C natural
max Laminated wood Phenolic resins Insulating oils
cellulosic solutions
Enamels with polyamide resins
Polyester resins
Acetate film
Vinyl resin enamels
Polyurethane, epoxy
E120°C Molded resins with cellulosic filler
Melanin resins
max Cotton, paper laminated
Polyester resins
Cellulose or polyethylene film
Asbestos, fiberglass, formal resin glazes,
polyvinyl
Asphalts
Impregnated glass fabric Resin-based varnish
Synthetic resin with
B130°C Impregnated asbestos synthetic and oil
oil
max
Mica agglomerated Epoxy synthetic resins Polyester resins
Epoxy resins
Laminate or fiberglass fabric
Melanin resins
Asbestos laminate
Fiberglass
Asbestos
Impregnated glass fabric
F155°C
Impregnated asbestos
max Alkyl resins, epoxies, polyesters, polyurethanes
Mica agglomerate
Silicone - alkyls
Laminated or fiberglass fabric
Asbestos sheet

Fiberglass

Fiberglass and asbestos impregnated fabric

H180°C Silicone elastomer Silicone resins and elastomers Selected silicone resin
max Polyamide fiber
Aggregated mica
Selected silicone resin
Glass fiber laminate

Polytetrafluoroethylene (250°C)
Stable silicone resin
C Agglomerated mica up to 225°C
180°C Glass or treated asbestos fabric

Mica, porcelain, ceramics, glass, quartz glass or cement binders

56
Chapter 3 Dielectric Materials

Table 2: Classification of dielectrics based on physical state

DESIGNATION
PROPERTIES JOBS

kg/m N/ kV/
UNITES 3 °C m
2 mm

6 Agglomerated to
resins from:
MICA 100 to
3000 200 1013 à Very high rigidity mica sheets, ribbons
Thin sheets in the state 200
dielectric micaces,
natural 7 micafolium

Line insulators
GLASS Great resistance aerial
2500 is greater than 180
1010 à 25 to
6
Silica sand + lime + 1017 45 mechanical but very
Fiber and fabrics of
solder fragile
glass

High Voltage Insulators

Resistant to shocks Support of

PORCELAIN >180 100 1012 16 5
thermals and to the resistances
Clay + quartz + enamel electric. Parts
heat
molds

Support of
1800 resistances. Insulator
ASBESTOS good resistance to the
à >180 109 3 2 of drivers. In
Calcium silicate heat and to the fire but
2200 plaques, ribbons,
magnesia fears humidity
cordons

Posts, boards,
600 to
WOODS 105 140 104 5 9 moldings, wedges
900 Very light. Inexpensive
Imbued with Bakelite insulators, panels

Imbued ribbons
for high cables
PAPER 800 to 70 to 1010 à 60 to
60 6 Very sensitive to tension. Cartons,
Agglomerated cellulose and 1300 120 1016 80
humidity. flexible ribbons, products
impregnated
stratified

Strip products
Elastic. Attacked by
rubber 20 to or molded. Insulation
960 60 32 1014 3 the oils.
Natural latex resin from 30 drivers and
Vulcanized by
the rubber tree cables
addition of sulfur
3 Threads, ribbons, canvas.
COTTON 90 to 50 to 5 to Very flexible, Isolation in
109 à
Fibers 120 100 10 economic and good winding with
impregnated 4 tensile strength impregnation

57
Chapter 3 Dielectric Materials

MINERAL OIL 850 at 9 to 2

Dielectric rigidity Isolation of
145 1013
Oil distillation 950 10 fall with presence transformers
brut of humidity
1300
ASKARELS Prohibited since
à 1010 20 5
chlorinated dielectrics Incombustible. 1990
1500
pyralene
Isolation of lines
airborne.
Very high rigidity at the
1014 3 1 Switches
AIR SEC pressure of 10 bars:
circuit breaker
225 kV/mm
pneumatic

Dielectric rigidity High breakers

SF6 7.5 1
equal to 2.5 times that of tension
Sulfur hexafluoride
the air

58