Civil Engineering Thesis Project Q&A
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ScribdTranslationsCivil Engineering Thesis Project Q&A
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ScribdTranslationsA few (Questions + Answers) About Thesis Projects
Civil Engineering (Calculation Theme)
I. Questions
1. Why do we increase the maximum compression effort (Nucalculated from the
decrease in charges by 10% or 15%?
2. Why do we check mass participation?
3. In the case where the shear force at the base is not verified, what should be done?
4. What is the purpose of calculating numerical periods?
5. Can we reduce the length of the bracing sails while ascending?
6. Why do the RPA (Algerian Seismic Rules) require having a
pure translation in the first two modes of vibration?
7. What is the purpose of verifying the empirical period (calculated manually) against
to the numerical one (provided by the modeling software)?
8. In the case where vertical and horizontal interactions are not justified, what must be
What do we do?
9. What is the purpose of the 'source mass' option?
10. What is modeling?
11. What is the purpose of the diaphragm?
12. When can we consider a basement as a rigid box?
13. What precautions should be taken when reducing the section of the columns?
14. What is the purpose of nodal zone verification?
15. What are the modes of deformation of sails? Explain?
16. What is the purpose of covering the reinforcements?
17. What is the role of pins in the reinforcement of walls?
18. Define the dynamic behavior factor?
19. What is the difference between non-structural elements and structural elements?
20. Define non-structural elements? How can these elements be stressed?
during an earthquake?
21. What is the number of modes to consider in the modal spectral analysis for
the determination of the total response of the structure?
[Link] is the principle of the spectral modal method?
23. What is the number of degrees of freedom of a structure with N floors?
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II. Responses
1. We increase the compression effort (Nu) to take into account the discontinuity of the
porticos.
2. We check the mass participation to know the number of modes of
vibrations to consider in the calculations to obtain a total response of the
structure.
3. If the cutting effort at the base is not verified, it will be necessary to increase all the
responses obtained from the spectral modal method by the ratio
(0.8*Vst/Vdyn)
4. We calculate the numerical periods in order to apply the response spectrum;
In other words, they are used for calculating responses using the modal method.
spectral, because the response spectrum represents the responses (which can be)
accelerations, speeds or movements) depending on the periods.
Yes, we can reduce the length of the bracing sails by raising everything.
by avoiding the sudden decrease in stiffness and resistance between
two successive levels.
6. The RPA (Algerian Seismic Rules) require a pure translation.
in the first two modes of vibration to ensure stability of the
structure while respecting economic criteria.
7. This verification is only necessary when working with the method
equivalent static. If it is not verified, it needs to be reviewed.
conception.
8. In cases where vertical and horizontal interactions are not justified, we
proceed to choose another bracing system.
The purpose of the source mass option is to take into account unmodeled loads.
in modal analysis (dynamic calculation).
10. Modeling involves constructing a set of mathematical functions
describing the physical phenomenon. In other words, it is the transformation of the
real physical problem to the mathematical model that is closest
possible from reality.
11. The purpose of the rigid diaphragm is to impose the same displacement for each
node at the same level (infinitely rigid floor).
One can consider a basement as a rigid box when it is surrounded
of peripheral sails.
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[Link] precautions to take when reducing the section of the columns are the
following:
The reduction of the post should be planned from the lower level;
Respect the length of overlap of the reinforcements;
When it comes to a roadside pole, the reduction is made on the inner side;
The reduction should not cause a sudden decrease in stiffness and
resistance
..., etc.
14. The verification of the nodal zone ensures that the plastic joints are
form in the beams rather than in the columns.
15. The deformation modes of the sails are (Note: we are talking about the modes of
deformation and not modes of fracture as it is mentioned
in the question) :
Bending deformation predominant if (H/L) ≥ 3;
Shear deformation predominant if (H/L) ≤ 1;
Bending + shear deformation if 1 < (H/L) < 3 ;
16. The covering of the reinforcements serves to ensure a good transmission of
charges ;
The role of the pins in the reinforcement of the walls is to hold the bars.
verticals and to avoid their buckling.
18. The dynamic behavior factor R allows for consideration of the
energy dissipation during an earthquake.
19. The difference between E.S and E.N.S:
Structural elements (E.S) are divided into main load-bearing elements making
part of the bracing system, and secondary load-bearing elements that did not
not part of the bracing system. While non-structural elements
(E.N.S) are elements that do not have a carrying or bracing function.
20. Non-structural elements are elements that do not have a load-bearing function.
or bracing elements (partitions, parapets, etc.). These elements can be
stressed by the deforming structure.
21. The number of modes to consider in the spectral modal analysis for the
determination of the total response of the structure must be such that:
The sum of the effective modal masses for the retained modes should equal 90% of the
less than the total mass of the structure.
Or that all modes having an effective modal mass greater than 5% of the
total mass of the structure is retained for the determination of the response
total of the structure.
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22. The principle of the modal spectral method is to search for each mode of
vibration, the maximum effects generated in the structure by seismic forces
represented by a calculated response spectrum. These effects are then combined
to obtain the response from the structure.
23. As the masses are concentrated at the centers of gravity of the floors.
with three (03) DDL (2 horizontal translations and one vertical axis rotation), so the
The number of degrees of freedom of a structure with N floors is equal to (3*N).