Exercises

1.- A double bottom pond has the following dimensions: 20 m long, 10 m

4 m wide and 4 m high, it is filled with saltwater with a density of 1.025
Kg/m³. From the roof of the tank to the cover there is a drainage of 5".
diameter and 12 meters in height.

Determine the thrust (force) on the ceiling inside the pond, if it

let overflow for the relief towards the cover
Ceiling area = 20 m x 10 m = 200 m²

Pressure = Density x Height x g

Pressure = 1.025 Kg/m³ x 12 meters x 9.8 m/s² = 120.54 N/m²

Thrust = Force = Pressure x Area = 120.54 N x 200 m² = 24,108 Newton

m² 24,108 kN

2.- A cylindrical container closed by a piston with a diameter of 100 mm.

contains 0.5 m³ of air at 450,000 Pascals of pressure and 18 ºC of temperature.
Exerting a force on the piston. The volume has been reduced.
occupied by air at 20% while the cylinder has been refrigerated
reducing the initial air temperature by 4 ºC Determine:

a) Final air pressure in the cylinder in Bar

b) Force exerted on the piston in Kgf
Data:
Diameter 100 mm = 10 cm
Volume 10.5 m³ = 500,000 cm³
Pressure 450,000 Pa = 4.5 Bar = 4.589 Kg/cm²
Initial temperature 18 ºC + 273 = 291 ºK
Volume 20.4 m³ = 400,000 cm³
Final temperature 4 ºC + 273 = 277 K

P1x V1= P2x V2

T1 T2
 P2 = P1x V1x T2 P2 = 4,588 Kg/cm² x 500,000 cm x 291 ºK
T1 x V2 400,000 cm³ x 277 K

P2667,554,000 = 6.0248 Kg/cm²

110,800,000

Area = 0.785 x (D)² Then Area = 0.785 x (10)² = 78.5 cm²

Pressure = Force Then Force = Pressure x Area

Area

Force = 6.0248 Kg x 78.5 cm² = 472.951 Kgf

cm²

3.- The theoretical cycle of a single-cylinder diesel engine of the 2-stroke cycle, with
a diameter of the cylinder of 75 mm. It is limited by the volumes V1= 540 cm³
50 cm³
the calorific power of the fuel is 11,000 Kcal/Kg. With a density of
0.85 gr/cm³ with a consumption of 0.05 cm³/Cycle. The thermal efficiency at
brake is 46.15%. The maximum temperature of the cycle is achieved with a volume of
140 cm³
Note: V1 = Volume with the piston at the PMI
V2= Volume with the piston at the top dead center
V3 = Maximum temperature volume
1 Kcal = 4.186 kJ
Determine:
a) Total displacement, Stroke, and Compression ratio
b) Effective brake horsepower (BHP) at 950 rpm. expressed in CV
c) Absorbed power (EHP) expressed in CV.
Data:
Single Cylinder Engine (1)
2-stroke cycle
Cylinder diameter 75 mm = 7.5 cm
P1 = 1 Kg/cm²
38 Kg/cm²
Heating value = 11,000 Kcal/kg = 11,000 cal/gram
Fuel density = 0.85 g/cm³
Consumption = 0.05 cm³/Cycle
46.15% = 0.4615
Volume of the cylinder (Vu) = V1 - V2 = 540 cm³ - 50 cm³ = 490 cm³
Volume of Cylinder = 0.785 x (D)² x C Then
490 cm³ = 0.785 x (7.5)² x C Then I clear it up and determine the race.

Career (C) = 490 cm³ = 11,097 cm = 110,97 mm.

44,156 cm²

By formula and the given data, the relationship is determined.

compression

Rc = Vu + V2 = 490 cm³ + 50 cm³ = 540 cm³ = 10.8 Answer Rc = 10.8 :1

V2 50 cm³ 50 cm³

n (2T) = 950 cycles/minute

Mass fuel consumption/cycle = volume (V) x Density (d)
Mass fuel consumption/cycle = 0.050 cm³ x 0.85 gr/cm³
Fuel mass/cycle = 0.0425 grams
Cycle

Qciclo = mass/cycle x Pc = 0.0425 grams x 11,000 calories = 467.5 calories

cycle gram cycle

EHPabsorbed = 4.186 Joule/cycle x Qcycle x nc

60

4.186 Joule/calorie x 467.5 calorie/cycle x 950 cycle/minutes

60 Sec/Min

EHP absorbed = 30.985 Watt /: 1000 = 30.985 Kw x 1 CV = 42.099 CV

0.736 kW.

EHP x Efficiency = 42,099 HP x 0.4615 = 19.428 HP

 4.- A 4-stroke diesel engine, Number of cylinders 8, cylinder diameter 320 mm.
Develop a power at 100% of 2,400 kW at 750 rpm with a specific consumption of
fuel of 194 gr/Kw-h, It has an average piston speed of 8.75 m/s. the power
The calorific value of the fuel is 10,200 Kcal/kg, the density is ºAPI 11.284 at 15ºC (60ºF), The
the fuel inlet temperature to the engine is 124 ºC, the correction factor (Fc)
For the specific density, Fc = 0.00066, the compression ratio is 12:1. Determine:

Piston stroke in mm.

b) Volume of the combustion chamber (Vcc) in Liters
c) Real consumption in liters in 24 hours at 100% load
d) Cylinder consumption/cycle in g/ci/cycle at 100% load
e) Duration in seconds of the 42º crankshaft rotation injection
f) Thermal efficiency at the brake in %

Development:

Vm. = 2 x C x N The formula is rearranged and we have Race C = Vm x 60 Then

60 2xN

C = 8.75 m/s x 60 = 525 = 0.35 m = 350 mm.

2 x 750 1,500

Volume of the cylinder = 0.785 x (D)² x C = 0.785 x (32)² x 35 = 28,134.4 cm³

Volume of the cylinder = 28,134.4 cm³ x 1 liter 28,1344 Liters
1.000 cm³

Rc = Cylinder volume + Vcc Rearranging gives Vcc = Cylinder volume

Vcc Rc -1

Vcc = 28.1344 Liters = 28.1344 = 2.5577 liters

12 – 1 11

Mass consumption = 0.194 kg x 2,400 Kw = 565.6 Kg

kWh hour

API density = 141.5 - 131.5 The formula is solved

density

density = 141.5 Then 141.5 = 141.5 = 0.991

API + 131.5 11,416.5 142,785

real density = density - Fc (Tf - Ti)

real density = 0.991 - 0.00066 (124 - 15) = 0.919 Kg

liters
Mass consumption = 465.6 Kg/h x 24 hours = 11,174.4 Kg
Hour

Volumetric Consumption = 11,174.4 Kg/h = 12,159.3 liters (dm)³

0.919 Kg/liters

The cycle consumption is obtained by formula.

Consumption/cylinder/cycle (g/cyl/cycle) = Consumption/hour x 1,000 x t (engine cycle) Then

60 x 2 x N x n

Consumption/Cylinder/cycle = 465.6 Kg/h x 1,000 x 4 = 1,862,400 = 2.586 gr/cyl/cycle

960000 720,000

42º injection in seconds

750 rpm = 750 revolutions = 1 minute = 12.5 revolutions

Minutes 60 Seconds Seconds

12.5 laps x 360º = 4,500º Then simple rule of three

1 second = 4.500º
X seconds = 42º Therefore 42º = 0.00933 seconds

Brake thermal efficiency = BHP Therefore, EHP must be determined.

EHP

Mass consumption (Kg/h) x Pc (Kcal/Kg) = 465.6 Kg/h x 10,200 Kcal/Kg

859.8 859.8

5,523.5 kW

Brake Thermal Efficiency = 2.400 Kw = 0.434 x 100 = 43.4 %

5,523.5 kW.
 5.- A 4-stroke cycle Diesel Engine, Number of cylinders 6, Cylinder Diameter
320 mm. Stroke 480 mm. Motor speed 600 rpm., The mean effective pressure
The specific fuel consumption at 85% of its load is 2,624.32 Kpa.
177 gr/Kw-h The fuel density is ºAPI 27.230 with a correction factor
(Fc) from 0.00075 to 58ºC Determine:

The effective power (BHP) in Kilowatts

Fuel consumption in liters over 72 hours of navigation.

Data:
Diesel Engine
4-Stroke Work Cycle
Number of cylinders 6
Diameter 320 mm = 32 cm
480 mm = 48 cm = 0.48 m
Speed = 600 rpm
Pme = 2,624.32 Kpa = 2,624.32 x 0.0101972 = 26.76 Kg/cm²
BSFC = 177 g/Kw-h at 85% of its load
ºAPI 27.230
0.00075 at a temperature of 58ºC
Power (BHP) = ?
Consumption in liters over a period of 72 hours

Pme x L x A x N x Z = 26.76 Kg/cm² x 0.48 m x 803.84 cm² x 600 rpm x 6

102 x 60 x 2 12.240

3,036.89 kW

API degrees is the density described by the American Petroleum Institute.

arbitrary dimensional magnitude; its value is given by the relationship:

API = 141.5 - 131.5

Density (15ºC)

The formula is cleared:

141.5
ºAPI + 131.5
Example: 24 ºAPI Convert to specific gravity.

Densidad = 141,5 = 141.5 = 0.909 Kg/dm

24 + 131.5 155.5

The correction factor (Fc) is a scale according to the temperature of the fuel that is
introduces into the injection system of diesel engines and directly affects consumption
of fuel.

Mass consumption = 0.177 Kg x 3,036.89 Kw = 537.53 Kg

kWh hour

Real density = Density - Fc (Tf - Ti)

Real Density = 0.909 - 0.00075 (58 - 15)

Densidad Real = 0,909 – 0,03225 =0,877

537.53 Kg/h = 612.9 lts/h

0.877 Kg/lts

Total volumetric consumption = 612.9 l/h x 72 = 44,130.171 liters

EFFECTS OF IMPURITIES IN BOILER WATER:

Impurities in the boiler feed water have the following effects.

Embankment: The clay and silica aided by some dissolved salts produce
extremely fast embankment, that is to say, they are deposited at the bottom of the boiler,
making it difficult or preventing the free circulation and outflow of water.
These impurities must be removed almost entirely through extraction.
bottom through the purge keys.

Hard water, that is to say, water that contains calcium and magnesium salts, produces
Deposits inside the boiler, causing the following inconveniences
Reduction of boiler efficiency
Overheating on the heating surface
Explosions

FoamThe foam is caused by the presence of oil, fats, organic matter and
certain salts dissolved in the feed water. Sometimes it is also due to a
the alkalinity of the feed water is too high. To remove all these impurities
Surface extractions are used

All the named effects are due to the poor quality of the feed water.
This is why water tests should be done periodically (Daily when
the boiler is in service)

Define what the function of the STCW Convention is

The STCW convention specifically addresses seafarers, setting out the guidelines.
and regulations for the education, training, and certification of the crew. To maintain the
safety of navigation and the cleanliness of our oceans, is that the people of the sea of
everyone meets high standards of competence and professionalism in their duties
the International Convention on Standards of Training,
Licensing and Guardianship for the People of Marde 1978, amended in 1995 and again
In 2010 in Manila, it establishes these standards, regulates the issuance of titles, and controls
the organizations of the guards. Improving, reinforcing, and simplifying the current
procedure for the recognition of degrees issued by third countries. Introducing
a community recognition system for third countries that meet the requirements
minimums of the agreement.

Define SOLAS and what its function is.

The SOLAS convention is an International convention for the safety of Human Life at Sea
the Sea and its main objectives is to specify the minimum standards for construction,
The equipment and operation of the ships must be compatible with the safety of the personnel.
on board. The Agreement includes articles that establish general obligations,
amendment procedures, followed by an annex that is divided into 12 chapters

Define the ISPS code

ISPS is the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code.

the code promotes and highlights a culture of protection of maritime operations
that reinforces maritime protection on ships and in port areas. The Transport
Maritime must continue to serve international trade effectively and efficiently. For
Hello, the ships and port facilities must be adequately prepared.
for the possibility of having to face a terrorist attack or other forms of
criminal activity. To that end, members of the maritime community must understand
the risks that exist in the environment in which they operate and the role that corresponds to them
perform in this risky environment.

Define the International Safety Management Code ISM

It is a mandatory international tool for preventing accidents, constituted

essentially from a Human Resource management, both on land and on the ship
same and aims to provide an International Standard for the
management and the safe operations of vessels and for the prevention of pollution
marina It is planned as a means to stimulate the continuous improvement of the
security management skills in the maritime industry.
It is estimated that there are about 90,000 ocean-going merchant ships in the world.
responsible for between 18% and 30% of all global emissions of Oxide of
Nitrogen (NOx) and 9% of Sulfur Oxides (SOx). Their impact on climate change.
it is not negligible either: it is estimated that between 3.5% and 4% of all of them start from there
greenhouse gas emissions. It is estimated that the global merchant fleet generates
more than 450,000 tons of Carbon Dioxide (CO2), similar to that emitted by Japan,
one of the most polluting countries in the world

Name the agreement and the annex that establish the rules governing and
they establish rules regarding this topic.

It is governed by the MARPOL convention

Annex VI Rules to prevent atmospheric pollution caused by
the ship

The annexes of MARPOL are:

Appendix I of MARPOL

Rule to prevent hydrocarbon pollution

Annex II of MARPOL

Rule to prevent contamination by harmful liquid substances

transported in bulk

Annex III of MARPOL

Rule to prevent contamination by harmful substances transported

by sea in bundles

Annex IV of MARPOL

Rule to prevent pollution from the dirty waters of ships

Annex V of MARPOL

Rule to prevent pollution from ship waste

Annex VI of MARPOL
Rule to prevent air pollution caused by vessels
A pneumatic cylinder that opens the hold cover on a ship, has a
Piston with a surface area of 30 cm². If the stroke of the piston is 40 cm and the
The circuit pressure is 5 Bar: Determine:

a) Time it takes to open the cellar door if the flow rate is

24 L/min (Response in seconds.)
b) Work done by the lever when opening the lid in Joules
c) Power exerted by the pneumatic device in Watts

Data:

Area (A) = 30 cm²

Race (L) = 40 cm
Pressure = 5 Bar
Flow (Q) = 24 L/min

i) Vol = A x L = Vol = 30 cm² x 40 cm = 1,200 cm³ /:1000 = 1.2 liters.

ii) Flow rate = 24 liters x 1 minute 0.4 liters

minimum 60 seconds seg

iii) Volume = time = Volume = 1.2 liters time (t) = 3 seconds

t Q 0.4 lts/seg

Pressure = 5 Bar x 1.01972 = 5.0986 Kg/cm²

Pressure = Force rearranged Force = Pressure x Area

Area

Force = 5.0986 Kg/cm² x 30 cm² = 152.958 Kgf

Force = 152,958 Kgf x 9.8 = 1,498.988 Nw

Work = Force x distance

Work = 1,498.988 Nw x 0.4 meters = 599.595 Joules

Power
Time 3 seconds
In a diesel engine, its pistons move with an average speed (Vm) of
7 m/s, the stroke of the pistons is 560 mm. Determine the speed of the motor in
rpm (Resp. 375 r.p.m.)

A two-stroke diesel engine has a cylinder diameter of 150 mm and

a stroke of 250 mm. the motor speed is 1,500 r.p.m. its mean pressure
The indicated pressure is 117.7 Kpa. Knowing that the number of cylinders is 4, determine the
indicated power developed (Resp. IHP = 519,485 Kw.)

A two-stroke diesel engine, with 6 cylinders, has a speed of 2,000.

r.p.m. Develops a power of 559.36 kW, with a specific consumption at the brake of
232 gr/Kw-h Determine the amount of fuel injected in each cylinder by
work cycle (Resp. 0.03 gr/cyl) then (Resp 0.180 gr/cyl/cycle)
Note: 0.03 g/cyl is the grams per cylinder
0.180 gr/cyl/cycle is the total grams of the engine per work cycle.