Chapter 9 Free Resources

OPERATING SYSTEMS: Managing, Coordinating, and Monitoring Resources

Table of Contents
Tap or click any topic below to view its content.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................................................................. 1
DISCLAIMER ........................................................................................................................................................... 3
RESTARTING DESKTOPS AND LAPTOPS .................................................................................................................. 4
SINGLE TASKING, MULTITASKING, AND MULTIUSER OPERATING SYSTEMS ........................................................... 5
HIGH-TECH TALK: BENCHMARKING ........................................................................................................................ 6
Benchmarking Algorithms .....................................................................................................................................7
ETHICS & ISSUES 9-1: SHOULD MANUFACTURERS INCLUDE EXTRA PROGRAMS IN OPERATING SYSTEMS FOR
COMPUTERS AND MOBILE DEVICES? ..................................................................................................................... 9
Websites about Bloatware ....................................................................................................................................9
SECURE IT 9-1: AUTOMATIC UPDATES – SAFE OR NOT? ....................................................................................... 10
Websites about Automatic Updates’ Safety .......................................................................................................10
SECURE IT 9-2: USING AND EVALUATING AN OPERATING SYSTEM’S BUILT-IN SECURITY TOOLS .......................... 11
Websites about Operating Systems’ Built-In Security Tools................................................................................11
DEVICE-DEPENDENT AND DEVICE-INDEPENDENT OPERATING SYSTEMS .............................................................. 12
ETHICS & ISSUES 9-3: SHOULD YOU BE AN EARLY ADOPTER OF A NEW TECHNOLOGY? ....................................... 13
Website about Early Technology Adoption .........................................................................................................13
WINDOWS STORE ................................................................................................................................................ 14
MINI FEATURE 9-1: WINDOWS USER INTERFACE ................................................................................................. 16
MAC APP STORE .................................................................................................................................................. 19
MINI-FEATURE 9-2: MAC OS ................................................................................................................................ 21
TECHNOLOGY INNOVATOR: LINUS TORVALDS ..................................................................................................... 23
TECHNOLOGY TREND: LINUX POWERING THE INTERNET OF THINGS ................................................................... 24
SECURE IT 9-3: OPEN SOURCE OR CLOSED SOURCE – WHICH IS MORE SECURE? .................................................. 25
Websites about Open and Closed Source Security ..............................................................................................25
LINUX DISTRIBUTIONS AND LIVE CDS/LIVE USBS ................................................................................................. 26
CHROMEBOOKS AND CHROMEBOXES ................................................................................................................. 27
HOW TO 9-3: VIRTUAL MACHINES ....................................................................................................................... 28
Websites about Virtual Machines .......................................................................................................................28
HIGH-TECH TALK: VIRTUALIZATION ..................................................................................................................... 29
Types of Virtualization ........................................................................................................................................30
WINDOWS SERVER AND OS X SERVER ................................................................................................................. 31

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TECHNOLOGY INNOVATOR: SUN ......................................................................................................................... 32
TECHNOLOGY INNOVATOR: IBM .......................................................................................................................... 33
ETHICS & ISSUES 9-4: SHOULD TEXT MESSAGES SENT BY EMPLOYEES BE PRIVATE? ............................................ 34
Websites about Employee Text Message Privacy ...............................................................................................34
SECURE IT 9-4: BYOD SECURITY ISSUES ................................................................................................................ 35
Websites about BYOD Security Issues .................................................................................................................35
ANDROID ............................................................................................................................................................. 36
IOS ....................................................................................................................................................................... 37
WINDOWS PHONE ............................................................................................................................................... 38
TECHNOLOGY TREND: MOBILE VERSUS DESKTOP OPERATING SYSTEM USAGE ................................................... 39
Websites about Mobile and Desktop Operating System Usage ..........................................................................39
TECHNOLOGY @ WORK: METEOROLOGY ............................................................................................................. 40
Websites about Technology in Meteorology ......................................................................................................40

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Disclaimer
Cengage Learning and the Shelly Cashman authoring team do not support and are not responsible for
the content of material in third-party or external web/Internet sites. Opinions expressed at third-party
or external web/Internet sites do not necessarily reflect that of Cengage Learning or the Shelly Cashman
authoring team.

The Free Resources include links to web addresses at [Link]. Web addresses with this domain will
redirect to the actual websites or resources listed and are provided as abbreviated links for students
who wish to type them into a browser.

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Restarting Desktops and Laptops

Options to restart a computer running the Windows 8 operating system include the following:

 Tap or click the Shut down or Power Options button on the sign-in screen and then tap or click
Restart on the Shut down or Power Options menu
 Tap or click the Settings charm on the Charms bar, tap or click the Power button on the Settings
menu, and then tap or click Restart
 Press CTRL+ALT+DELETE, tap or click the Power button in the lower-right corner of the screen,
and then tap or click Restart

Options to restart computer running the Mac OS operating system include the following:

 Click Restart on the Apple menu

 Hold down the computer or device’s Power button or press its Restart button
 Press CTRL+EJECT and then click Restart

Indicate whether the following statement is true or false by tapping or clicking your response, which
will open a browser window or tab that reveals whether your selection is correct or incorrect. Close the
window or tab when you are finished viewing it.

The same procedures can be used to restart Windows computers and Apple computers.
True
False

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Single Tasking, Multitasking, and Multiuser Operating Systems

The following lists identify examples of single-tasking, multitasking, and multiuser operating systems.
You can find additional information by entering the list items as search text.

 Single tasking operating systems

o MS-DOS
o Embedded operating systems found in electronics and machinery
 Multitasking operating systems
o Linux
o Mac OS
o Windows
 Multiuser operating systems
o Linux
o Mac OS X Serer
o UNIX
o Windows Server

Indicate whether the following statement is true or false by tapping or clicking your response, which
will open a browser window or tab that reveals whether your selection is correct or incorrect. Close the
window or tab when you are finished viewing it.

UNIX is an example of a multiuser operating system.

True
False

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High-Tech Talk: Benchmarking

A benchmark is a surveyor’s reference mark — a point of reference from which other measurements can
be made. Benchmarking is used to evaluate various aspects of enterprises and is widely used in
computer technology. Additional types of benchmarking exist, such as process benchmarking and
performance benchmarking. In computer technology, a benchmark is a set of conditions used to
measure the performance of hardware or software. Benchmark testing involves running a set of
standard tests to compare the performance of two or more systems. Websites and programs are
available that can perform simple benchmark tests against parameters such as the speed of a
computer’s processor or the speed of the Internet connection. The computer industry, however, uses
far more complex benchmark tests.

Suppose you are a network administrator and need to buy new servers to support your organization’s e-
commerce website. To start, you can access published benchmark results from organizations such as
SPEC and TPC. Both SPEC (Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation) and TPC (Transaction
Processing Performance Counsel) are nonprofit groups that define and maintain benchmarks for the
computer industry. TPC, for example, tests using its TPC Benchmark W (TPC-W), which measures how
servers perform while supporting an e-commerce website. Reading published benchmark test results
from these groups can help you determine how one vendor’s system might perform relative to
another’s.

To understand benchmark results fully, you should understand the design and measurements (or
metrics) used for the test. The TPC-W benchmark, for example, uses two primary metrics: WIPS and
$/WIPS. WIPS is the number of web interactions per second that can be sustained by the system under
test, or SUT (in this case, multiple servers). The $/WIPS is the system cost per WIPS, which is the total
cost of the SUT divided by WIPS.

To calculate WIPS, TPC-W uses several algorithms, or formulas. One calculation is Web Interaction
Response Time (WIRT), which is the time it takes to complete a web interaction. A web interaction might
start when a user taps or clicks a link to request a webpage and ends when the browser receives all of
the data from the requested webpage. WIRT is calculated using the algorithm shown in the table below.
Using this algorithm, if a web interaction starts at 1:00:00 and the last byte of data is sent at 1:00:07, the
WIRT is 7 seconds.

WIRT is used to calculate the number of web interactions successfully completed during the length of
the benchmark test, or measurement interval. During the measurement interval, the browser
repeatedly cycles through requesting and then receiving a requested page, measuring the time to
receive it (WIRT), and then requesting the next page. To be considered a successful web interaction,
each type of web interaction must have a WIRT less than the TPC-specified constraint. For example, a
home page web interaction must have a WIRT of less than three seconds or it is not used when
calculating WIPS.

The total number of successful web interactions completed in a measurement interval is used to
calculate WIPS. WIPS is calculated using the algorithm shown in the table below. Using this algorithm, if
14,009,400 web interactions are completed successfully during a 30-minute test period, the WIPS rating
for the system is 14,009,400/1,800 or 7,783 WIPs. The higher the WIPS rating, the more requests the
web server can handle per second.

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The $/WIPS rating is determined by dividing the price of the SUT by the WIPS value. Using this algorithm,
if a system rated as 7,783 WIPS costs $190,036, the $/WIPS rating is $190,036/7,783 or 24.42.

The TPC-W benchmark also measures the total number of connections a web server can handle. Using
the algorithm shown in the table below, if a website supports 35,000 browsers using 10 web servers,
each web server is supporting 2 * (35,000/10), or 7,000 connections.

Benchmarking Algorithms
Web Interaction Response Time (WIRT)
Defined by the algorithm, WIRT = T2 – T1, where

T1 = time when the first byte of request is sent to the web server; and

T2 = time after the last byte of a requested webpage is received by the browser
Web Interactions Per Second (WIPS)
Defined by the algorithm, WI/(MI), where:

WI = total number of web interactions completed successfully; and

MI = length of the measurement interval in seconds

System Cost Per WIPS ($/WIPS)
Defined by the algorithm, System Cost/WIPS, where:

System Cost = entire price of the SUT, including all new hardware, software, and three-year
maintenance charges; and

WIPS = web interactions successfully completed

Total Number of Connections Supported by a Web Server
Defined by the algorithm, 2 * (Number of Browsers/Web Servers), where 2 represents the 2
connections per user (one nonsecure, one secure), Number of Browsers is the number of users
browsing the website; and Web Servers is the number of web servers supporting the website

Data points such as WIPS, $/WIPS, and number of connections are the result of a benchmarking process.
These data points provide the detailed information required to make informed purchasing decisions. For
example, the WIPS and $/WIPS ratings in a benchmark report can help you better understand how the
servers will perform in the real-world environment of your e-commerce website.

The TPC-W benchmark is just one of numerous industry benchmarks used to test different aspects of
systems’ performance.

What other reasons make benchmarking important?

Indicate whether the following statement is true or false by tapping or clicking your response, which
will open a browser window or tab that reveals whether your selection is correct or incorrect. Close the
window or tab when you are finished viewing it.

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TPC-W is the number of web interactions per second that can be sustained by the system being tested.
True
False

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Ethics & Issues 9-1: Should Manufacturers Include Extra Programs in

Operating Systems for Computers and Mobile Devices?
The resources listed in the table below contain more information about bloatware. As an alternative to
tapping, clicking, or entering the web address, you can find desired information by entering search text
from the table’s Website Name or Description column.

Websites about Bloatware

Website Name Description Web Address
Business Insider Article titled “Lenovo: We're done with [Link]/16/09e1a
'bloatware' and 'adware'”
PC World Article about cleaning bloatware off of your [Link]/16/09e1b
computer

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Secure IT 9-1: Automatic Updates – Safe or Not?

The resources listed in the table below contain more information about issues related to automatic
updates. As an alternative to tapping, clicking, or entering the web address, you can find desired
information by entering search text from the table’s Website Name or Description column.

Websites about Automatic Updates’ Safety

Website Name Description Web Address
About Tech Article titled “How To Fix Problems Caused [Link]/16/09s1a
by Windows Updates”
CNET Article titled “How to troubleshoot [Link]/16/09s1b
software-update problems”
Gizmo’s Freeware Article titled “Best Free Software Update [Link]/16/09s1c
Monitor”

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Secure IT 9-2: Using and Evaluating an Operating System’s Built-In

Security Tools
The resources listed in the table below contain more information about an operating system’s built-in
security tools. As an alternative to tapping, clicking, or entering the web address, you can find desired
information by entering search text from the table’s Website Name or Description column.

Websites about Operating Systems’ Built-In Security Tools

Website Name Description Web Address
Microsoft Safety & Security Article titled “See if your Windows [Link]/16/09s2a
Center operating system has protection built in”
National Security Agency Article lists security configuration guides for [Link]/16/09s2b
Apple iOS and OS X, Red Hat Enterprise
Linux, and Microsoft Windows
TechTarget Article titled “Linux security guide: Linux, [Link]/16/09s2c
open source security tools and tips”

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Device-Dependent and Device-Independent Operating Systems

The table below identifies popular device-dependent and device-independent operating systems. You
can find additional information by entering search text from the table’s Name column.

Name Device Dependent Device Independent

Apple iOS X
Chrome OS X
Google Android X
Linux X
Mac OS X Server X
OS X X
UNIX X
Windows X
Windows Phone X
Windows Server X

Discover More: To display search results about operating systems in a new browser window or tab, tap
or click this link: [Link]/16/09r3. Close the window or tab when you are finished viewing it.

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Ethics & Issues 9-3: Should You Be an Early Adopter of a New

Technology?
The resource listed in the table below contains more information about early technology adoption. As
an alternative to tapping, clicking, or entering the web address, you can find desired information by
entering search text from the table’s Website Name or Description column.

Website about Early Technology Adoption

Website Name Description Web Address
idea couture Article titled “Innovation & Early Adopters: [Link]/16/09e3a
Beyond The Bell Curve”

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Windows Store
Figure 1 shows some of the top free, new and rising, top grossing, and top paid apps on the Windows
Store.

Figure 1: The Windows Store.

The following list identifies categories of apps available through the Windows Store.

 Books & Reference

 Business
 Education
 Entertainment
 Finance
 Food & Dining
 Games
 Government
 Health & Fitness
 Lifestyle
 Music & Video
 News & Weather
 Photo
 Productivity
 Security
 Shopping
 Social
 Sports

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 Tools
 Travel

Discover More: To display search results about Windows Store in a new browser window or tab, tap or
click this link: [Link]/16/09r4. Close the window or tab when you are finished viewing it.

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Mini Feature 9-1: Windows User Interface

Microsoft introduced Windows 1.0 in 1985 as a graphical user interface extension of the command-line
interface of MS-DOS. Current Windows versions include: Windows 8.1 (PCs), Windows Phone 8.1
(smartphones), Embedded 8 (embedded computers), and Server 2012 R2 (network servers).
Windows 10 currently is in technical preview and is expected to be released in late 2015. Expected
updates include: the return of the Start menu, a device-dependent interface, text and voice input with
Cortana, and a virtual desktop.
The table below includes a history of Windows versions.

Windows Version Year Released New or Updated Features

Windows 3.x 1990  Provided a GUI
 An operating environment working with DOS
Windows NT 3.1 1993  Client OS that connected to a Windows NT Advanced
Server
 Interface similar to Windows 3.x
Windows 95 1995  True multitasking operating system
 Improved GUI
 Included support for networking, Plug and Play
technology, longer file names, and email
Windows NT 1996  Client OS that connected to a Windows NT Server
Workstation 4.0  Interface similar to Windows 95
 Network integration
Windows 98 1998  Upgrade to Windows 95
 More integrated with the Internet; included Internet
Explorer (a browser)
 Faster system start-up and shut down, better file
management, support for multimedia technologies
(e.g., DVDs), and USB connectivity
Windows 2000 2000  Upgrade to Windows NT Workstation 4.0
Professional  Complete multitasking client OS designed for
business personal computers
 Certified device drivers, faster performance, adaptive
Start menu, image viewer, enhanced for mobile users
Windows Millennium 2000  Upgrade to Windows 98
Edition (Me)  Designed for the home user who wanted music
playing, video editing, and networking capabilities
Windows XP 2001  Upgrade to Windows Millennium Edition called
Windows XP Home Edition
 Upgrade to Windows 2000 Professional called
Windows XP Professional
 Windows XP Tablet PC Edition designed for Tablet PC
users
 Windows XP Media Center Edition designed for PCs
used for home entertainment

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 Windows XP Professional x64 Edition designed for

workstations that use 64-bit processors
 Improved interface and increased performance in all
editions

Service Pack 1 2002  Added a settings page that enabled users to set
default programs and disable preinstalled programs
 Added support for USB 2.0, .NET Framework, and
tablet versions

Service Pack 2 2004  More built-in security technologies, improved firewall

utility, and automatic blocking of Internet pop-up
advertisements

Service Pack 3 2008  Improved security and Network Access Protection

restricted computers that did not meet specified
requirements
Windows Vista 2006/2007  Upgrade to Windows XP
 Easier to navigate user interface, simplified
customization techniques, and improved
performance and reliability
 Enhanced administration of user accounts and
improved firewall
 New Instant Search improved searching capabilities
 New Documents Explorer, Pictures Explorer, and
Music Explorer improved organizing capabilities

Service Pack 1 2008  Improved Instant Search feature, increased support

for devices and drivers, compatibility with more
application software, and enhanced security

Service Pack 2 2009  Support for new hardware, increased performance,

and increased security
Windows 7 2009  Upgrade to Windows Vista
 Improved desktop interface and navigation
 Simplified home and wireless networking
 Enhanced searching capabilities
 Improved performance for both desktop and laptop
computers
 Support for touch screen computers
 Access to free, downloadable programs through the
Windows Live website
Windows 8 2013  Modified user interface to be compatible with mobile
device versions and touch screens
 Introduced Windows Store, a marketplace to
purchase and download apps

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
Included security features, such as built-in antivirus
protection, a secure boot process, and user
authentication
 Start screen replaced the traditional Start menu
Windows 10 2015 (expected) Expected changes include:
 Return of the Start menu
 Additional integration of touch input features
 Less storage space required
 Added security features such as Passport (secure
sign-in) and Hello (biometric sign-in)
 Universal apps that run on and sync to various
devices

What features do you see as benefits to Windows? What additional features would you like included
with future releases?

Indicate whether the following statement is true or false by tapping or clicking your response, which
will open a browser window or tab that reveals whether your selection is correct or incorrect. Close the
window or tab when you are finished viewing it.

Siri is the text and voice input feature of Microsoft Windows.

True
False

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Mac App Store

Figure 2 shows some of the top paid, top free, and top grossing apps on the Mac App Store.

Figure 2: The Mac App Store.

The following list identifies categories of apps available through the Mac App Store.

 Books
 Business
 Catalogs
 Education
 Entertainment & Finance
 Food & Drink
 Games
 Health & Fitness
 Kids
 Lifestyle
 Medical
 Music
 Navigation

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 News
 Newsstand
 Photo & Video
 Productivity
 Reference
 Social Networking
 Sports
 Travel
 Utilities
 Weather

Discover More: To display search results about Mac App Store in a new browser window or tab, tap or
click this link: [Link]/16/09r5. Close the window or tab when you are finished viewing it.

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Mini-Feature 9-2: Mac OS

In 2000, Apple introduced a brand new operating system, Mac OS X, which was vastly different from
previous versions of Mac OS. In addition to identifying each version of Mac OS X by a version number,
Apple also identifies each version with a unique name. The table below shows versions of Mac OS X that
have been released since the first version (10.0), as well as major features introduced with each new
version.

Mac OS X Version Number Year Released New or Updated Features

10.0 (Cheetah) 2001  Address book
 Aqua interface
 Dock
 Mail
10.1 (Puma) 2001  DVD burning and playback
 Increased printer support
10.2 (Jaguar) 2002  iChat
 Improved Finder
 Inkwell
 Updated Address Book
 Updated Mail app
 Windows network support
10.3 (Panther) 2003  Fast user switching
 FireVault
 Preview
 Safari 2
 TextEdit
10.4 (Tiger) 2005  Dashboard
 Dictionary
 Mail 2
 QuickTime 7
 Spotlight
10.5 (Leopard) 2007  Back to My Mac
 Boot Camp
 iCal
 Safari 3
 Time Machine
10.6 (Snow Leopard) 2009  New Finder
 Microsoft Exchange support
 QuickTime X
 Safari 4
10.7 (Lion) 2011  AirDrop
 Apple Push Notification Service
 FaceTime
 Launchpad
 Mac App Store
 Mail 5

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10.8 (Mountain Lion) 2012  Game Center

 Messages
 Notes
 Notification Center
10.9 (Mavericks) 2013  Maps
 Enhanced Calendar
 iCloud Keychain
 Finder tabs
 Tags
10.10 (Yosemite) 2014  Handoff
 iCloud Drive
 Instant Hotspot
 New Spotlight design
 Screen sharing
 Send and receive SMS messages

Indicate whether the following statement is true or false by tapping or clicking your response, which
will open a browser window or tab that reveals whether your selection is correct or incorrect. Close the
window or tab when you are finished viewing it.

Game Center was introduced with Mac OS X 10.8.

True
False

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Technology Innovator: Linus Torvalds

When Linus Torvalds developed an operating system in 1991, he announced his project in an Internet
newsgroup. He made the source code available and asked readers for suggestions to enhance the
product. Computer users responded by reviewing the system and offering enhancements. Three years
later, he released a greatly enhanced version he called Linux. Torvalds developed this innovative
operating system when he was a 21-year-old computer science student in Finland.

Today, Torvalds leads the development of Linux as a fellow at OSDL (Open Source Development Labs), a
not-for-profit consortium of companies dedicated to developing and promoting the operating system.
Torvalds says his daily involvement with Linux involves coordinating and merging the lines of code
submitted by users so that the software runs smoothly. Although he was its original creator, because of
the number of collaborators and contributors, it is estimated that he wrote only 2 percent of the Linux
code in use today.

Among the many honors and recognitions bestowed upon Torvalds is the 2014 IEEE Computer Society
Computer Pioneer Award.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using the Linux operating system? Why would
computer users prefer to use open source software?

Indicate whether the following statement is true or false by tapping or clicking your response, which
will open a browser window or tab that reveals whether your selection is correct or incorrect. Close the
window or tab when you are finished viewing it.

As the key Linux developer, Linus Torvalds has written the majority of this operating system’s code being
used today.
True
False

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Technology Trend: Linux Powering the Internet of Things

You place your brainwave-sensing headband on your forehead and finish the word game you started on
your smartphone this morning simply by thinking of the words. You then strap on your smartwatch and
check your email inbox. These devices and billions more are expected to be connected wirelessly by
2020. They are part of the Internet of Things (IoT), which is discussed in the Consider This feature in
Chapter 3 and in Mini Feature 6-1 in Chapter 6.

Linux is the one operating system used to support and connect these devices. This software is necessary
to synchronize the technology and create an environment where communications can occur among the
products. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Standards Association (IEEE-SA) is the
organization behind coordinating the Linux standards and giving engineers a common platform to design
and test their IoT products. By using these common Linux criteria, the self-driving cars, medical devices,
home appliances, Android smartphones and tablets, and billions of other products are ensured of
working together throughout the world.

What uses would you find for IoT devices? What type of IoT product would simplify your life?

Indicate whether the following statement is true or false by tapping or clicking your response, which
will open a browser window or tab that reveals whether your selection is correct or incorrect. Close the
window or tab when you are finished viewing it.

The IEEE-SA coordinates the Linux operating system standards that synchronize IoT devices.
True
False

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Secure IT 9-3: Open Source or Closed Source – Which Is More Secure?

The resources listed in the table below contain more information about security issues associated with
open and closed source programs. As an alternative to tapping, clicking, or entering the web address,
you can find desired information by entering search text from the table’s Website Name or Description
column.

Websites about Open and Closed Source Security

Website Name Description Web Address
TechTarget Article titled “Open-source security model [Link]/16/09s3a
undermined by lack of resources”
Veracode Article titled “Security Showdown: The [Link]/16/09s3b
Open Source vs. Closed Source Debate”
ZDNet Article titled “Six open source security [Link]/16/09s3c
myths debunked – and eight real challenges
to consider”

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Linux Distributions and Live CDs/Live USBs

The following list identifies Live CD and Live USB providers for versions of the Linux operating system.
You can find additional information by entering the list items as search text.

 Finnix
 Grml
 Knoppix
 Puppy Linux
 Slax Linux
 Ubuntu

The following list identifies websites that describe available Live CDs and Live USBs for various operating
systems. Many of these also include descriptions of Linux distributions. You can find additional
information by entering the list items as search text.

 [Link]
 KDE UserBase Wiki
 [Link] Directory
 Pendrivelinux
 The LiveCD List

Discover More: To display search results about Linux distributions in a new browser window or tab, tap
or click this link: [Link]/16/09r6. Close the window or tab when you are finished viewing it.

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Chromebooks and Chromeboxes

The following list identifies popular Chromebook and Chromebox manufacturers. You can find additional
information by entering the list items as search text.

 Acer
 ASUS
 Dell
 Google
 HP
 Lenovo
 Samsung
 Toshiba

Discover More: To display search results about Chromebooks in a new browser window or tab, tap or
click this link: [Link]/16/09r7. Close the window or tab when you are finished viewing it.

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How To 9-3: Virtual Machines

The resources listed in the table below contain more information about virtual machines. As an
alternative to tapping, clicking, or entering the web address, you can find desired information by
entering search text from the table’s Website Name or Description column.

Websites about Virtual Machines

Website Name Description Web Address
Digital Trends Website about the five best programs that [Link]/16/09h3a
create and run virtual machines
How-To Geek Article titled “Beginner Geek: How to Create [Link]/16/09h3b
and Use Virtual Machines”
VMware Website describing a popular program used [Link]/16/09h3c
to create and run virtual machines

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High-Tech Talk: Virtualization

As mentioned in the text, virtualization is the practice of sharing or pooling computing resources, such
as servers or storage devices (Figure 3). Server virtualization is a type of virtualization that divides one
physical server into several virtual servers, where each virtual server can run its own server operating
system and perform its own function. The ability to run multiple virtual servers on a single physical
server can provide significant cost savings for IT departments because it is no longer necessary to
purchase a separate physical server each time you require additional functions and capabilities. For
instance, if a company requires a web server and a server to store and share files, two physical servers
used to be required, and each of the two servers might not have even been used near or at its full
capacity. In addition, one physical server running multiple virtual servers may consume less power and
require less cooling than multiple physical servers.

Programs Programs Programs

and apps and apps and apps

Operating Operating Operating

system system system

Virtual Virtual Virtual

machine machine machine

Virtualization software
Physical machine
Figure 3: An example of virtualization.

Today, one physical server using virtualization can host multiple virtual servers where each one
performs a unique function, such as hosting websites. Virtualization also results in a higher utilization of
each physical server. Most new servers today are very powerful and can be configured to run multiple
virtual servers simultaneously. Factors such as the number, type, and speed of processors, amount of
memory, and hard drive capacity all determine how many virtual servers can run on a single physical
server.

In addition to having the proper hardware to support virtualization, you also must have the proper
virtualization software running on the physical server to support the virtual servers. Virtualization
software, such as VMware Server, VMware ESXi, and Microsoft Hyper-V, allows you to create one or
more virtual servers. Virtualization software manages the resources on the physical server (also called

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the host server) by controlling the processing power, storage, and memory each virtual server can use. If
you do not allow a virtual machine access to enough resources, it may run slowly or may not run at all.
Carefully review the system requirements for the server operating system and software used on the
virtual server to help determine the resources you should make available to it. If you allocate too many
resources to a virtual server, those same resources may not be available to other virtual servers that
might need them.

Server virtualization is only one type of virtualization. The table below describes several additional types
of virtualization in use today:

Types of Virtualization
Type of Virtualization Description
Application virtualization Runs applications independently from the computer accessing it, and
does not require installation of the application on the client
computer.
Network virtualization Combines various resources, including hardware and software, to
appear as if they are one, connected unit.
Operating system virtualization Allows you to run multiple operating systems on one physical
computer. Many people use operating system virtualization to install
multiple operating systems on their computer (such as installing
Windows on a Mac).
Server virtualization Divides one physical server into multiple virtual servers, each
performing a different function.
Storage virtualization Multiple storage devices that are connected to a network, appearing
as a single storage device.

Have you seen examples of virtualization in use? Where? In what other ways might virtualization be
beneficial to businesses?

Indicate whether the following statement is true or false by tapping or clicking your response, which
will open a browser window or tab that reveals whether your selection is correct or incorrect. Close the
window or tab when you are finished viewing it.

VMWare ESXi is an example of virtualization software.

True
False

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Windows Server and OS X Server

Current capabilities of the latest version of Microsoft’s Windows Server include the following:

 Automatic rerouting around storage, server, and network failures

 Data access management and information protection
 Data center management
 Diverse storage choices
 Link with public cloud storage services
 Multi-server manageability
 Private clouds
 Server virtualization
 Support for open frameworks and open source software
 Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI)

Current capabilities of the latest version of OS X Server include the following:

 Caching server
 Calendar server
 Contacts server
 File sharing
 Mail server
 Messages server
 NetInstall (provides capability to boot from a network)
 Profile manager integrated with Apple Push Notification Service
 Share folders, exchange files, and access documents within a group on a Mac, iPad, or PC
 Supports UNIX permissions and access control lists (ACLs)
 Time Machine backups
 Virtual Private Network (VPN) server
 Wiki server
 Xsan (storage area network)

Discover More: To display search results about Windows Server and OS X Server in a new browser
window or tab, tap or click this link: [Link]/16/09r8. Close the window or tab when you are finished
viewing it.

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Technology Innovator: Sun

“The network is the computer,” according to Sun Microsystems’ vision. Corporation leaders believed
network participation drives originality, development, and open source leadership. In 2010, Oracle
acquired Sun Microsystems for approximately $7.4 billion. Sun’s products now are marketed under the
Oracle name, but the company still is remembered for its many contributions in shaping the technology
of today.

Nearly every sector of society and industry uses products Sun originally developed. Sun created
software, systems, services, and electronics that help run billions of devices, ranging from the world’s
largest data centers to some of the smallest consumer electronics. The company was the creator and
leading advocate of Java technology. Other top products were the MySQL database management
system, the StorageTek tape and library storage system, and the UltraSPARC processor.

What contributions did Sun make to help shape the open source movement?

Answer the following question by tapping or clicking the best response, which will open a browser
window or tab that reveals whether your selection is correct or incorrect. Close the window or tab when
you are finished viewing it.

Which company acquired Sun in 2010?

a. Apple
b. Google
c. Microsoft
d. Oracle

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Technology Innovator: IBM

The impact of IBM, nicknamed “Big Blue,” on technology is indisputable. IBM is credited with inventing
floppy disks, hard drives, ATMs, magnetic stripe card technologies, and more. Its services, consulting,
and infrastructure components have helped companies develop new business ventures, and its systems
supply nearly one-half of the world’s supercomputing processing power. The company’s research is
focused on five initiatives: cloud, Big Data and analytics, mobile, social business, and security.

The corporation was founded in 1911 as the Computing Tabulating Recording Company when three
companies merged to sell business-related gadgets, including a machine that used punched cards to
catalog data. Nine years later, Thomas J. Watson became chairman and changed the company’s name to
International Business Machines (IBM), which reflected its new direction toward introducing innovative
products to a global market. For more than 20 years, IBM held the record for most U.S. patents granted
annually. The company’s clocks are among the more popular collectible products, and many are still in
use today.

In 2005, IBM sold its PC business, including the popular ThinkPad brand, to Japanese company Lenovo.
Lenovo now is one of the largest PC manufacturers in the world. IBM continues to develop innovative
products and has laboratories around the world devoted to research. Its Watson computer system can
read and understand natural language and is named for IBM’s founder, Thomas J. Watson.

Have you used any IBM products? How did IBM help shape the technology you use today?

Answer the following question by tapping or clicking the best response, which will open a browser
window or tab that reveals whether your selection is correct or incorrect. Close the window or tab when
you are finished viewing it.

IBM sold its PC business to which company?

a. Gateway
b. Lenovo
c. Samsung
d. Toshiba

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Ethics & Issues 9-4: Should Text Messages Sent by Employees Be

Private?
The resources listed in the table below contain more information about employee text message privacy.
As an alternative to tapping, clicking, or entering the web address, you can find desired information by
entering search text from the table’s Website Name or Description column.

Websites about Employee Text Message Privacy

Website Name Description Web Address
CIO Article titled “What Can Employers Really [Link]/16/09e4a
See on a BYOD Smartphone or Tablet?”
Daily Mail Article titled “Is your boss reading your text [Link]/16/09e4b
messages? Two-thirds of employers are
now using electronic monitoring on
company equipment”

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Secure IT 9-4: BYOD Security Issues

The resources listed in the table below contain more information about security issues associated with
BYOD (bring your own device). As an alternative to tapping, clicking, or entering the web address, you
can find desired information by entering search text from the table’s Website Name or Description
column.

Websites about BYOD Security Issues

Website Name Description Web Address
[Link] Article titled “BYOD: data protection and [Link]/16/09s4a
information security issues”
Privacy Rights Clearinghouse Article titled “Fact Sheet 40: Bring Your Own [Link]/16/09s4b
Device . . . at Your Own Risk”
TechTarget Article titled “BYOD security strategies: [Link]/16/09s4c
Balancing BYOD risks and rewards”

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Android
The following list identifies types of computers and devices equipped with the Android operating
system. Apps for these devices are available from the Amazon Appstore for Android and the Google Play
store. You can find additional information by entering the text, android, followed by the list item as
search text.

 Navigation systems
 Smart TVs
 Smartphones
 Smartwatches
 Tablets

Discover More: To display search results about devices that use the Android operating system in a new
browser window or tab, tap or click this link: [Link]/16/09r9. Close the window or tab when you are
finished viewing it.

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iOS
The following list identifies types of computers and devices equipped with the iOS operating system.
Apps for these devices are available from the iTunes Store. You can find additional information by
entering the text, ios, followed by the list item as search text.

 Digital media players

 Portable media players
 Smartphones
 Smartwatches
 Tablets

Discover More: To display search results about devices that use the iOS operating system in a new
browser window or tab, tap or click this link: [Link]/16/09r10. Close the window or tab when you
are finished viewing it.

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Windows Phone
The Windows Phone operating system is found on smartphones developed by Microsoft. Apps for these
phones are available from the Windows Phone store. You can find additional information by entering
the text, windows phones.

Discover More: To display search results about devices that use the Windows Phone operating system in
a new browser window or tab, tap or click this link: [Link]/16/09r11. Close the window or tab when
you are finished viewing it.

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Technology Trend: Mobile versus Desktop Operating System Usage

The resources listed in the table below contain more information about mobile and desktop operating
system usage. As an alternative to tapping, clicking, or entering the web address, you can find desired
information by entering search text from the table’s Website Name or Description column.

Websites about Mobile and Desktop Operating System Usage

Website Name Description Web Address
IDC Article describing how Android and iOS [Link]/16/09t2a
have grown to more than 96 percent of the
smartphone operating system market
IT World Article titled “How does Android stack up as [Link]/16/09t2b
a desktop operating system?”
[Link] Article titled “OS Platform Statistics” [Link]/16/09t2c

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Technology @ Work: Meteorology

The resources listed in the table below contain more information about how the meteorology industry
uses technology. As an alternative to tapping, clicking, or entering the web address, you can find desired
information by entering search text from the table’s Website Name or Description column.

Websites about Technology in Meteorology

Website Name Description Web Address
Meteorological Technology Website for the Meteorological Technology [Link]/16/09w1a
World Expo World Expo that showcases advances in
meteorological technologies
National Hurricane Center Information about the Technology and [Link]/16/09w1b
Science branch of the National Hurricane
Center
Science Daily Article titled “GPS technology improves [Link]/16/09w1c
weather forecasting”

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