Chapter 8 Free Resources

DIGITAL STORAGE: Preserving Content Locally and on the Cloud

Table of Contents
Tap or click any topic below to view its content.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................................................................. 1
DISCLAIMER ........................................................................................................................................................... 3
TECHNOLOGY INNOVATORS: PINTEREST AND ITS FOUNDER, BEN SILBERMAN ...................................................... 4
MINI FEATURE 8-1: MEDIA SHARING ..................................................................................................................... 5
PHOTO, VIDEO, AND MUSIC SHARING ................................................................................................................................5
Websites about Photo, Video, and Music Sharing ................................................................................................5
CREATIVE COMMONS ......................................................................................................................................................5
Websites about Creative Commons ......................................................................................................................5
COPYRIGHT PROTECTION .................................................................................................................................................5
Websites about Copyright Protection ...................................................................................................................6
TECHNOLOGY INNOVATORS: SEAGATE AND STORAGE PIONEER, AL SHUGART ..................................................... 7
HIGH-TECH TALK: RECOVERING DATA .................................................................................................................... 8
HARD DISKS AND EXTERNAL HARD DRIVES .......................................................................................................... 11
HARD DISK STORAGE CAPACITY ......................................................................................................................................11
HARD DISK SECTORS .....................................................................................................................................................11
HARD DISK READ/WRITE HEADS.....................................................................................................................................11
DISK CACHE ................................................................................................................................................................11
ADDING A SECOND INTERNAL HARD DRIVE TO A COMPUTER ................................................................................................12
HOW TO 8-1: DEFRAGMENTING A HARD DISK ..................................................................................................... 13
Websites about Defragmenting a Hard Disk.......................................................................................................13
SSDS .................................................................................................................................................................... 14
SSD STORAGE CAPACITY AND SPEED ................................................................................................................................14
ORGANIZATION ............................................................................................................................................................14
SECURE IT 8-1: ENCRYPTING DATA AND FILES ON STORAGE DEVICES .................................................................. 15
Websites about Encrypting Data and Files on Storage Devices ..........................................................................15
DRIVE INTERFACES ............................................................................................................................................... 16
TECHNOLOGY INNOVATOR: SANDISK .................................................................................................................. 17
MEMORY CARDS .................................................................................................................................................. 18
USB FLASH DRIVES ............................................................................................................................................... 19
SECURE IT 8-2: SAFELY REMOVE MEDIA ............................................................................................................... 20
Websites about Safely Removing Media .............................................................................................................20
TECHNOLOGY INNOVATORS: AMAZON AND ITS FOUNDER, JEFF BEZOS .............................................................. 21
MINI FEATURE 8-2: SERVICES OFFERED BY CLOUD STORAGE PROVIDERS ............................................................ 22
STORE AND SYNCHRONIZE FILES ......................................................................................................................................22

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BACK UP FILES.............................................................................................................................................................22
WRITE AND EDIT DOCUMENTS........................................................................................................................................23
STREAM MUSIC ...........................................................................................................................................................23
POST PHOTOS .............................................................................................................................................................24
PLAY GAMES ...............................................................................................................................................................24
OPTICAL DISC FORMATS ...................................................................................................................................... 26
TECHNOLOGY TREND: DIGITIZING NONDIGITAL MEDIA ....................................................................................... 27
ETHICS & ISSUES 8-2: ARE BUSINESSES VULNERABLE WHEN EMPLOYEES USE THEIR OWN DEVICES TO ACCESS
COMPANY DATA? ................................................................................................................................................ 28
Websites about BYOD Policies ............................................................................................................................28
FC TECHNOLOGY .................................................................................................................................................. 29
HIGH-TECH TALK: RAID ........................................................................................................................................ 30
TECHNOLOGY TREND: HOW RECAPTCHAS DIGITIZE MEDIA ................................................................................. 33
ETHICS & ISSUES 8-3: SHOULD MANUFACTURERS BE REQUIRED TO CLOSE BACK DOORS AFTER PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT? .................................................................................................................................................. 34
Websites about Back Doors ................................................................................................................................34
SECURE IT 8-3: USING CREDIT CARDS SAFELY ....................................................................................................... 35
Websites about Using Credit Cards Safely ..........................................................................................................35
USES OF NFC TECHNOLOGY.................................................................................................................................. 36
SECURE IT 8-4: KEEPING NFC TRANSACTIONS SAFE .............................................................................................. 37
Websites about Keeping NFC Transactions Safe .................................................................................................37
MINI FEATURE 8-3: BACKUP PLANS...................................................................................................................... 38
CONTINUOUS DATA PROTECTION ....................................................................................................................................38
INCREMENTAL BACKUP ..................................................................................................................................................38
BACKUP SOFTWARE ......................................................................................................................................................38
SERVICES THAT SYNC DATA TO A COMPUTER OR TO A CLOUD SERVICE ...................................................................................38
TECHNOLOGY @ WORK: AUTOMOTIVE ............................................................................................................... 40
Websites about Technology in the Automotive Industry ....................................................................................40

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Disclaimer
Cengage Learning and the Shelly Cashman authoring team do not support and are not responsible for
the content of material in third-party or external web/Internet sites. Opinions expressed at third-party
or external web/Internet sites do not necessarily reflect that of Cengage Learning or the Shelly Cashman
authoring team.

The Free Resources include links to web addresses at [Link]. Web addresses with this domain will
redirect to the actual websites or resources listed and are provided as abbreviated links for students
who wish to type them into a browser.

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Technology Innovators: Pinterest and Its Founder, Ben Silberman

Sharing links to web content is the goal of Pinterest. This popular website allows users to store and
organize collections of visual bookmarks either to keep private or to share with other users. The free
services encourage people to browse the content to discover products and learn from others who share
similar interests.

To use Pinterest effectively, many users install a browser plug-in that makes it easy to "pin" images and
other web content. They then upload pinned items to their Pinterest boards, which are pages on the
web where users can view one another's pinned content that is organized by theme or topic. Pinterest
members can search for content and then upload the image to their boards or follow the boards to learn
about and share common interests. Businesses use Pinterest to promote their products and to discover
what content members are pinning from websites and how this activity has fluctuated during a given
time.

Ben Silberman cofounded the Pinterest website in 2010 after working in Google’s display advertising
group for two years. As a youth, he played the cello in the Des Moines youth symphony and participated
on his high school’s debate team. He also collected objects, especially insects, and realized that other
people were just as passionate about collecting and sharing objects, such as stamps, baseball cards, and
books. He knew that people desired to display their collections, so he and two friends developed
Pinterest with the intent of allowing these collectors to express themselves and share their projects and
interests with the rest of the world.

Have you used Pinterest? If so, which collections did you view? Have you posted any material to
Pinterest? Why is Pinterest one of the more popular bookmarking sites?

Indicate whether the following statement is true or false by tapping or clicking your response, which
will open a browser window or tab that reveals whether your selection is correct or incorrect. Close the
window or tab when you are finished viewing it.

Pinterest members use the Pin It button to upload content to their boards.
True
False

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Mini Feature 8-1: Media Sharing

The following sections discuss online sharing of photo, video, and music files; Creative Commons
licensing options; and copyright infringement avoidance.

Photo, Video, and Music Sharing

The resources listed in the table below contain more information about sharing online photos, videos,
and music. As an alternative to tapping, clicking, or entering the web address, you can find desired
information by entering search text from the table’s Website Name or Description column.

Websites about Photo, Video, and Music Sharing

Website Name Description Web Address
How-To Geek Article titled “The Best Free Ways to Share [Link]/16/08m1a
Photos With Friends and Family Other Than
Facebook”
Lifehacker Article titled “What’s the Best Way to Share [Link]/16/08m1b
Large Files with Friends?”
Technology Personalized Article titled “Best Ways to Create and [Link]/16/08m1c
Share Music Playlists”

Creative Commons
The resources listed in the table below contain more information about Creative Commons standards.
As an alternative to tapping, clicking, or entering the web address, you can find desired information by
entering search text from the table’s Website Name or Description column.

Websites about Creative Commons

Website Name Description Web Address
Creative Commons Creative Commons website includes details [Link]/16/08m1d
about licensing works, searching for
creative works, case studies, videos, and
projects
New Media Rights Article titled “A citizen’s legal guide to using [Link]/16/08m1e
Creative Commons licenses”
SoundCloud Article discusses selecting a Creative [Link]/16/08m1f
Commons license for sounds and also
locating and using sounds licensed under
Creative Commons

Copyright Protection
The resources listed in the table below contain more information about obtaining a copyright and not
infringing upon another copyright. As an alternative to tapping, clicking, or entering the web address,
you can find desired information by entering search text from the table’s Website Name or Description
column.

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Websites about Copyright Protection

Website Name Description Web Address
About Tech Article titled “Myths Of Copying and Sharing [Link]/16/08m1g
CD’s and MP3’s”
Digital Media Law Project Article titled “Works Not Covered By [Link]/16/08m1h
Copyright”
The Geek Daily Article titled “How To Get Copyright [Link]/16/08m1i
Protection For Your Digital Work”

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Technology Innovators: Seagate and Storage Pioneer, Al Shugart

Seagate has been at the forefront of the digital storage world since it developed the first 5.25-inch hard
disk for the personal computer in 1980. The company has shipped more than two billion hard drives
(hard disks and SSDs) and has launched its Cloud Systems and Solutions infrastructure to provide storage
for more than 50 percent of the largest cloud providers.

Seagate’s products include hard disks, solid-state drives, data recovery services, and cloud storage for
personal and business use. The company employs more than 50,000 workers worldwide. Seagate’s
quest for higher-capacity and faster hard drives resulted in it becoming the first manufacturer of a
desktop solid-state hybrid drive (SSHD), which has the speed of an SSD and the capacity of a hard disk.
The company’s Personal Cloud Home Media Storage allows users to store their videos, music, photos,
and content from all devices centrally and then stream these files at home or at remote locations.

Al Shugart and four other pioneers founded Seagate in 1979. Shugart said that his real goal in life was to
have fun, and he spent his life doing the things that gave him the most pleasure. The day after receiving
his bachelor’s degree in engineering physics in 1951, he landed a job at IBM doing what he loved to do:
fixing broken items and developing new technology. He was promoted to supervisor of the product
development team that developed the first removable hard disk.

Shugart left IBM and became vice president of Memorex. He then started Shugart Associates and began
developing floppy disks. In 1979, he cofounded Seagate Technology. As his company grew to become
the world’s largest hard disk manufacturer, he had fun placing his dog, Ernest, on the ballot for a
congressional seat. Shugart served as president and CEO of Al Shugart International, a venture capital
firm in California, until his death in 2006.

Do you use any Seagate products? If so, what are their positive and negative features? Why are
Seagate’s products so popular among consumers? Would you feel secure storing all your media files on
a personal cloud?

Indicate whether the following statement is true or false by tapping or clicking your response, which
will open a browser window or tab that reveals whether your selection is correct or incorrect. Close the
window or tab when you are finished viewing it.

Seagate is noted for its desktop and portable storage devices along with its cloud storage solutions for
business and personal uses.
True
False

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High-Tech Talk: Recovering Data

Accidents happen. According to Seagate, 6 percent of all data is lost every year, and 25 percent of
computer users lose data. Perhaps you overzealously deleted what you thought were unused or
unwanted files from a hard drive and then realized you really did need a particular photo or document.
Perhaps a virus deleted files without your knowledge. Or, in a dire situation, your hard drive failed
completely.

Help is available to assist with these misfortunes in an attempt to recover deleted files on a hard drive.
In some cases, the file actually is not deleted from memory when you issue the command to delete the
file. Instead, as shown in the hard disk in Figure 1 and the SSD in Figure 1, its file name merely is deleted
from the file directory, and the path or direct access to the file is lost.

Figure 1: File 2 name deleted from hard disk file directory, but file is not deleted.

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Figure 2: File 2 name deleted from SSD file directory, but file is not deleted.

The key to successful recovery is to act quickly to avoid compromising access to data. Do not save any
files or install any software until you recover the file. Some computers and mobile devices permanently
delete files when shutting down, or they may write data to the area where the file once resided, so the
longer you wait, the less likely you will be able to recover the file you deleted accidentally.

Recycle Bin/Trash recovery: Both Windows and Mac operating systems have a location to store
discarded files: with Windows, it is the Recycle Bin, and with Macs, it is the Trash. The files remain until a
user manually instructs the operating system to delete them. Look in the Recycle Bin or Trash for a
desired file. If you locate it, a restore command may move the file back to its original location. If you
empty the Recycle Bin or Trash, your chances of recovering a desired file are diminished greatly.

Freeware: Several free recovery programs are available to download. It is best to save this software on a
storage medium other than where the deleted files are located. Many of these programs also can
recover files on memory cards and USB flash drives, and they also may help repair damaged storage
devices. Bear in mind, however, that recovery success rates are low.

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Commercial data recovery: Expert data recovery software is available at retail stores or through the
storage manufacturer’s website, and it offers the greatest chances of retrieving desired files. The best
software can recover a variety of data files from USB flash drives, memory cards, CDs and DVDs, and
damaged sectors on internal and external hard drives. Although loss of data is not covered under
warranty, you can ship your hard drive to a data recovery service or, in some cases, to the
manufacturer’s lab. Often these services allow you to view online a list of the recovered files, so that you
can ensure the desired files exist before paying the full price of the service.

Have you mistakenly deleted files from a hard drive or other storage medium, or have you owned a
hard drive that failed? If so, were you able to retrieve the lost data? What precautions can you take to
avoid losing critical files?

Indicate whether the following statement is true or false by tapping or clicking your response, which
will open a browser window or tab that reveals whether your selection is correct or incorrect. Close the
window or tab when you are finished viewing it.

To avoid compromising access to a lost or deleted file, you should act quickly, not save any files, and not
install any software until you recover the desired file.
True
False

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Hard Disks and External Hard Drives

The following sections present additional information about hard disk storage capacity, sectors,
read/write heads, disk cache, and adding a second internal hard drive to a computer.

Hard Disk Storage Capacity

Laptop hard disks that have a form factor of 2.5 inches usually range in capacity from 500 GB to 1 TB or
more.

Desktop hard disks, however, typically have a form factor of 3.5 inches with capacities from 500 GB to 2
TB or more.

Hard Disk Sectors

For reading and writing purposes, sectors are grouped into clusters. A cluster is the smallest unit of disk
space that stores data and information. Each cluster, also called an allocation unit, consists of two to
eight sectors (the number varies depending on the operating system). Even if a file consists of only a few
bytes, it uses an entire cluster. Each cluster holds data from only one file. One file, however, can span
many clusters.

Hard Disk Read/Write Heads

The location of the read/write heads often is referred to by its cylinder. A cylinder is the vertical section
of a track that passes through all platters (Figure 3). A single movement of the read/write head arms
accesses all the platters in a cylinder. If a hard disk has two platters (four sides), each with 1,000 tracks,
then it will have 1,000 cylinders with each cylinder consisting of 4 tracks (2 tracks for each platter).

Figure 3: A cylinder is the vertical section of track through all platters on a hard disk.

Disk Cache
Hard disks improve their access time by using disk cache. Disk cache, sometimes called a buffer, consists
of a memory chip(s) on a hard disk that stores frequently accessed data, instructions, and information.
Disk cache and memory cache work in a similar fashion. When a processor requests data, instructions,
or information from the hard disk, the hard disk first checks its disk cache before moving any mechanical

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parts to access the platters. If the requested item is in disk cache, the hard disk sends it to the processor.
If the hard disk does not find the requested item in the disk cache, then the processor must wait for the
hard disk to locate and transfer the item from the disk to the processor. The larger the disk cache, the
faster the hard disk.

Adding a Second Internal Hard Drive to a Computer

External hard drives commonly are available in capacities from 500 GB to 12 TB and more. Before adding
a second hard drive to a computer, you first should make sure that the computer can support a second
hard drive. The following steps describe how to add a second hard drive to your computer:

1. Review the computer’s documentation to make sure room is available for a second hard drive inside
the system unit.

2. Determine the physical size and type of hard drive to purchase.

3. Determine whether you need to purchase a special cable to connect the second hard drive to the
motherboard.

4. Turn off and unplug the computer.

5. Open the computer cover.

6. Place the new internal hard drive in the correct location.

7. Connect the cables and, if necessary, tighten the screws to secure the internal hard drive in place.

8. Replace the computer cover and reconnect the power.

Answer the following question by tapping or clicking the best response, which will open a browser
window or tab that reveals whether your selection is correct or incorrect. Close the window or tab when
you are finished viewing it.

Hard disks can improve their access time by using _____.

a. an allocation unit
b. cylinders
c. disk cache
d. read/write heads

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How To 8-1: Defragmenting a Hard Disk

The resources listed in the table below contain more information about defragmenting a hard disk. As
an alternative to tapping, clicking, or entering the web address, you can find desired information by
entering search text from the table’s Website Name or Description column.

Websites about Defragmenting a Hard Disk

Website Name Description Web Address
HowStuffWorks Article titled “How to Defrag Your Hard [Link]/16/08h1a
Drive”
Lifehacker Article titled “What is ‘Defragging,’ and Do I [Link]/16/08h1b
Need to Do It to My Computer?”
OS X Daily Article titled “Defragmenting a Mac Hard [Link]/16/08h1c
Drive: Is It Necessary?”

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SSDs
The following sections discuss storage capacity, speed, and organization of SSDs.

SSD Storage Capacity and Speed

SSDs commonly are available in sizes of 1.8, 2.5, or 3.5 inches. SSDs capacities vary between 64 GB and 1
TB and higher. Transfer speeds reach 450 Mbps and higher.

Organization
SSDs store data, instructions, and information on NAND (Negative-AND) flash chips, which have
transistors that are arranged in rows and columns. The intersection of a row and column contains two
transistors, which form a cell. Depending on the type of cell, it stores one or two bits. This organization
enables SSDs to access stored data much more quickly than a hard disk.

One major downside of SSDs is that the NAND flash allows for a limited number of write operations.
That is, the more write operations, the more the flash memory degrades. To extend the life of NAND
flash, some manufacturers use a technique called wear-leveling, which distributes usage evenly across
the flash memory.

Due to this longevity issue of SSDs, many users opt for a combination of SSD and hard disk for their
storage needs. For example, you could use an SSD in a laptop but back up its contents to a hard disk.
This option enables fast access of data while using the computer but provides large storage capabilities
for backed-up contents.

Discover More: To display search results about SSDs in a new browser window or tab, tap or click this
link: [Link]/16/08r2. Close the window or tab when you are finished viewing it.

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Secure IT 8-1: Encrypting Data and Files on Storage Devices

The resources listed in the table below contain more information about encrypting files or drives to
protect data. As an alternative to tapping, clicking, or entering the web address, you can find desired
information by entering search text from the table’s Website Name or Description column.

Websites about Encrypting Data and Files on Storage Devices

Website Name Description Web Address
GFI Blog Blog post titled “Security 101: at rest or in [Link]/16/08s1a
transit – protecting data with encryption”
Lifehacker Article titled “A Beginner’s Guide to [Link]/16/08s1b
Encryption: What It Is and How to Set it Up”
TechTarget Article discusses encryption history, how we [Link]/16/08s1c
use it today, how it works, and other topics.

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Drive Interfaces
The table below lists interface transfer rates as of this publication. You can find additional information
by entering search text from the table’s Name column.

Maximum Transfer Rate

(Mbps = megabits per second;
Name (Interface) Gbps = gigabits per second)
EIDE 16.6 Mbps
FC 32 Gbps
FireWire 800 Mbps
SAS 24 Gbps
SATA 6 Gpbs
SCSI 6 Gbps
Thunderbolt 20 Gbps
USB 10 Gbps

Indicate whether the following statement is true or false by tapping or clicking your response, which
will open a browser window or tab that reveals whether your selection is correct or incorrect. Close the
window or tab when you are finished viewing it.

Transfer rates of an FC interface can exceed those of an SATA interface.

True
False

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Technology Innovator: SanDisk

SanDisk is a leader in the digital storage market. The company is one of the world’s largest
manufacturers of flash memory storage products, including SSDs, memory cards, and USB flash drives. It
also is a provider of cloud storage solutions and develops Sansa portable media players.

The company was founded in 1988 with the name, SunDisk, by Eli Harari, Jack Yuan, and Sanjay
Mehrotra. The company name was changed to eliminate market confusion between it and Sun
Microsystems. One of its earliest USB flash drives was used on a U.S. space shuttle three years later. The
company grew quickly and now employs 8,700 people worldwide and ships more than 2 million
products per day.

The company continues to improve on digital storage technology, working to make smaller, faster, and
higher-capacity devices. Some of its latest flash memory storage devices are used in vehicles for GPS
navigation, 3-D mapping, entertainment systems, and advanced driver assistance systems.

Do you use any SanDisk products? If so, what files do you store on them? Why are SanDisk’s products
so popular among consumers?

Indicate whether the following statement is true or false by tapping or clicking your response, which
will open a browser window or tab that reveals whether your selection is correct or incorrect. Close the
window or tab when you are finished viewing it.

SanDisk’s products include flash memory for automobiles, cloud storage, and portable media players.
True
False

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Memory Cards
The table below lists storage capacities of various memory cards. You can find additional information by
entering search text from the table’s Name column.

Typical Current
Name (Media Type) Storage Capacities Sample
Image
SDHC (Secure Digital High Capacity) 4 to 32 GB
SDXC (Secure Digital Expanded Capacity) 64 GB to 2 TB

microSDHC 4 to 32 GB
microSDXC 16 GB to 2 TB

CF (CompactFlash) 4 to 512 GB

xD Picture Card 256 MB to 2 GB

Memory Stick Pro Duo 4 to 32 GB

M2 (Memory Stick Micro) 2 to 16 GB

Discover More: To display search results about memory cards in a new browser window or tab, tap or
click this link: [Link]/16/08r4. Close the window or tab when you are finished viewing it.

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USB Flash Drives

USB flash drives are available in a variety of storage capacities ranging between 4 and 256 GB. Common
sizes are 8, 16, and 32 GB. Currently, the largest USB storage capacity is 1 TB.

Discover More: To display search results about USB flash drives in a new browser window or tab, tap or
click this link: [Link]/16/08r5. Close the window or tab when you are finished viewing it.

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Secure IT 8-2: Safely Remove Media

The resources listed in the table below contain more information for pointers about safely removing a
USB flash drive and other media. As an alternative to tapping, clicking, or entering the web address, you
can find desired information by entering search text from the table’s Website Name or Description
column.

Websites about Safely Removing Media

Website Name Description Web Address
How-To Geek Article titled “Why, Exactly, Do You Need to [Link]/16/08s2a
Safely Eject USB Media?”
Kim Komando Article titled “What’s really going to happen [Link]/16/08s2b
if I unplug that flash drive?”
PCWorld Article titled “How to safely remove a USB [Link]/16/08s2c
drive even when Windows says it isn’t safe
to do so”

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Technology Innovators: Amazon and Its Founder, Jeff Bezos

Online shoppers can find practically any product they desire on [Link]. With a mission of
becoming “Earth’s most customer-centric company,” it is the world’s largest online retailer and offers
new and refurbished items, such as books, movies, electronics, apparel, toys, tools, and sporting goods,
at the lowest possible prices.

Jeff Bezos founded Amazon in 1995 knowing that book lovers would gravitate toward a website offering
the convenience of browsing through millions of book titles in one sitting. He fulfilled orders for
customers in every U.S. state and 45 countries during the first 30 days of business, all shipped from his
Seattle-area garage.

The company has grown to permit millions of third parties to sell products on its website. Its Amazon
Web Services offers a cloud computing platform that hundreds of thousands of businesses use
throughout the world. Its Prime Now service delivers tens of thousands of essential products in less than
two hours to its Prime Members living in select neighborhoods. The products in the Kindle line of tablets
and e-book readers are among Amazon’s most successful product launches, and the company now sells
more e-books than print books. Its Fire TV Stick and Fire TV provide access to movies, television
programs, music, apps, and games. Other notable services are the Amazon MP3 store, Amazon Instant
Videos with original content, and Cloud Drive with 5 GB of free storage. The company works with major
consumer electronics companies and studios to shoot all its original comedies and dramas in 4K Ultra
HD.

Amazon has acquired many other companies, including Zappos, which sells shoes and clothing; Woot,
which offers limited-time deals on selected goods; IMDb, which provides information about movies and
television programs; and Audible, which features downloadable audio books.

Have you shopped on Amazon or any of its subsidiaries? If so, which products have you purchased? If
you lived in one of the neighborhoods where Prime Now is available, would you consider becoming an
Amazon Prime member so that you could order products and have them delivered within two hours?

Answer the following question by tapping or clicking the best response, which will open a browser
window or tab that reveals whether your selection is correct or incorrect. Close the window or tab when
you are finished viewing it.

Which Amazon product allows users to view materials on their tablets and e-book readers?
a. Cloud Drive
b. Fire TV
c. Kindle
d. Zappos

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Mini Feature 8-2: Services Offered by Cloud Storage Providers

The following sections discuss additional information about services offered by cloud storage providers
including storing and synchronizing files, backing up files, writing and editing documents, streaming
music, posting photos, and playing games.

Store and Synchronize Files

Cloud storage providers offer online storage and backup services to the servers on the cloud. Consumer
solutions generally provide apps to synchronize your files across multiple devices. Subscribers pay for
these services based on the amount of storage they require.

The table below lists some popular consumer and enterprise apps for storing and synchronizing files on
the cloud. You can find additional information by entering search text from the table’s Name or
Description column.

Name Description
Amazon Cloud Drive Provides users with cloud storage capabilities using Amazon's cloud infrastructure.
Box Provides cloud storage capabilities for consumers and enterprise solutions.
Dropbox Provides cloud storage capabilities for consumers and enterprise solutions;
integrates with many third party apps.
Google Cloud Storage Provides developers with interfaces for creating software to store and access data
using Google's cloud infrastructure.
Google Drive Provides users with the ability to create, store, and synchronize files using Google's
cloud infrastructure. Integrates with Google apps.
iCloud Provides users with cloud storage capabilities using Apple's cloud infrastructure.
Microsoft Azure Storage Provides a storage platform for developers to build large-scale applications using
Microsoft's Cloud infrastructure.
Microsoft OneDrive Provides users with cloud storage capabilities using Microsoft's cloud
infrastructure. Integrates with Microsoft Office.

Back Up Files
Cloud back up providers offer online storage and software to automatically back up and retrieve user
files. Backing up files on the cloud involves transferring copies of them over the Internet from a user’s
computer or mobile device to a server located in a storage provider’s data center. An app installed on a
user’s computer runs in the background and tracks which files have changed and then uploads the
changed files to the storage provider’s server at specified intervals, often daily or weekly. In a full
backup, a user’s entire collection of files is backed up. In an incremental backup, only those files that
changed since the last full backup are transferred. Files often are compressed before uploading to save
transfer time and storage space.

Online backups are popular among both business users and consumers because they can schedule
backups to take place automatically, and because they need not purchase additional storage equipment.
Users generally pay for backup services based on the amount of bandwidth or storage they use.

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The table below lists some popular consumer and enterprise apps for backing up files on the cloud.
Many have both personal and enterprise solutions and pricing. You can find additional information by
entering search text from the table’s Name or Description column.

Name Description
Backblaze Provides cloud backup services with no limits on file sizes.
Carbonite Provides backup of an unlimited amount of data per computer on an annual basis; also
provides apps for iPhone and Android to access the data on mobile devices.
CrashPlan Provides continuous backup and encryption of files stored on the cloud.
Mozy Provides 2 GB free cloud backup storage with tiered storage plans available based on need.
SOS Provides cloud backup services; maintains an unlimited number of previous versions of each
file.
SpideOak Provides 2 GB free cloud backup storage with tiered storage plans available based on need.
Sugarsync Provides cloud backup services along with synchronization of files across multiple devices.

Write and Edit Documents

Apps to write and edit documents using cloud services allow for collaborative writing and document
sharing. Many also provide integrated cloud storage.

The table below lists some popular consumer and enterprise apps for editing documents online. You can
find additional information by entering search text from the table’s Name or Description column.

Name Description
Google Drive Apps for creating and sharing documents, spreadsheets, forms, presentations, and
diagrams using Google's cloud apps
Microsoft Office Online Apps for creating and sharing documents, spreadsheets, forms, and presentations,
using Microsoft Office cloud apps
Zoho Apps for creating and sharing documents, spreadsheets, presentations, and
diagrams using Zoho applications

Stream Music
Online music services provide access to music stored on the cloud; users then can stream the music to
their computers and mobile devices. To use an online music service, locate its website in a browser on
your computer or mobile device, or install its app from the app store for your device. Free versions often
include commercials, while paid users can listen to music without commercial interruption. Many
services track the music you listen to in order to find similar songs that you might like.

The table below lists some popular consumer and enterprise apps for streaming music using cloud
services. You can find additional information by entering search text from the table’s Name or
Description column.

Name Description
Google Play Music All Paid service to access music in Google's catalog, with the ability to create
Access stations based on song preferences
iTunes Radio Free streaming service from Apple; makes recommendations based on music
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you play and download

Pandora Streaming service; creates a radio station of similar music related to a user's
initial song selection
Songza Provides streaming music capabilities based on categories curated by experts
SoundCloud Provides storage and playback of audio files and podcasts uploaded by users
Spotify Provides desktop and mobile apps for streaming over 20 million available songs;
personal and ad-free versions available

Post Photos
The cloud makes it easy to post and share photos online, either individually or automatically as you take
them with a mobile device. Many photo sharing services allow you to organize your photos into albums
or collections, add descriptive tags, or create a map to visualize where the photos were taken. Some
apps can be configured to upload photos automatically, as they are taken, while others will do so only if
the device is connected to a Wi-Fi network.

The table below lists some popular photo sharing services. You can find additional information by
entering search text from the table’s Name or Description column.

Name Description
Flickr Offers one terabyte of free storage for your photos; makes photos available at different
resolutions; supports tagging to identify photos; integrates with many third-party apps to
provide slideshows and photo editing capabilities
Instagram Popular app for sharing photos from mobile devices to several online social networks and
photo sharing sites
Photobucket Provides storage and sharing capabilities for photos; offers products on which to print
photos for sale

Play Games
Many game publishers use cloud services to stream media, animations, and music on demand, as well as
to store their game libraries. Analysts see cloud gaming as an increasing market, with more than 150
million players in 2015. Cloud Gaming uses streaming technologies to offer standard and high-end
games on many devices.

The table below lists some popular gaming platforms that make use of the cloud. You can find additional
information by entering search text from the table’s Name or Description column.

Name Description
Gaming Anywhere This open-source cloud gaming platform allows developers to create high-quality
gaming experiences storing games on the cloud for users to access on their devices.
GamingCloud Offers a library of free, online games to play on your devices.
NVIDIA Grid A Gaming as a Service (GaaS) solution that offers access to a library of gaming titles,
and games saved on the cloud. Games are streamed to multiple devices.
OnLive Provides a gaming platform for game publishers, such as Disney, Atari, and Warner
Brothers, to create and distribute online games to customers on their Internet-
connected desktop and mobile devices, or Smart TVs.
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PlayStation Consumer gaming service from Sony Corporation is for use with PlayStation gaming
Network devices that offers streaming games online.
Xbox Live Provides online gaming integrated with Microsoft's cloud storage available to users of
Microsoft Xbox devices.

Consider the activities discussed in this mini feature. How does the cloud simplify the way you
synchronize files, back up files, write documents, stream music, post photos, or play games online?

Indicate whether the following statement is true or false by tapping or clicking your response, which
will open a browser window or tab that reveals whether your selection is correct or incorrect. Close the
window or tab when you are finished viewing it.

Cloud Gaming uses streaming technologies to offer standard and high-end games on many devices.
True
False

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Optical Disc Formats

The table below lists different formats of optical discs and identifies whether you can read, write, or
erase the media. You can find additional information by entering search text from the table’s Name
column.

Maximum
Name Read Write Erase Capacity
CD-ROM Y N N 700 MB
CD-R Y Y N 700 MB
CD-RW Y Y Y 700 MB

DVD-ROM Y N N 17 GB
DVD-R/ Y Y N 8.5 GB
DVD+R
DVD-RW/ Y Y Y 9.4 GB
DVD+RW
DVD-RAM Y Y Y 9.4 GB
BD-ROM Y N N 50 GB
BD-R Y Y N 50 GB
BD-RE Y Y Y 50 GB

The original transfer rate of an optical disc was 150 KBps (kilobytes per second). Manufacturers measure
all optical disc drives relative to this original speed, using an X to denote a transfer rate of 150 KBps. For
example, a 48X drive has a transfer rate of 7,200 KBps (48 × 150), or 7.2 MBps. Current drives have
transfer rates ranging from 48X to 75X or faster. For rewritable discs, manufacturers state the write
speed, then the rewrite speed, then the read speed (i.e., 52/32/52).

Answer the following question by tapping or clicking the best response, which will open a browser
window or tab that reveals whether your selection is correct or incorrect. Close the window or tab when
you are finished viewing it.

When a manufacturer states a transfer rate of 75X, what does the X signify?
a. the maximum capacity of the optical disc
b. the original transfer rate of an optical disc
c. the speed at which the optical disc can be erased
d. the sum of the write and read speeds

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Technology Trend: Digitizing Nondigital Media

Technology has changed the traditional library physically and virtually. More than 96 percent of libraries
offer e-books, and more than one-half of patrons visit a library solely for Internet access. Many libraries
offer classes on using technology, including instruction on using popular software, recording and editing
videos, and avoiding viruses and malware.

As libraries add computer labs and lecture rooms, they need to eliminate some of the documents and
machines that were mainstays for researchers. Images of newspapers, journal articles, dissertations, and
thousands of other documents were stored on microfilm rolls and microfiche sheets. These media,
based on the technology of black-and-white photography, have a life expectancy of 500 years when
stored properly and are compact and durable. They typically are stored in cabinets, and they require
machines called readers to project and magnify the images.

Many businesses relied on microfilm and microfiche to store their records. For example, banks captured
every customer’s statements, hospitals maintained patients’ records, schools retained students’
transcripts, and airlines captured schedules and parts inventories. As computer technology became
more pervasive, these organizations desired to convert their records to a digital form. Companies, in
turn, developed products that digitize microfilm and microfiche. In many cases, an optical scanner
captures the projected image, and then optical character recognition (OCR) software creates searchable
text. The scanned documents often are added to a database and indexed with fields for subject, author,
date, image, and other relevant information. They also can be converted to other digital formats, such
as PDF or JPEG, but these files may not contain searchable text or images.

Have you used a microfilm or microfiche reader? If so, what document did you view? Why would a
library elect to retain its microfilm and microfiche collections?

Indicate whether the following statement is true or false by tapping or clicking your response, which
will open a browser window or tab that reveals whether your selection is correct or incorrect. Close the
window or tab when you are finished viewing it.

Many libraries and businesses have converted their microfilm and microfiche collections to a digital
format so that patrons and employees can search for specific text or photos.
True
False

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Ethics & Issues 8-2: Are Businesses Vulnerable when Employees Use
Their Own Devices to Access Company Data?
The resources listed in the table below contain more information about BYOD policies. As an alternative
to tapping, clicking, or entering the web address, you can find desired information by entering search
text from the table’s Website Name or Description column.

Websites about BYOD Policies

Website Name Description Web Address
Business News Daily Article titled “BYOD Security: 5 Risk [Link]/16/08e2a
Prevention Strategies”
Security Week Article titled “Enterprise Mobility: COPE vs. [Link]/16/08e2b
BYOD”

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FC Technology
Fibre Channel (FC) technology commonly is used for data warehousing, imaging, integrated audio/video,
networked storage, real-time computing, collaborative projects, and CAD (computer-aided design)/CAE
(computer-aided engineering) applications. It is a more cost effective and reliable option for large
organizations and enterprises. Currently, Fibre Channel offers speeds up to 32 Gbps or more.

Indicate whether the following statement is true or false by tapping or clicking your response, which
will open a browser window or tab that reveals whether your selection is correct or incorrect. Close the
window or tab when you are finished viewing it.

FC technology is used most often in homes and small businesses.

True
False

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High-Tech Talk: RAID

RAID duplicates data, instructions, and information to improve data reliability. In addition to improving
data reliability, RAID also can improve performance by distributing data across multiple drives. A typical
RAID configuration uses two or more separate hard drives that are connected to a RAID controller. The
RAID controller keeps track of what is stored on each hard drive and manages the data that is read from
and written to the hard drives.

Various RAID levels exist, each offering different levels of reliability and performance. Some RAID levels
require only two hard drives, while others may require four or more hard drives. The following table
describes some of the common RAID levels in use today.

Raid Level Description

RAID 0 This RAID level, which also is referred to as
striping, requires two or more disks and writes
data on multiple drives (Figure 4). For example,
parts of one file might reside on one hard drive,
and the other part of the file might reside on
another hard drive. This technique improves
performance by distributing the task of reading
and writing data across multiple hard drives.
Instead of only one hard drive accessing an entire
file, one hard drive can access part of one file
while the other hard drive accesses the other
Figure 4: Hard drives configured using RAID 0. part of the file. While this type of RAID
configuration does increase performance, if one
hard drive fails, the data on both hard drives
might be at risk because not all files are stored in
their entirety on the hard drive. If you do not
utilize a RAID configuration at all and your data is
stored entirely on one hard drive, however, you
would be at just as much risk if that one hard
drive were to fail.
RAID 1 This RAID level uses a technique called mirroring
to copy all data from one hard drive to another
hard drive (Figure 5). The second hard drive in
this configuration contains an exact copy of
everything stored on the first drive, and as data is
written to and removed from the first hard drive,
the second hard drive is updated almost
instantaneously. While this RAID level does not
increase your computer’s performance, it does
increase reliability. If one hard drive in the RAID
configuration fails, the other drive still has a copy
of all data and information that was stored on
the failed hard drive. The downside to this RAID
Figure 5: Hard drives configured using RAID 1. level is that it requires at least two times as much
storage space for what you want to store. For

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example, if you are using two hard drives in a

RAID level 1 configuration, storing a 20 MB file
using RAID level 1 will take up 20 MB on the first
hard drive and another 20 MB on the second
hard drive, for a total of 40 MB. For a RAID level 1
configuration to function properly, all hard drives
must be the same size.
RAID 5 This RAID level uses at least three hard drives,
and is one of the most common RAID levels used
today (Figure 6). Data and parity in a RAID level 5
configuration are striped across three or more
hard drives. Parity is additional information on
the hard drives that can assist with recovery
efforts if data becomes corrupt or otherwise
unavailable. If a portion of a hard drive or an
entire hard drive becomes unavailable, the parity
information on the other hard drives in the RAID
can rebuild the missing data. RAID level 5 also
allows IT personnel to replace entire hard drives
Figure 6: Hard drives configured using RAID 5.
while the computer is running.

RAID 10 This RAID level, which also is referred to as RAID

1+0, is the most expensive to implement (Figure
7). RAID level 10 requires at least four hard drives
and combines RAID level 1 (mirroring) with RAID
level 0 (striping). With four hard drives, half of
one file might be mirrored on the first two hard
drives, while the other half of the file is mirrored
on the other two hard drives. RAID level 10 offers
the best performance of the RAID levels
discussed and most often is used on critical
systems that are accessed frequently.
Figure 7: Hard drives configured using RAID 10.

In addition to the RAID levels discussed in the above tables, additional RAID levels exist, such as RAID
level 2, RAID level 3, RAID level 4, RAID level 7, and RAID level 0+1. These additional RAID levels are used
less frequently and are variations of RAID levels 0, 1, 5, and 10.

Which RAID level do you feel is the best? Why? Would you use it on your computer? Why or why not?

Indicate whether the following statement is true or false by tapping or clicking your response, which
will open a browser window or tab that reveals whether your selection is correct or incorrect. Close the
window or tab when you are finished viewing it.

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Which RAID level combines mirroring and striping?

a. RAID 0
b. RAID 1
c. RAID 5
d. RAID 10

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Technology Trend: How RECAPTCHAs Digitize Media

More than 47,000 editions of The New York Times were published from 1851 to 1980, and a major
movement helped digitize every paper. A computer scanned each page, but occasionally a faded or
blurry word could not be deciphered. When this occurred, each unreadable image, called a RECAPTCHA,
was placed on a website, such as Ticketmaster, craigslist, Twitter, LastFM, and Facebook. In order to
enter the website, visitors had to type the RECAPTCHA characters displayed. When they did, the
deciphered words replaced the unreadable words in The New York Times article.

Carnegie-Mellon Professor Luis von Ahn created RECAPTCHAs to digitize the millions of words printed in
the Times’ archives. He estimates that people worldwide type up to 100 million RECAPTCHAs each day in
1.9 seconds with 100 percent accuracy. Each word has six to eight characters.

In 2000, von Ahn developed single-word CAPTCHAs in an effort to prevent spammers from attacking the
Yahoo! website. He expanded the venture to help various humanitarian projects, including the Internet
Archive, which uses RECAPTCHAs to digitize books. A later NoCAPTCHA reCAPTCHA version asks users to
place a check mark in a check box to verify, “I’m not a robot.” If the software is uncertain about whether
a bot is present, then a user needs to type the distorted text or numbers displayed.

Have you ever needed to type RECAPTCHA text or numbers to enter a website? If so, were you able to
enter the characters correctly? Do the benefits of RECAPTCHA project outweigh the inconvenience of
entering text or placing a check mark in a check box? Why or why not?

Indicate whether the following statement is true or false by tapping or clicking your response, which
will open a browser window or tab that reveals whether your selection is correct or incorrect. Close the
window or tab when you are finished viewing it.

The CAPTCHA and RECAPTCHA projects helped digitize editions of The New York Times and books.
True
False

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Ethics & Issues 8-3: Should Manufacturers Be Required to Close Back

Doors after Product Development?
The resources listed in the table below contain more information about back doors. As an alternative to
tapping, clicking, or entering the web address, you can find desired information by entering search text
from the table’s Website Name or Description column.

Websites about Back Doors

Website Name Description Web Address
CNET Article titled “US senator wants to ban [Link]/16/08e3a
government back doors in phones, PCs”
The New York Times Article titled “New Rules in China Upset [Link]/16/08e3b
Western Tech Companies”

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Secure IT 8-3: Using Credit Cards Safely

The resources listed in the table below contain more information about tips for protecting your credit
cards. As an alternative to tapping, clicking, or entering the web address, you can find desired
information by entering search text from the table’s Website Name or Description column.

Websites about Using Credit Cards Safely

Website Name Description Web Address
Bank of America Article titled “Credit card safety tips: Seven [Link]/16/08s3a
keys to credit card protection”
NerdWallet Article titled “8 Steps to Ensure Your Online [Link]/16/08s3b
Credit Card Purchases are Safe”
NPR All Tech Considered Article titled “U.S. Credit Cards Tackle Fraud [Link]/16/08s3c
With Embedded Chips, But No PINs”

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Uses of NFC Technology

The following lists identify popular uses of NFC technology. You can find additional information by
entering the text, NFC, along with the appropriate list item as search text.

 Health Care
o Adjust hearing aids
o Assess sleep patterns
o Monitor blood pressure
o Monitor body temperature for fevers
o Monitor glucose levels
o Track fitness
 Home, School, and Work
o Charge solar devices
o Control air conditioner and heat temperatures
o Print a photo or document
o Read gas meters
o Share contact information
o Start a vehicle
o Unlock or lock doors
 Shopping
o Access loyalty programs
o Compare prices
o Display product information
o Pay for goods and services
o Use digital coupons

Discover More: To display search results about current uses of NFC technology in a new browser
window or tab, tap or click this link: [Link]/16/08r8. Close the window or tab when you are finished
viewing it.

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Secure IT 8-4: Keeping NFC Transactions Safe

The resources listed in the table below contain more information about how to secure NFC transactions.
As an alternative to tapping, clicking, or entering the web address, you can find desired information by
entering search text from the table’s Website Name or Description column.

Websites about Keeping NFC Transactions Safe

Website Name Description Web Address
InfoSec Institute Article titled “NFC Technology for [Link]/16/08s4a
Payments: Any Concerns?”
[Link] Article titled “Security Concerns with NFC [Link]/16/08s4b
Technology”
ZDNet Article titled “Smartphone payments via [Link]/16/08s4c
NFC? Don’t ditch your wallet just yet”

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Mini Feature 8-3: Backup Plans

The following sections discuss additional information about backup plans, including continuous data
protection, incremental backups, backup software, and syncing services.

Continuous Data Protection

Continuous data protection (CDP), or continuous backup, is a backup plan in which all data is backed up
whenever a change is made. Because CDP is costly, few organizations have implemented continuous
data protection, but its popularity is growing quickly as the cost for the technology falls. CDP requires
little or no maintenance when compared to other backup methods. Many experts believe that CDP will
replace all other types of backups in the future.

Incremental Backup
With incremental backups, you have the full backup and one or more incremental backups. The first
incremental backup contains changes since the last full backup. Each subsequent incremental backup
contains only the changes made since the previous incremental backup.

Backup Software
The following list identifies popular applications for backing up a computer. You can find additional
information by entering the list items as search text.

 Acronis Backup & Recovery

 Acronis True Image
 Backup Now EZ
 Genie Backup Manager
 Symantec System Recovery
 Turbo Backup

Discover More: To display search results about backup software in a new browser window or tab, tap or
click this link: [Link]/16/08m31. Close the window or tab when you are finished viewing it.

Services That Sync Data to a Computer or to a Cloud Service

The following list identifies apps to sync your mobile device to a computer or the cloud. You can find
additional information by entering the list items as search text.

 GCloud Backup
 Helium – App Sync & Backup
 Mobile Backup & Restore
 My Backup Pro
 Super Backup
 Titanium Backup

Discover More: To display search results about apps to sync your mobile device in a new browser
window or tab, tap or click this link: [Link]/16/08m32. Close the window or tab when you are
finished viewing it.

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Indicate whether the following statement is true or false by tapping or clicking your response, which
will open a browser window or tab that reveals whether your selection is correct or incorrect. Close the
window or tab when you are finished viewing it.

Many experts believe that CDP will replace all other types of backups in the future.
True
False

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Technology @ Work: Automotive

The resources listed in the table below contain more information about how the automotive industry
uses technology. As an alternative to tapping, clicking, or entering the web address, you can find desired
information by entering search text from the table’s Website Name or Description column.

Websites about Technology in the Automotive Industry

Website Name Description Web Address
The Economic Times Website discussing the top 10 recent [Link]/16/08w1a
innovations in the automotive industry
USA TODAY Article titled “How data is changing the car [Link]/16/08w1b
game for Ford”
Virtual-Strategy Magazine Article titled “Auto Manufacturers Rely on [Link]/16/08w1c
SmartMark High Temperature RFID Tags to
Speed Up Paint Line”

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