Nuremberg Code: Ethical Research Standards
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Código Code
Núremberg
An important part of medical ethics, which must always be maintained, is to avoid
As much as possible, do the harm that can be done, and that this is a basic attitude.
established in the Hippocratic Oath
Leibbrand
The Nuremberg Code was published on August 20, 1947
Why did it arise?
Product of the Nuremberg Trial (August 1945 to October 1946), in which, along with the hierarchy
Nazi, several doctors were convicted for serious violations of human rights.
This text has the merit of being the first document to explicitly raise the obligation.
to request the Informed Consent, expression of the patient's autonomy.
How was it structured?
Their recommendations are as follows; Everyone agrees, however, that they must
to uphold certain basic principles in order to satisfy moral, ethical, and legal concepts:
I. The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential.
II. The experiment must be useful for the good of society, irreplaceable by other means.
of study and of nature that excludes chance.
III. Based on the results of animal experimentation and the knowledge of the
natural history of the disease or other problems under study, the experiment must
to be designed in such a way that the expected results justify its development.
IV. The experiment must be conducted in such a way as to avoid all physical suffering.
mental and unnecessary harm.
V. No experiment should be conducted when there are priority reasons to believe
that may lead to death or serious harm, except perhaps in those experiments
in which the experimenting doctors serve as research subjects.
VI. The level of risk to be taken should never exceed the level determined by the importance.
humanitarian aspect of the problem that can be solved by the experiment.
VII. Careful preparations must be made and appropriate conditions established for
protect the experimental subject from any remote possibility of harm, disability
and death.
VIII. The experiment must be conducted only by scientifically qualified individuals.
The highest degree of skill and care must be required throughout all stages of
experiment, to all those who execute or collaborate in said experiment.
IX. During the course of the experiment, the human subject must have the freedom to terminate it.
experiment if the physical and mental state has been reached in which it seems impossible to him
continue it.
During the course of the experiment, the scientist in charge must be prepared to end it.
at any time, if he believes that, in the exercise of his good faith, superior skill, and judgment
careful, the continuity of the experiment could end in harm, disability, or death of the
experimental subject.
Current regulations
Although the Nuremberg Code was not officially adopted by the laws of many nations
or by the ethical codes of many medical associations, however, their influence has been very
profound in relation to ethical aspects of research.
As it appears, 73 years after Nuremberg, we still admit the complete legality of the
Nuremberg Code. But it seems to us that there are still significant gaps in its application.
We all recognize the validity and relevance of its regulations. But we have a lot at stake in that they
properly apply this code not forgetting what originated it, and remembering,
at the same time, we all must safeguard human rights, especially those of the most
vulnerable.
Works Cited
M. Ferrer Colomer and L. M. Pastor García. (1997). Validity of the Code of
Nuremberg after fifty years? April 2020, from the Department of
Cell Biology. (Master's in Bioethics). Research and Training Center in
Bioethics of Murcia. Website:htp://[Link]/revistas/1999/1/37/07-2-
bioetNo text provided for translation.
National Bioethics Commission. (1997). Nuremberg Code; Ethical Standards
on experimentation on human beings. April 2020, from the national commission of
bioethics Website:
htp://[Link]/downloads/pdf/standardtlife
normtInternational/[Link]._Cod_Nuremberg.pdf