Overview of Athletics Events and History
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ScribdTranslationsOverview of Athletics Events and History
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ScribdTranslationsATHLETICS
Athletics is a set of sports consisting of three events: running,
throws and jumps. Generally, athletics is practiced in stadiums, with the exception
of some long-distance races, practiced on public roads or in the countryside, such as
the marathon.
HISTORY
Athletics is the oldest organized form of sport. The first meetings
the most organized events in history were the Olympic Games, which the Greeks started in the year 776
a.C. For years, the main Olympic event was the pentathlon, which comprised
disk launches, long jump, and hurdles.
Athletics originated in the Ancient Greek Games. Since then, man has been trying
overcome your essential movements like walking, running, jumping, and throwing.
In the modern definition, athletics is a sport with track events (sprints,
hurdles or obstacle races, jumps, throws, launches, and events
combined events, like the decathlon and heptathlon); road races (in various distances,
like the marathon and mountain races); cross country events (races with
natural or artificial obstacles); and race walking. Considered the base sport, due to
testing all the basic characteristics of man, athletics is not limited only to
physical resistance, but integrates this resistance into physical skill. It involves three types of
events, contested individually, which are the races, the jumps, and the throws.
According to the rules of each game, the competitions held in teams accumulate points.
that its members obtain in each of the modalities.
FUNDAMENTALS OF TRACK EVIDENCE
RUNS
Running is a speed competition. Competitors try to complete a
determined task in the shortest period of time. Traditionally involves traversing
some distance, but it can refer to any task where time/speed is
apply. Races can be divided into:
Sprint races - The sprint race refers to the art of running as fast as possible.
as fast as possible. Power and coordination are the necessary ingredients to win
speed. Coordination can be improved through the practice of efficient
running techniques. Speed is largely an inherent factor; however, both
Coordination and speed can be improved through training.
adequate. The running technique is explained in the General Basic Section. The speed can
to be divided into four phases: the start, the acceleration, the maintenance of strength and the
final. The events are 100 meters - 200 meters - 400 meters
Hurdle races - Hurdle races are speed events in which
the objective is to coordinate, with maximum speed, the race and the passage of the barriers. 100
110 meters hurdles women
meters with hurdles - 3,000m. with obstacles. The hurdles are 1.06 meters high, in
competitions for men, and 84 centimeters, in competitions for women. If the
the athlete knocks down the barriers while running, is not disqualified - even if they lose
substantial time. The hurdle races have 10 obstacles
Middle-distance races - Medium distance running events of 800 meters -
1,500 meters
Long-distance races - Long-distance running with events of 5,000 meters - 10,000
metros. It is worth noting that long-distance tests can also be conducted in the
street.
Marathon - The marathon is a long-distance or endurance race.
partially or totally outside the stadium, that is, on the street is a competition that involves
great physical endurance, with its route set at 42 kilometers and 195
meters (oil tolerance for excess of +42 meters).
Relay race: a race in which a team alternates in completing the
route, which can be 4x100m, 4x400m.
Race walking: a type of walking with specific rules, with distances of 20km
and 50km.
FUNDAMENTALS OF FIELD PROOFS
The field events include jumps, throws, and launches. There are also the events
combined, like Decathlon and Heptathlon.
JUMPS
The jumping events can be divided into vertical jump events and horizontal jump events.
Among the vertical jump events, we have the high jump and the pole vault.
horizontal jumps involve the long jump also known as jump in
length and the triple jump or triple jump. Athletes take off with a small
balance track, aiming for greater distance in the jump.
High jump - Its objective is to surpass a horizontal bar (bar).
carried out through attempts. The bar is set at a certain height to which the
athletes must try to jump. The athlete must use only one foot to jump over the bar
horizontal without knocking it down. The chief judge of the event chooses the height to start the
competition. As each round of jumps is eliminatory, every time all the
Participating athletes manage to surpass the bar, it is raised two centimeters.
Any athlete who performs three knockdowns of the bar (3 invalid attempts) will be prevented from
continue, being credited with the mark corresponding to the highest altitude at which
managed to conduct a valid rehearsal.
Pole vault - works in the same way as the high jump, but in this jump, the
The athlete has the support of a pole. In both jumps, there is a mat to cushion the fall.
athlete's fall after the leap.
Long jump and Triple jump - The two events are almost identical, the athlete runs
and should jump as far as possible and makes its landing in a sand box. There is
a call board on the track that indicates the maximum swing run limit beforehand
in the jump; if the athlete exceeds or touches that mark, they will perform a null attempt. If
having jumped before the call board, the distance of the rehearsal will be considered only
between the limit on the call table and the location where it landed. The difference is that, at
triple jump, the athlete can take three consecutive jumps to go further. In both types of
Jump, the athlete has the right to three attempts, with the best jump counting for the competition.
long. If the jumper steps on the line marking the jumping area, the jump is considered "burned".
and the mark he achieved is not valid. The wind can also be a hindrance: the athlete's jump
it can be annulled, and not count for a world record, if the wind inside the stadium is
more than 7.2 km/h.
Launches or Throwing
The official throwing disciplines involve shot put, the throw of
hammer, discus throw and javelin throw. The throws are executed
within limited areas, they are circles marked on the ground for the shot put, of
hammer and disc, and before a marked line on the ground for the javelin throw.
From these marks is where the distance of the throws is measured. Normally the
competitions involve several attempts by the athletes, who take advantage of the
best marks obtained in these attempts. The throwing events are usually
practiced in the interior space of the racetrack.
Shot put - consists of throwing a metal sphere that weighs 7.26 kg.
for adult men and 4 kg for women. The athlete has to throw it as far as possible.
as long as possible.
Hammer throw - The hammer is similar to the shot put sphere, tied to
a wire and a rod of iron, where the athlete's hand is, which allows for printing
linear movement to the sphere and thus reach a greater distance
Discus throw - The athlete must throw an object in the shape of a disc.
circular), which weighs 1 kilogram for women and 2 kilograms for men.
Javelin throw - The athlete must throw an object in the shape of a javelin.
the dart has three parts: the tip, the body, and the part where the athlete holds. Darts are
well long: measure from 2.2m to 2.7m and the minimum weight is 600g for women and
800g for men.
COMBINED TESTS
Some sporting competitions involve a combination of various modalities, in
intention of consecrating a more complete athlete. The official events of the decathlon (for the
men) and the heptathlon (for women) combine runs, jumps, and throws. The
athletes score according to their marks in the individual events (based on
a conversion table of brands by points), and these points are summed to define
the winner.
Decathlon for men: 100 meters long jump, shot put, high jump
height, 400 meters, 110 m hurdles, discus throw, pole vault, shot put
javelin, 1,500 meters
Heptathlon for women: 100m hurdles, high jump, 200 meters, long jump
distance, javelin throw and 800 meters.
THE TRACK
The race track usually has 8 lanes, each measuring 1 meter and 22 centimeters.
what are the paths that athletes must run. In this way, the width of the track
It is at least 10 meters, with some space beyond the inner and outer lanes. A
The official athletics track consists of two straights and two curves, having lanes.
concentric; it has a length of 400 meters in the inner lane (closest to the
(center). The outermost lane is longer, measuring 449 meters. In short races
distance, the athletes must stay in the lanes from which they started. In the
medium and long-distance races, athletes do not need to run in lanes, and
they usually head for the innermost lane, avoiding traveling long distances
greater.
THE INDOOR TRACK
It will have to be located in a completely enclosed, covered area with lighting.
heating and ventilation, which provide satisfactory conditions for competition.
The venue should include a 200-meter oval track; a straight track for the races of
speed (60 meters) and hurdles; balance tracks and fall areas for jumps.
It should provide, in addition, a drop zone and an impact sector for the launch.
of the weight, whether they are permanent or temporary.
All tracks, swing tracks or call areas, must be covered with a
synthetic material or have a wooden surface. Those made of synthetic material should,
preferably, it will allow the use of 6 mm spikes on the athletes' shoes. The
responsible for the venue may authorize alternative dimensions, notifying the athletes
about this permission regarding the size of the nozzles. The competitions that are contested in
covered track events are: 60 meters, 60 meters with hurdles, 200, 400, 800, 1500 and 3000
meters and race walking trials, in running, shot put, high jump,
var, length and triple.