Consolidated Clay Test Results Analysis
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ScribdTranslationsConsolidated Clay Test Results Analysis
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ScribdTranslationsGROUP 1: Exercise 24
CONSOLIDATED UNDEFORMED TESTS:
A consolidated undrained triaxial test was performed on a clay.
normally consolidated saturated. The results are:
389.7 kN/m2
1(falla)220.8 kN/m
2
Water pore pressure at the fault = 37.95 kN/m2
Determine c,∅c'y∅′.
SOLUTION:
We find the angle of friction.∅):
- 1= 3+ ∆
189.7 + 220.8
2
1= 310.5 kN/m
- Since it is normally consolidated clay c=0, then:
2(45 + )
∅
1= 3+
2
∅
310.5 = 89.7 + t0n2(45 + )
2
∅ = 33.49°
We find the angle of friction by effective stress.∅′):
- ′= ( + ∆
1 3 )−
′ = 89.7+
( )
220.8 − 37.95
1
′ = 272.55
1
- ′3= 3−
′ = 89.7 −37.95
3
′ = 51.75
3
1
- Due to being normally consolidated clay ′=0, then:
∅′
′1= ′3+ 2(45 + )
2
∅′
272.55 = 51.75 + t0n2(45 + )
2
∅ = 42.91°
GROUP 2: Exercise 18
1.18 regarding the soil profile shown in figure p1.12. the clay is
normally consolidated. A laboratory consolidation test on the
clay yielded the following results:
Pressure (lb/inch2) Relationship of voids
21 0.91
42 0.792
If the effective average stress on the clay layer increases in
1000 lb/ft²
a) What will be the total settlement due to consolidation?
b) Yes = 1.45 *10-4 2 / , What time will pass for half
Does the settlement by consolidation take place?
SOLUTION:
a.
1− 2 0.91−0.792
= 0
= 42
log( ) log( 21)
1
= 0.391
−
=
1+ 0
= 15 pi inches = 4.57 meters
0.391∗ 4.57 42
= log () 0.29m = 290mm
1+ 0.792 21
2
b.
= 50
2
/
= = 25.4
= → = 12.7mm
2
12.7
1.45x10-4= 0.197 *
= .
GROUP 3: Exercise 17
1.17 A clay sample 25.4 mm thick (drained only from the top)
It was tested in the laboratory. For a given increase in the load, the time for 60%
consolidation was 6 min 20 sec. What time is required to reach a
50% consolidation of a similar clay layer in the field that has a thickness
of 3.05 m and is drained on both sides?
Solution
380s
60 = = = 21916733. 83253,67 dice
0.0254 2 (3.05)2
( )
2
= ∞ 2 ; :
2
253.67 die 602
= ; : 2= 176.16
2 502
GROUP 4: Exercise 16
A clay sample 25.4 mm thick (drained on top and bottom) was tested in the
laboratory. For a given increase in load, the time for 50% consolidation was
5 min 20 s. What time is required to achieve a 50% consolidation of a layer of
clay similar in the field that has a thickness of 2.5 m and is drained only on one side?
DEVELOPMENT:
Based on the laboratory test:
Equation: = 2
- For 50% consolidation in the laboratory:
= 0.197
3
t = 5 minutes 20 seconds
25.4
= = = 12.7 mm
2 2
2 12.72
⇒ = 50% ( (
) = 0.197( ) ) = 5.961 2 ⁄
5.33
- For the consolidation in the field: = 50%
%2 pi 500 2
= ( ) = ( ) = 0.1963
4100 4100
But:
= 2
2.5 *100 2
2 0.1963( )
= = 2
5.961
= 51454.24 min
⇒ 51454.24 min = 7.57 hours35.73 í .
GROUP 5: Exercise 15
15. A normally consolidated clay layer in the field has a thickness of 3.2m with
an average effective effort of 70kn/m2. A consolidation test of the clay in the
the laboratory gave the following results:
Pressure( ⁄ 2) Relationship of voids
100 0.905
200 0.815
a. Determine the average compression index
b. If the average effective stress on the clay layer( ′ + ∆ ) it increases to 115
⁄ 2 What will the total settlement due to consolidation be?
4
SOLUTION
1. For determining the average compression index for clay normally
consolidated we use the following equation. We use the data obtained in the
laboratory
1− 2 0.905 − 0.815
= = 0.299
′
2 200
log () log( )
′
1
100
2. To calculate the total settlement by consolidation, we use the following
equations.
We found the dry and saturated specific weights for the respective strata.
. 2.66* 9.81
= = = 16.84 kN ⁄ 3
1+ e 1+ 0.55
. 2.66∗ 9.81
( =) = = 17.63 ⁄ 3
1+ e 1+ 0.48
. 26.8121
( =) = = 13.76 ⁄ 3
1+ .% 34.78
1+ 2.74 *
100
Finding the average effective stress ′ in the field for the stratum
′= .3 +( − ). 1.5m +(
( ) ( )− ). 5m
′ ( ) +13.76-9.81.
( )
= 16.84 *3 + 17.63- 9.81∗ 1.5m 5m
′= 82 kN/m2
As effective effort increases
115
( ′
+ ∆ ) = 115 →(82 +∆ )=
2 2 →∆ = ∆ ′ = 33 / 2
For normally consolidated clay (that is ′= ′ )
= ∗% = 34.78% * 2.74 = 0.953Obtained in the field
= 3.2m Construction on completion
∗ ′ ′ 115
+∆
= 1+
∗ ( ′ ) = (0.299*3.2
1+0.95
) ∗ log( 82 )
= 0.072m = 72mm
For overconsolidated clay, the total settlement is:
( ′ < ′ <′ + ∆) ′ (70 kN/m <2 82 kN/m< 115
2
kN/m 2
1
Where: = (51) = 50.299( = 0.299)0.0598
5
∗ ′ ∗ ′+ ∆ ′
= ∗ (′ +) ∗ ( ′
)
1+ 1+
∗ ′ ∗ ′+ ∆ ′
= ∗ (′ +) ∗ ( ′
)
1+ 1+
0.0598 *3.2 82 0.299 *3.2 115
= ∗ ( +) ∗ ( )
1+ 0.95 70 1+ 0.95 82
0.0598 *3.2 82 0.299 *3.2 115
= ∗ ( +) ∗ ( ) = 0.079m
1+ 0.95 70 1+ 0.95 82
Then the total settlement due to consolidation is:
0.079m = 79mm
GROUP 6: Exercise 14
1.14 A deposit of saturated clay below the groundwater level in the
the field has a liquid limit of 61%, a plastic limit of 21% and a content of
38%. Estimate the preconsolidation pressure, ′ using the equation
(1.46)
SOLUTION:
Equation 1.46:
Where:
= Atmospheric pressure (= 100 kN/m2).
IL = liquidity index
We found the liquidity index
−
=
−
Where:
Liquidity Index
w = Soil moisture content
LL = Liquid limit of the soil
LP = Plastic limit of the soil
0.37.81
= 0.425
0.61- 0.21
6
′= ( 1.11−1.62∗0.425 ) 100 kN
10(1.11−1.62 )∗ = 10 ∗ = 263.94 kN/m²
m2
The preconsolidation pressure is 263.94 kN/m2.
GROUP 7: Exercise 12
EXERCISE 12. For a normally consolidated clay layer, it is considered
with the following data:
3m
Void ratio = 0.75
Límite Liquido=42
equals 2.72
Average effective stress on the clay layer = 110 / 2
What is the value of the settlement due to consolidation that would be experienced by the
clay if the average effective stress on the clay layer increases to
155 / 2as a result of the construction of a foundation? Use the
equation (1.51) to estimate the compression ratio.
SOLUTION
For a normally consolidated clay, we use equation 1.51,
as indicated for the calculation of the compression index:
1+ 0 2.38 1+0.75
= 0.141 1.2 ( ) = 0.1412.721.2 ( 2.72
) 2.38 = 0.164
Where:
From equation 1.61. It is given:
′ ′ 0.164 *3 155
0+ ∆
= log( ′
) = log ( )= .
1+ 0 0 1+ 0.75 110
GROUP 8: Exercise 23
The following are the results of two consolidated triaxial tests.
drained in a clay.
- Test I: 3′ = 82.8 kN/ ; , 2 ( )= 329.2 kN 2
- Test II: 3′ 165.6 kN/ ; , 2 ( )= 558.6 kn/ 2
Determine the shear resistance parameters, that is ′ ′
?
7
Solution:
′ ′
1′ = 3′ = 2(45 +
2
) + 2 ′ (45 +
2
)
- According to the drained consolidated test graph
Shear force
′
′ Normal effort
executive
′ ′ ′
The angle it is the same for both tests
So we equate
′
X = (45 + 2
)
We replace:
329.2 kN 282.8tn2 +2 ′ ……………. (1)
558.6kn/ 2= 165.6 2 +2 ′ ……………. (2)
8
329.2 kN 2- 82.8tung2 =558.6 kN/ 2 -165.6 2
82.8t2 =229.4kn/ 2
2 2.77kn/ 2
X=arctan(1.664)
X=590
′ ′
X = (45 + 2
)= 590=45 + 2
′ = 280
Replacing the equation
329.2 kN 2= 82.8tang2 +2 ′
45 +28=X
2
X=510
329.2 kN 2= 82.8 t of2 51+2 ′ tngx 510
′= 30kn/ 2
GROUP 9: Exercise 9
EXERCISE 1.9
For a sand with the following data: 10= 0.08 ; 60 = 0.37 mmrelation
of voids = 0.6.
a. Determine the hydraulic permeability using equation (1.33).
b. Determine the hydraulic permeability using equation (1.35).
SOLUTION
a.
0.7825
DATA 3
= 2.4622 [D120∗ ]
100.08 mm
(1+ )
0.7825
60= 0.37 mm 0.63
= 2.4622 [0.082∗ ]
= 0.6 (1+ 0.6)
( ⁄ ) k = 9.87 *10−3
9
b.
3
DATA 0.6∗ 2.32
= 35( )∗ 10
1+
= 4.625
0.63
100.08 mm = 35( ) ∗ 4.6250.60.082.32
1+ 0.6
= 0.6
= 0.0338
( ⁄ )
GROUP 10: Exercise 8
The in situ hydraulic permeability of normally consolidated clay is 5.4x10-6 cm/s at
a void ratio of 0.92 What will be its hydraulic permeability at a void ratio
from 0.72? use equation (1.36) and n=5.1.
= .
1+
Where:
K = hydraulic permeability
C = relationship of voids
C y n = constants
We find 'c'
5.4 x 10^-6
5.1 )
(0.92
5.4x10−6= 1+0.92
(5.4x10−6 )(1+ 0.92)
=
0.920.51
= 1.5863 10−6
We find the void ratio for e=0.72
(1.5863 10-5)0.725.1 )
=
1+ 0.72
= 1.7268x10−6
10
GROUP 11: Exercise 6
1.6 The laboratory test results of six soils are indicated in the following table.
Classify the soils using the AASHTO soil classification system and provide
group indices
Analysis with meshes - percentage that passes
Mesh No. Soil A Soil B Soil C Soil D Soil E Soil F
4 92 100 100 95 100 100
10 48 60 98 90 91 82
40 28 41 82 79 80 74
200 13 33 72 64 30 55
Liquid limit 31 38 56 35 43 35
Limit 26 25 31 26 29 21
Plastic
Solution:
First, we calculate the plasticity index of each type of soil.
Soil A Soil B Soil C Soil D Soil E Soil F
IP 5 13 25 9 14 14
FOR FLOOR A
The table indicates that it is a granular material since less than 35% passes through
the mesh number 200. With LL = 31 (that is, less than 40) and IP = 5 (that is, less than
10), the ground belongs to group A -1–a
FOR FLOOR B
The table indicates that it is a granular material since less than 35% passes through
the mesh number 200. With LL = 38 (that is, less than 40) and IP = 13 (that is, greater than
10), the soil belongs to group A -2–6 (gravel and sandy silt or clay)
11
FOR FLOOR C
The table indicates that it is a silt and clay material since more than 35% passes through.
the mesh number 200. With LL = 56 (that is, greater than 40) and IP = 25 (that is, greater than
10), the soil belongs to group A -7–5a (clay soil)
FOR FLOOR D
The table indicates that it is a silt and clay material since more than 35% passes through
the mesh number 200. With LL = 26 (that is, less than 40) and IP = 9 (that is, less than
10), the soil belongs to group A -4 (silty soil)
FOR FLOOR E
The table indicates that it is a granular material since less than 35% passes through.
the mesh number 200. With LL = 49 (that is, greater than 40) and IP = 14 (that is, greater than
10), the soil belongs to the group A -2–7 (gravel and sandy silt or clay)
FOR FLOOR F
The table indicates that it is a silt and clay material since more than 35% passes through.
the mesh number 200. With LL = 35 (that is, less than 40) and IP = 14 (that is, greater than
10), the soil belongs to group A -6 (clay soil)
GROUP 12: Exercise 5
12
Common questions
Powered by AIEffective stress is critical in evaluating soil settlement as it represents the stress carried by the soil's skeleton. In a normally consolidated clay study, total settlement is calculated using effective stress changes. For instance, when effective stress increases from 70 to 115 kN/m², total settlement was estimated at 72mm using laboratory consolidation test data and field conditions .
The AASHTO soil classification system categorizes soil based on grain-size distribution and plasticity index. Soils passing less than 35% through No. 200 mesh are granular, like Soil A, classified as A-1-a. If over 35% pass, they're silty or clayey, like Soil C as A-7-5a, implying significant fine content affecting compaction and strength .
The hydraulic permeability of normally consolidated clay decreases as the void ratio decreases. Using equation (1.36) with n=5.1, a void ratio decrease from 0.92 to 0.72 reduces the permeability from 5.4x10^-6 cm/s to 1.7268x10^-6 cm/s. This is because the smaller void spaces allow less fluid flow through the soil matrix .
The average compression index (Cc) for a normally consolidated clay is determined using the laboratory results, calculated as Cc = 0.299 from void ratios of 0.905 and 0.815 under pressures of 100 and 200 kN/m². It is instrumental in computing the total settlement in consolidation settlement calculations for engineering projects because it relates void ratio changes to logarithmic pressure changes .
Understanding consolidation time is essential for foundation planning to anticipate the duration until the soil stabilizes post-construction. Laboratory results providing consolidation rates can be scaled using dimensionless time factors and soil properties adjustment for field conditions, accounting for variations such as drainage path and soil thickness to ensure construction timelines and safety .
The angle of friction (∅) is a crucial parameter in soil mechanics that influences the shear strength of the soil. For normally consolidated clay, the angle of friction is determined using effective stress. It is calculated by finding the difference between the total vertical stress and pore water pressure at failure, which provides the effective stress. The formula applied is ∅ = 42.91° based on the effective stress using the equation: 272.55 = 51.75 + t0n (45 + ∅/2).
Preconsolidation pressure represents the maximum past effective stress a soil has sustained, indicating its compressive history and stiffness. Accurately estimating it is vital for predicting settlement and designing foundations, as it determines potential soil deformation under new loadings. A wrong estimation can lead to excessive settlement or under-designing .
For a clay layer in the field, 50% consolidation with a thickness of 3.05m and double-sided drainage requires 4576.08 minutes. The calculation uses the field-to-laboratory comparison and Terzaghi's one-dimensional consolidation theory, considering the time of 6 min 20 sec for 60% consolidation in the lab with 25.4 mm thickness .
The preconsolidation pressure of clay increases as the liquidity index decreases. It is calculated using the equation IL = (w - LP)/(LL - LP), where w is the soil moisture content, LL is the liquid limit, and LP the plastic limit. For a liquidity index of 0.425, the equation 1.46 provides the preconsolidation pressure of 263.94 kN/m² .
Shear resistance parameters c′ and ϕ' are determined to be 0 kN/m² and 28° respectively from the tests: Test I (σ3 = 82.8 kN/m², σ1 = 329.2 kN/m²), Test II (σ3 = 165.6 kN/m², σ1 = 558.6 kN/m²) using the equation: σ1 = σ3 tan²(45 + ϕ'/2) + 2c′ tan(45 + ϕ'/2). These parameters describe the strength characteristics of the soil, influencing its stability under stress .