(c) While walking in the tield, | saw a cow. (Clause with a non- finite—While walking = While | was walking) (d) When in England, he saw a strange sight. (verbless Clause —When in England = When he was in England) So we should say : A Clause is a group of words that contains a finite verb expressed or under- stood. But a Phrase does not contain a finite verb in any way. —P. C. Das (1 ST SA FATS AA, AB Clause-4 eB finite verb a raiser fem SHATOAS TA GF TARA ATS Aca | FE ALG Phrase CHATEHAE finite verb ete ai] CLAUSES Clauses are of three kinds—[1] Principal Clause (at siete at Fos aera AALS *IA1), [2] Subordinate Clause (Gea THe! A GT clause-aa Goa frSaAlet |), [3] Co-ordinate Clause (ACF Asset) | Principal Clause is an independent clause and a Subordinate Clause depends on a Principal Clause. The Subordinate Clauses are subdivided into three heads : A. The Noun Clause : It does the work of a noun (Noun Clause Noun 5081 #1 7 |) B. The Adjective Clause : It does the work of an Adjective. (Adjective Clause Adjective-44 WS! SS Ft |) C. The Adverbial Clause ; It does the work of an Adverb. (Adverbial Clause Adverb-% 30ot Ft FCS |) CLAUSES — —————————— [ Principal Clause Subordinate Clause Co-ordinate Clause I I l = I know that the | know the boy The boy is honest boy is honest. |_who is honest. and | know it, SUBORDINATE CLAUSES oo — a [Noun or Nominal Clause | [Adjective or Relative Clause] | Adverbial Clause - T : 1 [1know who he is.| [I know the man who did it.] | You may go where you like. NOUN CLAUSE (NOMINAL CLAUSE) A Noun Clause is used in a sentence in the same way as a noun may be used : (Noun Clause 3 noun CISNA SAAS BA, ABSA TH |) ( subject, (ii) object, (iii) object to a preposition, (iv) complement, (v) appositive. Functions of a Noun Clause Examples What he said/is true. How he went thereis known to all. Subject (#61) That he is honestis known to me. When he will comeis uncertain. Whether he will succeed is uncertain,338 @ A Oe EE Functions of a Noun Clause Examples _ | Object (=) I know that he is honest. Object to a Preposition It depends on how he behaves. (preposition-9% #5) | know nothing of what he will do. Complement (agit) This is what we expected. Zi It44 Apposition frit) | It is true that he has come. Appositive (ital Noun-4% | Our hope that he will come back proved false. it/whether She asked me if/whether | would stay or not. 7 Linking Words | Examples that He said that he would go. who I know who he is. whose Do you know whose book it is? whom I can guess whom you want to see. AN what No one knows what caused the accident. which Can you tell which one is Ram‘s? where 1 do not know where he was born. when ' know when he will come. how 1 can tell how he stole your watch. why Could you explain why he did this? whatever learn whatever | can, SOME MORE EXAMPLES { Note the Linkers | (i) Subject of a Verb : What he said is true. (By joining : He said this. It is true.] Why she is sad is anybody's guess. That you should say so surprises me. That he is a good boy is known to us. Who telephoned me is still a mystery. When he will return is uncertain, Why he left the place is a mystery. Whatever he earns is spent lavishly. Which he prefers is not known to me. How he could assist his friend was his chief concern. (ii) Object of a Verb : We know that the earth is a planet. (By joining : The earth is a planet. We know it) He hoped that it was true. She denied that she had written the letter. ' cannot tell what has become of him.1 do not know when | shall return. | asked the boy how old he was. Tell me frankly why you did this. Can you tell me what he requires? Tell me where you live. No one knows who he is. lL ask you what you want. 1 know what he means, Object to a Preposition : There is no meaning in what you say. a [By joining : You say something. There is no meaning in it] y | know nothing of what he will do. Pay careful attention to what | say. 0 They had no complaint except that the day was too hot. )) (iv) Complement to a Verb : This is what we expected. [By joining : This is the thing. We expected it.] Life is what we make it. My belief is that he will not come. Our satisfaction is that we tried to the last. My wish is that | may please you. His request will be that he may be allowed to resign. He says what he intends to be. (v) Object to a missing Preposition / Complement to an Adjective : The child was afraid that he would fall down. (atraid of) [By joining : The child might fall down. He was afraid of it They felt sorry that they lost the match. (sorry for) The patient was sure that he would recover. (sure of) She did not seem hopeful that he would arrive. (hopeful of) 1am glad that you have approved it. (comp. to adj.—glad) (vi) Apposition to a Noun or Pronoun : Your statement thal you found the money in the street is correct. (By joining : He is dead. It is a rumour. There is a rumour that he is dead. The fact that he is no more is painful to us. It is true that the boy is honest. It is feared that he will not come back. It was unfortunate thal you were absent. His belief that some day he would succeed cheered me. ; Note : In a Noun Clause the Linking Word is usually that. (Though some other linking words such as who, whose, what, which, how etc. are occasionally used.) [Noun Clause-a cata St Cara Linking Word- that @, afte who, whose, what, which, how Zomtfae subject, object, complement al apposition Ae Noun Clause sion PAT Linker WS “AltA I}0° APPLIED) ENGEISET& NS CLAUSE OME MORE JOINING WITH A NOMINAL wu have solved the problem. No one kno ‘olved the problem.| ws the method. (a) Yo [= No one knows how you s (b) The student was absent yesterday [= The teacher asked the student \/ (c) Mr. Rao is a great politician. This fact must be [= This fact must be admitted thaf Mr. Rao is a great politician.) (d) The Rajdhani Express will reach at a certain time. Do you know the time? [= Do you know when the Rajdhani Express will reach?) (e) He passed the Final examination. He told me this. [= He told me that he passed the Final examination.] (f, He did it. | do not know how. It is true. [= It is true that | do not know how he did it.] ADJECTIVE CLAUSE (RELATIVE CLAUSE) An Adjective Clause or Relative Clause is used as an Adjective to qualify a Noun or Pronoun or it denotes relation to a Noun or Pronoun. The Noun or Pronoun with which the Adjective clause is related is called its Antecedent. [Adjective Clause 4 Adjective-4 3051 944481 Noun @I Pronoun-c# qualify Face TRAS BA Beat FFT} Noun li Pronoun-44 ACH AAR APM BA! CL Noun I Pronoun-4 ACH Adjective Clause-44 ARF AUCH GIF Antecedent WI] Adjective Clause Relative Clause 12¥ qualify #74 Ci Antecedent-a B® 917 71 | The teacher asked him the reason hy he had been absent yesterday | admitted. “~~ Functions ofa Relative Clause| ~~ Examples Subject (61) The boy who came here is my friend. Object (+f) The boy whom you know is my friend. Possessive (73%) The boy whose father is a doctor came here. LINKING WORDS/ LINKERS Relative Clause | Living | Non-living | Living and Non-living (atta) | (wenttae) | (enh @ endtee) Subject who which/that | that Object whom which/that_| that Possessive of which Some More Examples : [Note the Linkers] This is the boy who broke one of the windows. [By joining : This is the boy. He broke one of the windows.] The girl whom you saw last night is my sister. = The girl is my sister. You saw her last night. That's the man whose wile is an actress, = That is the man. His wife is an actress.SENTENCE AND ITS CLAUSES /JOINING /SPLITTING onal The book \// h sou belongs to my brother. = I lent you the book. It belongs to my brother. n, This is the chair of which one leg is brok = This is the chair. Its one leg is broken. NOUN CLAUSES AND ADJECTIVE CLAUSES SIDE BY SIDE > Noun Clauses Adjective Clauses Tell me who did it. | know the boy wiho did it. | Tell me where he lives. Tell me the place where he lives. Tell me when he will come. Tell me the time when lie will come. I know why he said so. | know the reason w/iy he said so. I know how he did it. I know the way how he did il. IN.B. Goreaa Smrentefcs oral AWA, Noun Clause-9 Geral antecedent GR fe Adjective Clause-4 741% Antecedent B73 48 Linker-@fi Antecedent-44 9 IT I] SOME MORE JOINING WITH A RELATIVE CLAUSE in h (a) Something bright was moving across the sky. It was like a star. 5 [= Something which was bright like a star was moving across the sky.] . (b) Rabindranath Tagore was a great poet. We hold him in high esteem. 4 [= Rabindranath Tagore whom we hold in high esteem was a great poet. / Rabindranath Tagore who was a great poet is held in high esteem by us.] (c) A body was found last week. The police are trying to identify the body. v! [= The police are trying to identify the body which was found last week.] (d) | went to see the doctor. The doctor told me to take rest for a few days. [I went to see the doctor who told me to take rest for a few days.] (e) Coal is found in West Bengal. It is a very useful mineral. [= Coal which is a very useful mineral is found in West Bengal.] (f) The Giant loved a little boy most. The boy was never seen again. [= The little boy whom the gaint loved most was never seen again.] (g) The gallery was crowded. It holds only one thousand people. [= The gallery which holds only one thousand people was crowded.] (h) The boy passed the Final examination. He told me this. [= The boy told me the fact that he passed the Final examination.) (i) The house is under construction. It belongs to me. [= The house which is under construction belongs to me.] (j) This is the place. Rabindranath was born here. [= This is the place where Rabindranath was born.) (k) The book is very useful. Samir bought it yesterday. [= Yesterday Samir bought a book which is very useful. Or, The book ywhic/ Samir bought yesterday is very useful.] (I). The doctors and nurses are all thoroughly trained men and women. Their main ; purpose is to help the patients to get well as quickly as possible, | f=The doctors and nurses are all thoroughly trained men and women \v/0. main purpose is to help the patients to get well as quickly as possible.3426 APPLIED E! ISH GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION ADVERBIAL CLAUSE ‘An Adverbial Clause is used as an Adverb to modify a Verb, an Adjective, another Adverb etc. and usually denotes (i) time (ii) place (iii) cause or reason (iv) effect or result (v) extent (vi) manner (vii) comparison (viii) contrast (ix) condition (x) purpose. [Adverbial clause @it3 Adverb-aa *0e1 Verb, Adjective @ Bt Geral Adverb-G modify HE eae HIMES FA, BA, BH, A, ATA, HA, PHT, Cates, MTS a So CAT Functions of an | Linking Examples Adverbial Clause | Words ee Time (FR) when | Father came when ! started for Delhi. Place (@™) where You may go where you like. Cause or reason | because | My friend will not come because he is ill. (FRA CRRQ) as Or, My friend will not come as he is ill. Effect or result that 1am so tired that / cannot walk. (area) He worked so hard that he was tired. Extent (aiff) | as faras | As far as | know, the man is honest. Manner (2&1), as Amal plays as he usually does. ” (aR) as if He acted as if he were mad. Condition MS) | if I shall help you if you come here. Compariosn as, as This boy is as brave as his brother (is). (ert) than You are taller than I (am). Contrast (?a*te3)| though/ | Though/ Although he is poor, he although | ishappy. Purpose (Sew) | that, in | We read that(in order that) we learn. | order that *Note : As (reason) : As he is poor, he could not donate one thousand rupees. (ey 7 HR, CHES CH GB RIGTA GIL HI PACH its a 1] As (constrasf) : Poor as he is, he donated one thousand rupees. [ale C7 HRY, EH Ge ARIA BIA WIA FRI | Adjective- Participial Phrase M4 BA al area by Akhtar, taken from a corner kick. = Amal headed the ball. It was floated into the penalty area by Akhtar. It was taken from a corner kick. (viii) The boy stood on the burning deck, from where everyone else had gone away. = = The boy stood on the deck. The deck was burning. Every- one else had gone away from there. (ix) Men of science have proved that the sun does not move round the earth, but the earth moves round the sun. = The earth moves round the sun. The sun di h . loes not move round . Men of science have proved these facts na the earth (x) History says that Socrates, when he was gi that , given a cup of i 10 tak to his friends who were standing beside Rio rock Continued = Socrates was given a cup of hemlock. He conti i u 4 continued is fri They were standing beside him, History saye thie > oi © his fiends. SEQUENCE OF TENSES Rule 1./ fF the main clouse is then the dependent « lause may be Present tense "1 present tense in any form, or [2] past tense in any form, __ Future tense 13] future tense in any form, Anna says that she can play the piano. "hope he arrived safely. They think she will come here tomorrow.Rule 2.| If the © 0in is then the « suse may be | {1] simple past Past tense [2] past progressive [3] past perfect [4] would/could/might + verb I saw her when she was in hospital. He ran outside to see what was happening. hoped he had arrived safely. She said that she would come soon. He thought that he could win the prize. He thought that he might do the work. ES | 1, Join these Simple Sentences in A and B by converting them into Main Clause and Relative Clause ; [Using who, whose, whom, which, what, that etc.] Relative Linker is used just after the noun or pronoun with which it is related (antecedent). A B Ist sentence 2nd sentence (a) Columbus died in 1506. He was the discoverer of America. (b) Gravity is a force. It attracts objects towards the centre. (c) This is a tool. It is used for cutting metal. (d) English is a language. It is spoken all over the world. (e) This is the place. There the poet Rabindranath was born. (f) Report it to your friend. Nehru said this to his daughter. (g) Rabindranath is a great poet. He composed ‘Gitanjali’. (h) The fox saw some grapes. Those were hanging from a vine. (i) The air surrounds us. It consists of various elements. (j) You met the man last night. He is a soldier. 2. Combine the part in A with a suitable Adverbial Clause in B : A (Ist part) B (2nd part) (Choose suitable one) (a) A plant will not grow if they come by train. (b) Shila cut her finger while he was crossing the road. (c) The boy met with an accident if the roots are cut off. (d) What will happen to you while she was sharpening the pencil. (e) They will reach here early’ while she spelt ‘doll’ in the other. (f) Anne gave Helen a doll tos if you take too much food? hold in one hand . Join the sentences using and, but, or, either...or, neither...nor : (a) John worked hard. He did very well in the exam. (b) Edison is good at Mathematics. He is bad at English. w