Chapter 6 ICT APPLICATIONS

Communication
There are several communication systems that make use of ICT technology.

For example:

» Newsletters and posters

» Websites

» Multimedia presentations

» Media streaming

» e-publications.

Audio and Video Communication

Audio (sound) and video (moving pictures) are used to share

information with one person or many people.

 Audio Only:

o Used when people are busy or can’t watch a screen. For

example:

 Runners or people exercising might listen to music or

podcasts while staying alert to their surroundings.

o Audio is helpful in places like shops or train stations because

people can hear announcements without needing to stop and
look at a screen.

o Podcasts (audio programs you can download from the internet)

are popular for sharing stories, comedy, or information. They are
often part of a series that updates automatically.

 Video Communication:

o Combines sound and moving images, making it engaging and

entertaining.

o Widely used in:

 Education: Watching educational videos to learn.

 Entertainment: Watching movies or shows.

  Advertising: Companies create videos to promote
products.

Media Streaming

Streaming is when audio or video plays directly from the internet without
needing to download the entire file first.

 Examples:

o Watching a movie or listening to music online in real-time.

o Live events like football matches or company meetings can also

be streamed online.

 How it Works:

o Audio or video files are split into small pieces called data
packets and sent over the internet.

o Fast internet is important for high-quality video streaming.

Live streaming: when streamed video is sent over the internet in real time,
without first being recorded and stored, e.g. many sporting events are live
streamed

E-Publications (Digital Books and Magazines)

E-publications are digital versions of books, magazines, newsletters, and

newspapers that can be read online.

 Advantages:

o Can be shared worldwide.

o No printing costs, making it cheaper and faster to publish.

o You can access all your purchased books anytime through a

digital library.

o E-readers are smaller and lighter than carrying multiple books,

making them great for travel.

Mobile Communication
Smartphones are mobile devices that offer many ways to communicate.

1. Voice Calls:
 o Like regular phones, smartphones allow voice or phone calls.

o These calls can be between mobile phones or even between

landlines and mobile phones.

2. Text Messaging (SMS):

o SMS stands for Short Message Service.

o It allows users to send and receive short text messages quickly,

enabling instant text conversations.

Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP)

Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP): Is a technology that allows the use
of the internet to carry voice data when making phone calls

VoIP technology uses the internet to make phone calls.

 How it Works:

o Your voice is broken into small packets of data.

o These packets travel through different routes on the internet and

are reassembled at the destination in the correct order.

o This process is called packet switching.

 Advantages of VoIP:

o Calls are usually free, except for the cost of connecting to the
internet. For example, if you're in a coffee shop with free Wi-Fi,
your call won't cost anything.

o VoIP works between:

 A computer and a landline.

 Two smartphones or computers.

 Video Calls:

o VoIP is also used for video calls.

o Apps like WhatsApp and FaceTime allow users to make video

calls using the device’s camera, speaker, and screen.

o However, video calls use more data than voice calls, which can
sometimes cause the image to freeze or lock.
Accessing the Internet
Mobile devices connect to the internet in two main ways:

1. Wi-Fi:

o This is a local wireless network that provides internet access

within a specific area, such as a home, office, or public space.

2. Mobile or Cellular Network:

o This is a type of wireless network distributed through cells.

o Each cell has a fixed location device called a base station,

which provides wireless coverage.

o These cells work together to provide internet access over a large

area, with each cell covering between 9 to 21 miles.

How Cellular Networks Work:

 Handover:

o When you move out of range of one base station, the system
automatically switches your connection to the next base station
with the strongest signal.

o This process, called handover, happens seamlessly without

interrupting your internet access.

 Generations of Cellular Technology:

o Over time, cellular technology has advanced, with each

improvement being referred to as a new generation:

 3G (Third Generation): Provides faster internet than

earlier technologies.

 4G (Fourth Generation): Offers even better speed and

reliability.

 5G (Fifth Generation): The latest technology, offering

much faster speeds and better performance, is gradually
being introduced in some areas.
What is Computer Modelling?
 Simulation: A simulation creates a model of a real-world system to
study its behavior.

 The model is made using mathematical formulas and run on a

computer.

Why Use Computer Models?

1. Safety: Test dangerous situations without putting anyone at risk.

2. Cost-Effectiveness: Avoid spending huge amounts of money on

building something that might not work.

3. Testing Under Different Conditions: Simulate how a new design,

like a car, ship, or plane, performs in various situations (e.g., a ship in
large waves).

Advantages of Computer Models

 Cheaper: Less costly than building the actual object (e.g., a bridge).

 Safer: Models can test hazardous situations, such as chemical

reactions, without risk.

 Flexible: Allows testing of different scenarios in advance.

 Impractical in Real Life: Simulate scenarios that are too risky or

remote, like space missions or nuclear reactor failures.

 Faster Results: Some real-life scenarios, like climate change or

population growth, take years to observe, but models can provide
predictions quickly.

Disadvantages of Computer Models

 Accuracy Issues: The model's results depend on how well it’s

programmed and the quality of the input data.

 Cost: Although cheaper than building the real thing, creating a

computer model can still be expensive.
  Trust Problems: People may not trust the simulation results because
they don’t always match reality.

Examples of Computer Modelling

1. Personal Finance

o Models are used to predict future expenses, savings, and

investments.

o For example, financial software can calculate how much you

need to save monthly to reach a specific goal, like buying a
house or retiring.

2. Bridge and Building Design

Engineers and architects use 3D computer modeling to test designs
before construction begins. These models simulate various scenarios to
ensure the safety and reliability of structures like bridges and
skyscrapers.
Bridge Design
Computer models assess:

 Traffic loading during events like accidents.

 Structural resilience against strong winds, earthquakes, tidal waves,

and ice floes.

 Vibrational effects, such as swaying at natural frequencies.

After testing and refining the computer model, scale models undergo
wind-tunnel trials to validate the design.

Building Design
Similar techniques are applied to skyscrapers, considering:

 Natural phenomena like hurricane winds, earthquakes, and flooding.

 Disasters such as fires.

 Efficient movement of occupants, e.g., optimizing elevator usage in

large buildings.
Both methods involve iterative testing with computer simulations and
scale models to eliminate design flaws.

Advantages of Computer Modeling:

 Zoom and rotate designs for detailed inspection.

 Avoid expensive and dangerous real-world errors.

 Test multiple scenarios efficiently.

3. Flood Water Management

Computer models perform risk assessments for flooding by simulating
water levels, flows, and depths. Input data includes:

 River cross-sections, bridges, weirs, and sluices.

 Seasonal factors like tides and strong winds.

 Historical flood calibration data.

Models help plan and improve flood defenses. Venice, for instance, uses a
computer-based system with sensors to monitor sea and wave heights.
Benefits include:

 Faster, safer, and more accurate data collection.

 Continuous improvement through additional data.

4. Traffic Management
Computer models optimize traffic flow in scenarios like motorway
closures and traffic light systems.
 Motorway Closures

Models simulate:

Traffic densities at different times.

Speed limit impacts and breakdown scenarios. The goal is to minimize

disruption while ensuring safety and quick repairs.

 Traffic Light Simulation

At Y-junctions, models analyze:

 Traffic flow and vehicle counts.

 Impact of signal timings and emergency vehicle scenarios.

 Real-life operation:
Sensors collect vehicle data and send it to a control system, which
adjusts traffic signals for optimal flow based on pre-tested scenarios.

5. Weather Forecasting
Weather stations automatically gather data, such as:

 Rainfall, temperature, wind speed/direction.

 Barometric pressure and humidity.

This data is fed into complex mathematical models that simulate

weather patterns. Predictions are made by advancing the model
through time within a 3D atmospheric grid.

Computer-Controlled Systems
A computer-controlled system consists of devices like processors,
sensors, and actuators working together to achieve specific objectives,
such as painting a car or regulating a building's temperature.

Advantages of Computer-Controlled Systems

 Quick response to changes and high-speed data processing.

 Operate continuously without breaks (24/7).

 Perform tasks in environments hazardous to humans.

 Carry out repetitive tasks without errors.

 Do not require wages, unlike human workers.

 Simultaneously process numerous inputs to make accurate decisions.

Disadvantages of Computer-Controlled Systems

 Development of hardware and software can be costly.

 Dependence on power supply; they stop functioning during power

outages, unlike people.

 Inability to respond to unexpected events as flexibly as humans.

 Production Line Control

Production line: a line of machines and workers in a factory that a
product moves along while it is being produced. Each machine or
 worker performs a particular job that must be finished before the
product moves to the next position in the line

Robots are widely used in production line control in industries.

Examples include:
 Filling bottles with liquid, capping them, and applying labels.
 Filling cans with baked beans, sealing them, and labeling.

Benefits of Using Robots in Production Lines

 Faster Operations: For instance, 120 cans of baked beans filled per
minute.
 Increased Productivity: Continuous 24/7 operation.
 Greater Consistency: Precise amounts filled every time (e.g., exact
weight in each can).
 Built-In Quality Control: Robots automatically test for issues (e.g.,
foreign materials) and reject defective items.
 Reduced Costs: Fewer staff needed, leading to lower consumer prices
despite high initial setup costs.
Example: Bottling Plant Process
1. Bottle Detection:
o Sensor 1 (e.g., pressure, light, or camera sensor): Detects the
presence of a bottle and sends signals to the computer.
2. Filling the Bottle:
o Once a bottle is detected, the computer signals an actuator to
open a valve, allowing liquid to flow into the bottle.
3. Monitoring Liquid Level:
o Sensor 2 (level sensor): Detects when the bottle is full and
sends a signal to the computer.
4. Closing the Valve:
o The computer signals the actuator to close the valve once the
bottle is full.
5. Moving the Conveyor Belt:
o The computer signals another actuator to operate the motor,
moving the conveyor belt to position the next bottle.
6. Continuous Process:
o The cycle repeats continuously until interrupted for maintenance,
errors, or process changes.
  Robotics in Manufacturing
Robots play a significant role in the manufacturing industry. They are
primarily used for repetitive tasks and can be reprogrammed to
perform different tasks when needed.

Learning Methods for Robots:

1. Teach and Learn Method: A programmer writes instructions for the

robot and observes it as it performs the task.

2. Guided Task: The robot is guided through the task for the first time
and generates its own instructions.

Advantages of Using Robots:

1. Safe Operations: Can work in environments harmful to humans.

2. Continuous Work: Operate non-stop, 24/7.

3. Cost Efficiency: Expensive initially but cheaper in the long term as

they don’t require wages.

4. Higher Productivity: Don’t need holidays or breaks, leading to

consistent output.

5. Consistency: Ensure uniform quality in tasks (e.g., identical products

on a production line).

6. Task Relief for Humans: Perform boring or repetitive tasks, freeing

humans for skilled work like quality control or design.

7. Flexibility in Tasks: Can perform various tasks by using different

end-effectors, such as spray guns or welding tools.

Disadvantages of Using Robots:

1. Limited Flexibility: Struggle with unique or specialized tasks (e.g.,

custom glassware).
 2. Unemployment Concerns: May replace skilled human labor, causing
job losses.

3. Loss of Skills: Human expertise (e.g., welding) might decline as

robots take over tasks.

4. Relocation of Factories: Robots reduce reliance on local skills,

enabling factories to move globally, further impacting jobs.

5. High Costs: Initial setup and maintenance are expensive.

Evolving Benefits:

Despite initial concerns about job losses, robots have created new
opportunities for human workers in programming and maintenance roles.
Manufacturers now recognize the potential for collaboration between humans
and robots in the workplace.

School Management Systems

This is an information management system used by educational institutions
to manage student data.

Offers functionalities such as:

o Student registration

o Grade documentation

o Performance evaluation

Learner Registration and Attendance

 Some systems use OMR (Optical Mark Recognition) technology for data
entry

 Laptops, tablets, and smartphones can enable real-time registration

over a network (if supported by the system).

 Saves time by eliminating the need for manually reading marked

sheets.

Computer-Aided Learning (CAL)

Computer-Aided Learning (CAL) refers to an integrated environment
where computers assist in the educational process. This can include:

 Online learning, which distinguishes CAL from traditional, face-to-face

education.

 The use of computer networks to distribute educational content.

 Two-way communication via computer networks, allowing students to

interact with teachers and peers. For instance, an assignment posted
by a teacher could be researched, discussed, and submitted entirely
online, with feedback provided in both written and audio formats.

Online learning can be delivered through websites and emails, but Virtual
Learning Environments (VLEs) offer enhanced benefits. CAL includes
interactive tutorials and presentations that enable students to manage
their learning by:

 Learn at their own pace

 Use virtual reality (VR) for immersive learning

 Stop and resume lessons anytime

 Retake tests to improve skills

 Repeating challenging sections.

 Skipping sections, they already understand.

Advantages of Using CAL (Computer-Aided Learning)

 Flexible Learning: Students can learn at their own pace and when
they want to.

 Virtual Reality (VR) Learning: VR allows students to be fully

immersed in the learning environment.

 Convenient Learning: Students can pause and return later to

continue where they left off.

 Retake Tests: Students can retake tests until they reach the required
skill level.

 Interactive Learning: CAL enhances interactivity in learning.

 Multimedia Usage: Utilizes various multimedia elements such as

video clips, animations, music, and interactive learning methods.
  Integrated Learning: The main goal of CAL is to stimulate learning,
not replace teacher-based learning. It should be an integrated part of
the learning process.

 Instant Feedback: Multiple-choice questions can be marked instantly

by the system, providing immediate feedback to students. Other
assessment methods can include fill-in-the-blank, crossword puzzles,
matching terms to descriptions, and gaming.

 Micro-Learning: Breaks down topics into small, manageable modules

that are easy to learn, making CAL highly effective.

Disadvantages of CAL:

 Cannot replicate hands-on experiences like lab experiments.

 Expensive and time-consuming to integrate.

 Students may get distracted while online.

 Can lead to isolation since students work alone on computers.

 Cannot answer unusual questions without teacher intervention.

Banking Applications
The use of computers has transformed how people manage their banking
transactions. This section focuses on:

 Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs)

 Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT)

 Credit/Debit Card Transactions

 Cheque Clearing

 Internet Banking

Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs)

ATMs are self-service machines that let you manage your bank account
without going to a bank branch. With ATMs, you can:
  Withdraw cash

 Deposit cash

 Deposit cheques

 Check your account balance

 View a mini bank statement

 Pay bills

 Transfer money

Example: Withdrawing Cash from an ATM

Here’s how you withdraw cash from an ATM:

1. Insert your bank card into the machine.

2. Enter your PIN (Personal Identification Number) on the keypad.

3. The bank's computer verifies your PIN and checks if your card is valid
(not expired or reported stolen).

4. A menu of options appears, such as:

o Withdraw cash

o Check account balance (on screen or printed)

o Deposit cash or cheques

o Pay bills

o Make a money transfer

o Change your PIN

If the PIN is incorrect or entered incorrectly three times, the ATM keeps the
card.

5. Choose to withdraw cash.

6. Select an amount from the options or type in a custom amount.

7. Decide if you want a receipt.

8. The ATM checks:

o If you have enough money in your account

 o If you haven’t exceeded your daily withdrawal limit

9. Once everything is verified, the cash is counted, dispensed, and your

account balance is updated.

10. Your card is returned, and the transaction ends.

Example: Depositing Cheques at an ATM

To deposit a cheque:

1. Insert your debit card and enter your PIN.

2. Select "Deposit Cheque" from the menu.

3. Place the cheque in the drawer when it opens.

4. The ATM reads the cheque details using OCR (Optical Character
Recognition).

5. Confirm the amount displayed on the screen.

6. The cheque amount is added to your account (pending clearance

within 24–48 hours).

7. A receipt is printed, and your card is returned.

Advantages of Using ATMs

 24/7 Access: You can withdraw cash or access services any time, day
or night.

 Convenience: Manage your account, check balances, and pay bills

without visiting the bank.

 Global Access: Use your card at ATMs anywhere in the world.

 Time-Saving: Avoid long queues in banks.

Disadvantages of Using ATMs

 Safety Concerns: ATMs located in unsafe areas can attract theft,

especially at night.

 Fraud Risks: Scams like shoulder surfing and card cloning are
common.
  Transaction Fees: Some banks charge for using ATMs.

 Withdrawal Limits: Cash withdrawals are capped daily.

 Card Issues: If your card is damaged or faulty, transactions cannot be

completed.

 Lack of Personal Interaction: Some customers miss the personal

service provided in a bank.

Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT)

What is EFT?
Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) is a secure method that allows money to be
transferred directly between bank accounts through a computer system. No
physical money is exchanged; the process relies entirely on electronic
instructions. When an EFT request is made, the bank’s computer transfers
the specified amount from one account to another.

Examples of EFT:

1. Salary Payments:
Companies use EFT to pay their employees. On payday, the company
instructs the bank to transfer money from its account to the
employees' accounts.

2. EFT at Point-of-Sale (EFTPOS):

EFT is also used when customers pay with a credit or debit card in a
store.

Advantages of EFT:

 It is very secure.

 The process is fast and efficient.

 It is more cost-effective than methods like using cheques.

 Customers can dispute payments within 60 days if needed.

Disadvantages of EFT:

 Once money is transferred, reversing the transaction is difficult and

requires a dispute investigation.
  The sender must have sufficient funds available immediately.

 There is a risk of fraud if the recipient uses a fake ID.

Credit/Debit Card Transactions

How Do They Work?

Most credit and debit cards have a chip and a magnetic stripe. The chip
holds key information, including the customer’s Personal Identification
Number (PIN). This system is more secure than signatures.

Example Transaction:
Imagine a customer pays for a meal using a chip-and-PIN card:

1. The PIN is entered using a keypad.

2. The card is checked for validity (e.g., expiration date, stolen card, etc.).

3. The entered PIN is compared to the one stored on the card chip.

4. If the PINs match, the transaction continues.

5. The restaurant’s bank contacts the customer’s bank.

6. The bank checks if the account has enough funds.

7. If valid, the transaction is approved, and an authorisation code is sent.

8. The meal cost is deducted from the customer’s account and credited to
the restaurant’s account.

9. A receipt is printed as proof of the transaction.

Advantages of Credit Cards:

 Protection if goods are not delivered or a company closes.

 Accepted worldwide.

 Offers an interest-free loan if paid within a specified time.

 Convenient for online shopping.

Disadvantages of Credit Cards:

 High-interest rates can apply.

 Annual fees are common.

  Risk of overspending and credit damage.

 Vulnerable to online fraud.

Advantages of Debit Cards:

 Safer than carrying cash.

 No interest charges since money is directly deducted from the

customer’s account.

 Convenient for online shopping.

Disadvantages of Debit Cards:

 Less protection if goods are not delivered or a company shuts down.

 Requires sufficient funds in the account.

 Online security risks, similar to credit cards.

Cheques as a Payment Method

Cheques are one of the oldest ways of paying for goods and services.
However, due to their relatively slow, costly, and less secure nature,
they are gradually being phased out.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Cheques

Advantages Disadvantages

More convenient and safer Not legal tender and can be refused
than cash

Possible to stop payments if Slow method of payment

necessary

Can be drawn any time (up to Easier for fraudsters than card payment
six months) methods

Cheques can be post-dated Relatively expensive payment method

Lost cheques can be traced

Computers in Medicine
Computers are used extensively in medicine for purposes such as record
keeping, diagnosis, and treatment.
Patient and Pharmacy Records
Accurate medical records are vital for proper diagnosis and treatment. Using
databases allows for:

 Quick access to medical histories in emergencies.

 Sharing data among medical practitioners and pharmacies.

 Eliminating paper prescriptions by sending electronic prescriptions to

pharmacies.

Key Data in Patient Databases:

 Unique identification number

 Name, address, and date of birth

 Gender

 Medical history and current diagnosis

 Blood group and allergies

 Doctor details

 Additional information (e.g., X-rays, CT scans)

3D Printing in Medicine
3D printing has revolutionized medical fields through diagnostic aids,
prosthetics, and tissue engineering.

Key Applications:

1. Surgical and Diagnostic Aids

o Anatomical parts (e.g., organs, blood vessels) can be printed

based on CT or MRI scans.

o Enables surgeons to plan surgeries and engage patients by

visually explaining procedures.

2. Prosthetics

o 3D printing significantly reduces costs. For instance, a prosthetic

hand can cost as little as $100, compared to traditional methods
costing thousands of dollars.

3. Tissue Engineering
 o 3D bio-printing uses bio-compatible materials and cells to
produce artificial tissues like skin, bone tissue, and heart
grafts.

o Research is advancing toward printing functional replacement

organs using a patient’s own cells.

4. Artificial Blood Vessels

o 3D printing with bio-inks can produce biomimetic blood vessels,

functioning similarly to natural ones.

Customized Medicines
Advancements in 3D printing techniques now enable scientists to produce
customized medicines tailored to individuals, a concept known as
patient-centric medicine. 3D-printed medicines are often referred to as
printlets (printed tablets). As modern medicines become more potent and
their effects vary across individuals, there is an increasing need to rethink
conventional manufacturing methods.

3D printing allows for:

 Personalized medicine production with controlled release of drugs

into the body.

 Fixed-dose combinations, combining multiple medicines in a single

printlet.

 Optimized drug release profiles based on a tablet's geometry.

How 3D Printing Works

A breakthrough 3D inkjet technology called vapour printing enables

precise layering of medicines. In this process:

1. A powdered medicine is evaporated and combined with nitrogen gas.

2. The resultant gas is sprayed onto a cooled surface, where it

crystallizes into thin films.

3. Multiple layers of these films are built up using 3D printing to form the
tablet with a controlled geometry.

Unlike traditional tablets, which are produced by compressing powder into

uniform shapes, 3D-printed tablets allow for tailored geometries that
optimize medicine release.
Advantages of 3D-Printed Medicines

 Tailor-made to suit individual patient needs.

 Better control of medicine release in the body.

 Cost savings, as modern medicines are expensive.

 Enhanced targeting of medicines for improved effectiveness.

 Reduced risk of overdose and harmful side effects.

For instance, chemotherapy drugs, which often cause severe side effects,
can be adjusted for a patient-specific release, improving efficacy and
reducing toxicity.

Future Possibilities

In the future, medicines could be delivered to local pharmacies as digital

blueprints. With the required materials, pharmacies could print
customized medicines for patients using these blueprints.

Expert Systems
Expert systems are designed to replicate the knowledge and decision-
making capabilities of human experts in specific fields. They are widely used
for tasks such as:

 Oil and mineral prospecting

 Medical diagnosis

 Fault detection (e.g., car engines or circuit boards)

 Strategy games (e.g., chess)

 Tax and financial planning

 Route optimization for delivery vehicles

 Identification of plants, animals, or chemicals

Advantages of Expert Systems

 Provide high expertise and accuracy.

 Deliver consistent results with traceable, logical solutions.

 Store vast amounts of knowledge and ideas.

 Offer fast response times, much quicker than human experts.

 Support multiple expertise areas with unbiased analysis.

 Indicate the probability of a solution being correct.

Disadvantages of Expert Systems

 Training is required for effective use.

 High setup and maintenance costs.

 Responses may feel impersonal (e.g., in sensitive medical contexts).

 Systems rely on the quality of input data.

 Users may incorrectly assume infallibility of the system..

Components of an Expert System

1. User Interface

o Facilitates interaction between the system and user.

o Uses dialogue boxes, command prompts, or simple input

methods (e.g., yes/no questions).

2. Explanation System

o Explains the reasoning behind conclusions and suggested

actions.

o Provides reasoning examples, e.g., diagnosing mercury poisoning

based on symptoms and occupational history.

o Includes probability estimates, e.g., "21% chance of finding oil at

location X".

3. Inference Engine

o The system’s problem-solving core.

 o Searches the knowledge base for information relevant to user
queries.

o Uses inference rules to match user responses with stored facts.

4. Knowledge Base

o A repository of facts and information sourced from experts,

textbooks, or research.

o Organized as objects and their attributes.

o Example:

Obje Attribut Attribute Attribute Attribute Attribute 5

ct e1 2 3 4

Dog Mammal Lives on Barks Fur- Walks on 4

land covered legs

Whal Mammal Lives in Sonic Skin- No legs,

e water sounds covered swims

5. Rules Base

o Contains inference rules in logical formats (e.g., IF statements).

o Example:
IF continent = ‘South America’ AND language = ‘Portuguese’
THEN country = ‘Brazil’.

Setting Up an Expert System

1. Information Gathering: From human experts, textbooks, or online

sources.

2. Knowledge Base Creation: Populating the system with organized

facts.

3. Rules Base Creation: Developing inference rules for logical decision-

making.

4. Inference Engine Development: Building the system’s core

reasoning component.

5. User Interface Design: Creating user-friendly communication

channels.
6. System Testing: Validating the system with known outcomes to
ensure accuracy and make improvements.