PREAMBLES
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
Previous reports about the study/research on the subject matter are the literature review.
Mainly, the literature review is concerned with what other scholars opined or mentioned about
the project or topic. In another perspective, literature review looks into what has been done in
the area the researcher intends to carry out his investigation. The literature review also gives
the researcher opportunity to report literature related to his project for the advancement of
knowledge. In a broad view, literature review looks into the past, current and relevant studies
related to your topic that you may source from textbooks, journals and the internet. However,
it should be up to date, concise and logically arranged. Literature review with references
preceding 5 years is central.
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS
OR
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter is concerned with the procedures (methods and techniques) the researcher desires
to consider in the conduct of the investigation and he should give reasons as to why is he using
particular method and technique. In his research design, a clear and comprehensive description
should be made to facilitate easy replication by other investigators. The researcher needs to
explain in this chapter if he will design his own instrument and how he is going to ensure its
reliability and validity. In case, the researcher intends to employ validated instrument he should
explain why he administered such instrument. Description of research methodology include
research design, population of the study, samples and sampling techniques, instruments and
equipment, method of data collection and analysis and of course any different methodology
relevant to the study should be clearly stated.
CHAPTER TWO AND CHAPTER THREE (Development)
This is to integrate further understanding of the requirements of these 2-impotant chapters (staff
supervisors & students) in research writing delivery, related to project writing in Architecture.
Nothing has been removed from the initial guideline; only a little addition, due to some
observations and informed decisions to strengthen the focus of how students should uniformly
write the contents of the two 2-chapters, AND HOW SUPERVISORS WOULD deliver the
assessment.
MAJOR AMMENDMENT:
Item 1.7 Study Area: A Sub-section in CHAPTER ONE is suggested to be part of
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY. Ideally, the study area should be part of Methodology,
where the Demography, occupation, Soil and Climatic data could be obtained for analysis as a
criteria for APPLICATION ON PRINCIPLES OF ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN OR TYPE
OF ARCHITECTURE IN RESEARCH PROPOSAL AND WRITING.
PROJECT TITLE-EXAMPLE
Application of Modern Architectural Principles in the Design of Fertiliser
Factory at Kalgo, Kebbi State, Nigeria
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.0 Introduction
2.1 Background of the Study
2.2 Principles of Modern Architecture
2.3 Modern Architectural Styles
2.4 Relevance of Modern Design in Industrial Construction
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Methods of Data Collection
3.2.1 Primary Data
3.2.2 Primary Data
3.3 The Study Area
3.3.1 Location Maps
3.3.2 Climate of Kalgo; Kebbi State
3.4 Case Studies
3.5 The Site
3.5.1 Site Selection Criteria
3.5.2 Site Location
3.5.3 Site Analysis
3.5.4 Site Planning Considerations
3.5.5 Site Design Considerations
3.5.6 Concept Development
3.6 Data Analysis
3.7 Conclusions for Design Implementation
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.0 Introduction
This chapter has demonstrated that modern architectural principles offer a robust
framework for enhancing the performance, sustainability, and identity of
industrial buildings, especially when integrating into fertiliser factory design. The
chapter also defines Modern Architecture, historical development, theories, and
inspirations by masters of Modern Architecture, examples and opinions by
scholars and literary content. “The current study aims to bridge this gap by
applying global architectural standards to a local industrial need”.
2.1 Background of the Study
Example:
Industrial architecture has undergone transformative evolution in the 21st
century, with an increasing emphasis on aesthetics, functionality, sustainability,
and energy efficiency. In industrial facility design—especially in developing
regions there is a growing shift from utilitarian forms to intelligent architectural
expressions that reflect modernist philosophies (Khan, 2021). Fertiliser factories,
being critical to agricultural economies, present unique opportunities to integrate
modern architectural principles in enhancing productivity, spatial organization,
and environmental responsibility.
However, traditional industrial structures in similar locales often lack
architectural integration, resulting in inefficient spatial layouts, inadequate
ventilation, and limited sustainability features (Ogunleye & Bakare, 2019).
Therefore, the application of modern architectural principles in the design of the
proposed fertiliser factory is both timely and necessary for contextual relevance
and global competitiveness.
Explore Conceptual Clarification in both theories, literature about Modern
Architecture:
Modern Architecture: A movement in architecture that emerged in the
early 20th century, prioritising minimalism, functionality, and the use of
new materials and construction technologies (Curtis, 2017).
Industrial Architecture: A branch of architecture dedicated to the design
of facilities such as factories and warehouses, focusing on both operational
efficiency and structural integrity (Drexler, 2015).
Sustainability in Architecture: The practice of creating buildings that are
environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout their life-
cycle (Ghaffarian-Hoseini et al., 2016).
Explore Global Overview of Modern Architectural Principles in Industrial
Design.
Globally, industrial architecture has seen a transition from purely functional
blocks to structures that balance efficiency with visual identity. Modern
architectural principles such as modular design, open-plan spatial
organisation, bioclimatic responsiveness, and the use of prefabricated
materials have become central in factory design (Riley, 2020). Countries like
Germany, Japan, and South Korea have successfully merged industrial utility
with architectural sophistication in factory settings, enhancing worker
productivity and reducing operational costs (Lee et al., 2019).
Explore Nigerian Context and Practice (if any)
In Nigeria, industrial buildings have historically prioritised structural form over
architectural finesse. However, recent trends show a gradual embrace of modern
design elements in manufacturing and processing plants, particularly in the
South-West and Federal Capital Territory (Ukoje & Adebayo, 2018).
Nevertheless, the northern regions, including Kebbi State, remain
underrepresented in architectural research and implementation in the industrial
sector.
Conclude by relating the identified ‘gap’ and make a statement that will solve or
‘refill the gap’. EXAMPLE & more: Kalgo, situated in Kebbi State, Nigeria,
offers a strategic location for such a facility, given the state’s agricultural strength
and proximity to raw material sources.
2.2 Principles of Modern Architecture
(Write as exemplified in 2.1 above, with citations)
Modern architectural principles prioritize efficiency of function, structural
clarity, and the innovative application of materials and technology. Hallmarks of
this design approach include unobstructed interior layouts, minimalist geometric
forms, and a deliberate effort to harmonize the built environment with its natural
or urban context. Emerging as a departure from ornate historical styles, this
philosophy is grounded in the belief that buildings should be purpose-driven and
visually coherent, reflecting the needs of their users through thoughtful,
unornamented design (David, 2022). More detailed breakdown of the principles:
(i)…….Functionality
(ii)….Simplicity and Minimalism
(iii)…..Integration with Nature
(iv) …. No ornamentation
Cite the relevant literature.
2.3 Modern Architectural Styles
The modern architecture movement, driven by a spirit of innovation, gave rise to
a range of influential styles including Art Deco, Bauhaus, International Style,
Constructivism, De Stijl, and Metabolism. These stylistic expressions were not
rigid or isolated; rather, they frequently intersected and evolved concurrently,
often sharing core principles of modernism. While many architectural works may
lean more heavily toward one style than another, most cannot be strictly confined
to a single category, reflecting the dynamic and overlapping nature of modern
architectural development. This is explained by theorists (David et al., 2020).
These influential styles examples are discussed.
(i)…..Art Deco
(ii)…...Bauhaus
(iii)…..International Style
2.4 Relevance of Modern Design in Industrial Construction
Modern design emphasises simplicity, functionality, and innovation, shifting
away from ornamental traditions toward purpose-driven architecture (Felix,
2020; Nwokoro et al., 2021). In industrial buildings like fertiliser plants, this
approach enhances safety, ventilation, and operational flow while promoting
visual clarity and corporate appeal. By integrating these principles, modern
architecture reshapes how design serves both community needs and user
performance. Other relevances are
(i)…….
(ii)….
(iii)…..
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction
This chapter outlines the range of methodological approaches employed for data
collection and analysis in alignment with the objectives of the research. It covers
key components such as the research design, study area and location, population,
and sample size, data types, and the methods used for data gathering and
management. Each element is detailed to ensure methodological transparency and
relevance to the investigative framework of the study.
3.1 Research Design
This research adopts a qualitative case study design, complemented by site
surveys. The case study method enables an in-depth exploration of best practices
in industrial architectural design, climatic data review opportunity for designing
with climate, while the site survey offers real-world validation of design
opportunities and constraints at Kalgo, Kebbi State (Yin, 2018).
3.2 Methods of Data Collection
Data will be collected through the following: Case studies, investigation of the
climate of a study area, and site exploratory survey/visits. Data will be analysed
from the results obtained in case studies.
Data is obtained from both primary and secondary sources.
3.2.3 Primary Data
Primary data form first-hand information that the researcher collects for his/her
particular study (Saunders, et al., 2033). Primary data for this study was collected
from survey visit and case studies investigations.
3.2.4 Secondary Data
Secondary data are normally data collected earlier for different uses (Saunders,
et al., 2023). In this study, secondary data involved intensive literature review on
the similar study undertaken by different authors.
3.3 The Study Area
The Study area is Kebbi, Kalgo, Nigeria. Demographic data (Maps, population,
sample size and techniques), vegetation, and occupation of the people. Climatic
elements and data of Kalgo: Temperature, Solar radiation, Humidity, vegetation
i. Population and Sample size
ii. Occupation
3.3.1 Location Maps
Maps and explanations in context
i. Nigeria Map
ii. Kebbi State Map
iii. Kalgo Map
3.3.2 Climate of Kalgo; Kebbi State
i. Temperature,
ii. Humidity,
iii. Solar Radiation
iv. Rainfall
v. Vegetation, etc.
3.4 Case Studies
Review of existing fertiliser plants and industrial facilities both within and outside
Nigeria (e.g., Notore Chemical Plant, Indorama Eleme Fertiliser & Chemicals
Ltd).
i. Case Study One: Dangulu Fertilizer Industry; Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria
ii. Case Study Two:…………………
iii. Case Study Three:………………..
iv. Case Study Four…………………..
3.5 The Site
Direct Survey visits, observation of the proposed site to understand topography,
access, orientation, and other micro climatic elements and environmental
conditions will be conducted to ensure site data is obtained for analysis.
3.5.1 Site Selection Criteria
Multiple sites can be located for evaluation and selection criteria to choose from.
i. Adopt a weighing Scale
3.5.2 Site Location
Google map, town planning map with explanation of adjoined land use
development and features.
3.5.3 Site Analysis
The site analysis will involve a comprehensive examination of a location’s social,
historical, environmental, geographic, regulatory, and infrastructural attributes.
The purpose is to evaluate how these factors influence design decisions. This
information is typically distilled into visual representations, such as diagrams,
that communicate the site's contextual conditions and development constraints
clearly and effectively.
ii. Site Inventories of Physical Infrastructure
iii. Site Natural features and Micro-climate,
iv. Vegetation
v. Geology
vi. Soil
vii. Topography
viii. Hydrology
3.5.4 Site Planning Considerations
Site planning involves positioning design elements to harmonize land use,
landscape features, and site context. It promotes operational efficiency, safety,
and sustainability while ensuring clear access, zoning compliance, and risk
reduction.
i. Zoning Factors
ii. Access, Circulation and Exits
3.5.5 Site Design Considerations
Design considerations encompass the key factors influencing the development of
a project, such as conceptual models, tools, stakeholder input, and team
dynamics. These elements guide the evolution of building form and design
concepts while leveraging the inherent opportunities of the site (attach relevant
pictures and plates).
3.5.7 Concept Development
3.6 Data Analysis
Data collected from different sources was processed and analysed for discussion,
such as 3.7. Climatic data results and site survey outcomes will be presented in
coded statements, graphs, charts, tables and photographic documentation to
support visual analysis of spatial opportunities and constraints.
3.7 Conclusions for Design Implementation
Effective site and design considerations ensure a cohesive integration of zoning,
access, and circulation with concept development. These strategies optimise land
use, enhance safety and sustainability, and support context-responsive
architectural outcomes of the “Application of Modern Architectural Principles in
the Design of Fertiliser Factory at Kalgo, Kebbi State, Nigeria”.
Upgraded by:
Arc. Aminu A Bena (PhD)MNIA