Parallelism:

Parallelism is a component of literary style in both prose and poetry, in which coordinate ideas are arranged in phrases, sentences, and paragraphs that balance one element with another of equal importance and similar wording. Just as the parallel bars of a gymnast have to be equidistant from each other, the items in a series have to be equal; that is, all of the items have to be expressed in the same grammatical form. Parallelism helps a reader in two ways: 1. When items are parallel, a reader can process a great deal of information more quickly 2. A reader can understand the relationship between the items, and the ideas they express, more easily.

Types of Parallelism: There are many types of parallelism. First consider the single word
parallel structures.

Nouns :
He eats fish and chicken. She writes poetry and short stories.

Verbs:
Our neighbors have moved and have sold their house. My sister walks or rides her bike to work.

Adjectives:
The class is not only fun but also helpful. She is not only strong but also fast.

Adverbs:
Peter drives quickly and aggressively. They work carefully and effectively. Parallelism can also take place with phrases. This type of parallel structure can be more difficult to recognize as the sentences are more complex. Here are some examples: Having fun is as important as working hard. She advised me to get some sleep and take some time off work. Here are phrase parallel structures. Each type of structure includes a note about important points problems to take into consideration.

Noun Phrases:
Work is as necessary as play. Apples are as good for you as oranges.

Verb Phrases:
As soon as I arrive home, I put on my shoes and go for a run. Before she leaves for work, she usually eats breakfast and has a cup of coffee.

Adverbial Phrases:
Peter and Tim will probably arrive in less than an hour and in time for the meeting. They want more time off in the summer and on weekends.

Gerund Phrases:
He enjoys playing tennis and working out. They don't mind waiting and talking while you get ready.

Infinitive Phrases:
Jackson hopes to visit his parents and see his old friends when he goes home. She advised me to find some new friends and forget about the event.

Participial Phrases:
Discovering her financial losses and not knowing enough about the current market, she decided to stop investing. Driving through the German countryside and speaking to the people, Mark began to understand the culture better. Finally, clauses can also be used to make parallel structures.

Noun Clauses:
She said that she was having fun but not that she was meeting people. Peter felt that he had made an excellent deal and that he had bought a masterpiece.

Adjective Clauses:
She is a woman who is intelligent and, at the same time, who seems distracted. This is a product that is easy to use and that is simple to clean.

Adverb Clauses:
As he didn't understand and because he refused to try, they let him go. Since it was easy to use and because it was cheap, it sold very well. Parallel construction prevents awkwardness and promotes clarity. Balanced or symmetrical elements also tend to be more concise. Writers who face the challenge of stating several ideas in one sentence can often achieve this goal with remarkable clarity if they arrange these ideas in a balanced series. This series might comprise parallel nouns or phrases, or it might comprise a more sophisticated sequence of parallel clauses. The result is not only easier for the reader to follow but also more pleasing aesthetically.

Examples:
1. Who are you? Im sure many people know who you are, where you live, and that you work very hard. But who are you, really? I guess that depends on who you ask or whether you feel good about yourself. Of course, few people really know what you do in the morning, how early you wake up, if you are eating well, where you go, who you admire, whether you feel good about them, and so on. But, it is amazing how much information is available and how we can now surf a website to Google somebody, isnt it? Think about how much a detective could discover about how you live, if you are working legally, or what you do in your free time. How much information the Internet can provide is amazing, extensive, and unlimited with possibilities. From the information on your credit card bill alone, anybody can see where you shop, whether or not you dine and travel, what your budget is and, whether or not you have a lot of money or make a high salary. Who cares how much money you make, whether you are saving money, or whether you are spending much or not? How much money you make is really nobody elses business. In America, how much you earn, spend, and save is personal, so you should not ask an American how much he earns. Clearly, how you live your life also depends on the attitude you grow up with. How people judge politeness, what people consider a lie, how people deal with their problems and consider the differences of others are what make the biggest misunderstanding between cultures. How you live, plan for the future, and want to retire depends quite a bit on what chances you have had and what choices you make. How well an immigrant speaks, reads, and listens to a foreign language, for example, is a direct result of how much that person has practiced, how hard he or she has studied, and whether or not that student could concentrate and get a chance to speak often. Whoever really wants to succeed speaking English will almost always get more opportunities, have a better lifestyle, and appreciate American culture much more. Unfortunately, how much time recent immigrants have to read and speak English depends on how often they are able to speak at work, use English at home, and chat with friends about anything whenever they get a chance. 2. Generous tears filled Gabriels eyes. He had never felt like that himself towards any woman, but he knew that such a feeling must be love. The tears gathered more thickly in his eyes and in the partial darkness he imagined he saw the form of a young man standing under a dripping tree. Other forms were near. His soul had approached that region where dwell the vast hosts of the dead. He was conscious of, but could not apprehend, their wayward and flickering existence. His own identity was fading out into a grey impalpable world: the solid world itself, which these

dead had one time reared and lived in, was dissolving and dwindling.A few light taps upon the pane made him turn to the window. It had begun to snow again. He watched sleepily the flakes, silver and dark, falling obliquely against the lamplight. The time had come for him to set out on his journey westward. Yes, the newspapers were right: snow was general all over Ireland. It was falling on every part of the dark central plain, on the treeless hills, falling softly upon the Bog of Allen and, farther westward, softly falling into the dark mutinous Shannon waves. It was falling, too, upon every part of the lonely churchyard on the hill where Michael Furey lay buried. It lay thickly drifted on the crooked crosses and headstones, on the spears of the little gate, on the barren thorns. His soul swooned slowly as he heard the snow falling faintly through the universe and faintly falling, like the descent of their last end, upon all the living and the dead.

[Link] section provides that the new form of the substance shall not be considered as patentable unless it shows enhancement in efficacy. The proviso covers examples namely, crystalline to amorphous; hygroscopic to dried or one isomer to other isomer. This section does not cover guidelines about those inventions in which one crystalline form is converted into another crystalline form. To quote an example, the drugs namely, atorvastatin (cholesterol lowering), peridopril (anti-hypertensive) and fluvaststin (cholesterol lowering) exist in more than one crystalline form. It is further not clear whether enhanced efficacy can be proved by factors such as better stability, lesser side effects, wider spectrum of activity, reduction in treatment time etc. If new form of the known substance is more stable then it means that it does not decompose into by-products as a result of which the said form will have more bioavailability than the other form of the drug which is less stable. For example, Eletriptan (useful for the treatment of migraine) exists in two crystalline forms alpha and beta. The drug sold in market contains active ingredient (Eletriptan) in alpha form due its greater stability as compared to beta form. 4. The perceived threat to this ozone layer was one of the turning points in the political fortune of green issues. Above all, it was the one issue which was initially championed by the Conservative administration in Britain and was the focus of a very successful British consumer campaign. The well-known link, which allowed government to set policy and consumers to make a choice, is the group of chemicals known collectively as CFCs (short for chlorofluorocarbons). These are humanlymade gases, developed early this century, which were designed to be exceptionally unreactive. They are non-flammable, they do not react with common substances and are not poisonous, nor do they break down easily. They have been used extensively in industrial societies. Most notoriously, they are used as propellants in aerosol cans. Certain CFCs can be liquefied easily by pressure even at room temperatures. When the pressure is released they evaporate rapidly. This stream of evaporating gas can be used to carry along other chemicals: for example, perfumes, paints, or deodorants. Being largely unreactive, the CFCs do not interfere with the perfume or poison the user. 5. The Dursley family of number four, Privet Drive, was the reason that Harry never enjoyed his summer holidays. Uncle Vernon, Aunt Petunia and - their son, Dudley, were Harrys only living relatives. They were Muggles, and they had a very medieval attitude towards magic. Harry's dead parents, who had been a witch and wizard themselves, were never mentioned under the Dursleys roof. For years, Aunt Petunia and Uncle Vernon had hoped that if they kept Harry as

downtrodden as possible, they would be able to squash the magic out of him. To their fury, they had been unsuccessful, and now lived in terror of anyone finding out that Harry had spent most of the last two years at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. The most the Dursleys could do these days was to lock away Harrys spellbooks, wand, cauldron and broomstick at the start of the summer holidays, and forbid him to talk to the neighbours.