Most Important topics Book 1

a. Soviet System:
- After Russian revolution, Lenin formed USSR in year 1922.
- Soviet system was based on ideology of socialism in which state has complete control
over economy.
- Soviet state is called welfare state which ensured a minimum standard of living for all
citizens, and the government subsidized basic necessities including health, education,
childcare
- Under soviet system, private property was abolished and state has complete
ownership of resource and industries.
- It had one party system in which Communist Party was the only party that always
formed government and people had no choice
- Soviet system was Bureaucratic and authoritarian, which was not accountable to
people and was more corrupt.
- In year 1985, Gorbachev introduced economic and political reform policies of
perestroika (restructuring) and glasnost (openness) which helped nationalist and ant-
communist forces to led revolt.
- People in USSR aware about the rights, freedom and economic development of west,
which was another reason of disintegration of USSR.
b. SHOCK THERAPY
- a painful process of transition from an authoritarian socialist system to a democratic
capitalist system
- Institutions like the World Bank and International Monetary Fund became powerful
advisors
- about 90 per cent of its industries were put up for sale to private individuals and
companies t This was called ‘the largest garage sale in history’
- The value of the ruble, the Russian currency, declined, collective farm system
disintegrated leaving people food insecure, and Russia started to import food
- Weak democracy ( The presidents of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan appointed
themselves to power first for ten years and then extended it for another ten years)
- Russia revived its economy in 2000, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan and
Uzbekistan (major oil/gas)
c. India-Russia Relationship
- India and Russia (Early USSR) enjoy friendly relationship from the independence of India.
- The Soviet Union assisted India’s public sector companies at and gave aid and technical
assistance for steel plants like Bhilai, Bokaro, Visakhapatnam
- The Soviet Union accepted Indian currency for trade when India was short of foreign
exchange
- The Soviet Union supported India’s positions on the Kashmir issue in the UN
- . It also supported India during its major conflicts, especially during the war with
Pakistan in 1971 by signing 20 years treaty of peace.
- India is the second largest arms market for Russia, India received most of its military
hardware from the Soviet Union
- Hindi films and Indian culture were popular in the Soviet Union. A large number of
Indian writers and artists visited the USSR.
- India stands to benefit from its relationship with Russia on issues like Kashmir, energy
supplies, sharing information on international terrorism
d. European Union
- European integration and restructuring after 1945, was aided by American financial help
what was called the ‘Marshall Plan’ in 1948.
- The US also created a new collective security structure under NATO in 1949.
- The EU has started to act more as a nation state as it has its own flag, anthem, founding
date, and currency.
- The EU is the world’s second biggest economy with a GDP of more than $19 trillion in
2019
- Its currency, the euro, can pose a threat to the dominance of the US dollar.
- France a major member of European Union holds permanent seat on the UN Security
Council.
- Militarily, the EU’s combined armed forces are the second largest in the world.
- France, also have nuclear arsenals of approximately 335 nuclear warheads.
- European Union, share of world trade is much larger than that of the United States
e. ASEAN
- ASEAN was established in 1967 by five countries of this region — Indonesia, Malaysia,
the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand — by signing the Bangkok Declaration.
- It’s primary objectives were to accelerate economic growth
- A secondary objective was to promote regional peace and stability based on the rule of
law and the principles of the United Nations Charter.
- Under ‘ASEAN WAY’ it has developed a way of informal interaction to create
cooperation and reduce confrontation (Conflicts).
- ASEAN broadened its objectives In 2003 by establishing three pillars, namely, the ASEAN
Security Community, the ASEAN Economic Community and the ASEAN Socio-Cultural
Community
- Its Vision 2020 has defined its role for ASEAN in the international community.
- ASEAN has mediated the end of the Cambodian conflict & the East Timor crisis.
f. China’s model of development
- China followed its own path in introducing a market economy. The Chinese did not go
for ‘shock therapy’ but opened their economy step by step.
- China ended its political and economic isolation with the establishment of relations with
the United States in 1972.
- In 1973 Zhou Enlai proposed the ‘four modernizations’(agriculture, industry, science and
technology and military)
- By 1978 Deng Xiaoping announced the ‘open door’ policy and economic reforms to
generate higher productivity by investments of capital and technology from abroad.
- The privatization of agriculture in 1982 was followed by the privatization of industry in
1998.
- The creation of SEZs led to rise in foreign trade & made it important destination for FDI.
- China’s accession to the WTO in 2001 has been a further step in its opening to the
outside world.
CHALLENGES IN THE MODEL
- The Chinese economy has improved dramatically, not everyone in China has received
the benefits of the reforms.
- China has another issue to resolve differences with Taiwan.
- Unemployment has risen in China with nearly 100 million people looking for jobs.
- Female employment and conditions of work are as bad as in Europe of the 18 th & 19th
centuries.
- Environmental degradation and corruption have increased besides a rise in economic
inequality
- It is becoming a global player by its outward policies in Latin America, Africa and ASEAN.
g. India as super power
- India is known as one of the largest democracy of the world
- India has emerged as fifth largest economy of the world with $3.78 trillion GDP.
- India is considered as emerging super power, as it ranks fourth in terms of defense in
the world.
- After developing nuclear weapons in 1974 and 1998, it has largest influence in its region
- India is member of most of the powerful organizations like BRIC, I2U2, and SAARC.
- It is member of Non-permanent member of UNSC from last 15 years and seen as strong
candidate for UNSC permanent member.
- India is one of the largest populated nation with 140 Cr people that makes it attractive
nation for investment.
h. Distinguish between traditional and non-tradition notion of security
Traditional security Notion Non-Traditional notion of

Traditional notion of give more Non- Traditional notion of give

importance to military threat specially importance to all kind of threats to
war human and nation
 Traditional notion is considered as state Non- Traditional notion is considered as
centric human centric
Best example of traditional security Best example of non-traditional security
notion is Cold war era when both super notion is terrorism, hunger, global
powers were indulged in arms race warming, disease and human right
violation.
According to this notion following According to this notion following
methods are best to resolve this problem methods are best to resolve this problem
- Balance of power: - Mutual cooperation
- Alliance building - Democratic policies and programs
- Disarmament and arms control - Development of the economy
- Confidence building - Formation of international
organizations and laws

Some examples of traditional notion used Some examples of Non-traditional notion

in contemporary world are used in contemporary world are
BWC (1971) and CWC in 1992. adoption of Kyoto- protocol, SDGs,
mutual cooperation on Covid-19 etc.

i. Role of United nation in a unipolar world.

- The UN plays a role in promoting multilateralism, ensuring that global decisions are
collective rather than dictated by USA
- The UN deploys peacekeeping missions to prevent wars and maintain security and
peace
- It serve as platforms where smaller nations can voice their concerns
- There are many issues that cannot be resolved by one nation alone, so UN plays vital
role in creating mutual cooperation
- Its programs support developing nations, preventing economic exploitation by powerful
countries.
- It also helps nation in development of their living standards like fund for health and
education.
- It’s different agencies like ILO, UNICEF, UNESCO, UNHCR are working for the protection
of human rights, labor rights and child funds.
j. India’s contribution in promoting environmental conservation?
a. India signed and ratified the 1997 Kyoto Protocol in August 2002.
b. China, India, and other developing countries were, exempted from the requirements of
the Kyoto Protocol.
c. At the G-8 meeting in June 2005, India pointed out that the per capita emission rates of
the developing countries are a tiny fraction of those in the developed world
d. India view’s that the major responsibility of curbing emission rests with the developed
countries
e. India’s position relies heavily on principles of historical responsibility, as enshrined in
UNFCCC.
f. India doesn’t seem UNFCCC fair to impose restrictions on India when the country’s rise
in per capita carbon emissions by 2030 is 1.6 from 0.8 in year 2000 represent less than
half the world (3.8 tonnes).
g. India’s National Auto-fuel Policy mandates cleaner fuels for vehicles
h. The Energy Conservation Act, passed in 2001, outlines initiatives to improve energy
efficiency.
i. The Electricity Act of 2003 encourages the use of renewable energy.
j. The National Mission on Biodiesel, using about 11 million hectares of land to produce
biodiesel by 2011-12.
k. India has one of the largest renewable energy programmes in the world.
k. Describe India’s claim in UNSC permanent membership.
- India is known as one of the largest democracy of the world
- India has emerged as fifth largest economy of the world with $3.78 trillion GDP.
- India is considered as emerging super power, as it ranks fourth in terms of defense in
the world.
- After developing nuclear weapons in 1974 and 1998, it has largest influence in its region
- India is member of most of the powerful organizations like BRIC, I2U2, and SAARC.
- It is member of Non-permanent member of UNSC from last 15 years and seen as strong
candidate for UNSC permanent member.
- India is one of the largest populated nation with 140 Cr people that makes it attractive
nation for investment.
l. Describe the reasons for the resistance against globalization in contemporary world.
- Rising income disparity: Wealth is concentrated in multinational corporations and elite
groups, leaving the poor behind.
- Globalization does not always reduce state capacity. The primacy of the state
unchallenged on the basis of political community.
- World Social forum described economic Globalization as Neo-colonization of the world.
- In developing or underdeveloped nation it leads to collapse of domestic industries
- Cultural Globalization is dangerous not only for the poor countries but for the entire
humanity, for it leads to the shrinking of the rich cultural heritage of the entire globe
- Leftist believe that due to globalization MNC exploit labor and workers
- Environmentalist believe that it leads to exploitation of resources and pollutes the
environments.
 Most Important topics Book 2
1. process and consequences of partition of India
- On 14th to 15th August, 1947, two nation-states India and Pakistan came into existence.
- The year 1947 was the year of one of the largest, most abrupt, unplanned and
tragic transfer of population that human history has known.
- According to the ‘two-nations theory’ advanced by the Muslim League, India consisted
of not one but two ‘people’, Hindus and Muslims. That is why it demanded Pakistan, a
separate country for the Muslims. The Congress opposed this theory and the demand
for Pakistan.
- There were several challenges like, there was no single belt of Muslim majority areas in
British India.
- There were two areas of concentration, one in the west and one in the east. There was
no way these two parts could be joined.
- Secondly, not all Muslim majority areas wanted to be in Pakistan. Khan Abdul Gaffar
Khan, the undisputed leader of the North Western Frontier Province and known as
‘Frontier Gandhi’, opposed the two-nation theory. Despite his opposition NWFP was
merged with Pakistan.
- Minorities on both sides of the border fled their home and often secured temporary
shelter in ‘refugee camps’.
- Amritsar, Kolkata and Lahore became communal zones between Hindus and Muslims.
- • Women were often abducted, raped, attacked and killed and were forcefully
converted to other religion.
- It is estimated that the Partition forced about 80 lakh people to migrate across the new
border. Between five to ten lakh people were killed in Partition related violence.
2. unification of Hyderabad and Manipur in India
Hyderabad
- Hyderabad was the largest of the Princely States was surrounded entirely by Indian
territory.
- Its ruler carried the title, ‘Nizam’, and he was one of the world’s richest men.
- He entered into what was called the Standstill Agreement with India in November 1947
for a year while negotiations with the Indian government were going on.
- Later the Nizam faced mass scale movement led by peasants and later joined by women
over his misgovernence.
- Nizam called his para-military forces called Rajakars to curb it
- The Central Government under leadership of Sardar Patel had to interfere against
Razakars.
- Finally in September 1948, Indian army moved in to control the Nizam’s forces.
Manipur

- Just after independence Manipur was ruled by Monarch called Bodhachandra

- A few days before Independence, the Maharaja of Manipur, Bodhachandra Singh,
signed the Instrument of Accession with the Indian government
- Under the pressure of public opinion, the Maharaja Bodhachandra Singh held elections
in Manipur in June 1948 and the state became a constitutional monarchy.
- Manipur was the first part of India to hold an election based on universal adult
franchise.
- The Government of India succeeded in pressurising the Maharaja of Manipur into
signing a Merger Agreement.
- Finally in September, 1949. The government did so without consulting the popularly
elected Legislative Assembly of Manipur
3. Causes of Emergency
1. Economic Context
 In 1971 elections, Congress gave the slogan of 'Garibi Hatao', however the social and
economic conditions of the country did not improve.
 Bangladesh crisis had put a heavy strain on the Indiar economy. Infiltration of about 8
million refugees from Bangladesh to India, war with Pakistan
 Stoppage of US aid to India led to increase in prices of products by 23% and in 1973 to
30% in 1974.
 Slow growth rate and unemployment in rural areas has created a hostile environment
 In order to reduce government expenditure, the government froze the salaries of its
employees.
 Failure of monsoon in 1972-73 led to decline in food productivity by 8%.
2. Social context
 Non-Congress parties organised mass movements to protest against the worsening
situation.
 Marxist-Leninist groups known as Naxalites became dominant in states of Bengal and
Andhra Pradesh.
 The split in the Congress sharpened the divisions between Indira Gandhi and her
opponents and the opposition felt that governmental authority was being converted
into personal authority.
 In 1974, students in Gujarat started an agitation against rising prices of food grains,
cooking oil and other essential commodities and corruption in high places. Major
 opposition parties joined them and the movement became widespread leading to
imposition of the President's rule in the state.
 The opposition demanded fresh elections to the state legislature and in 1975 Congress
was defeated in the Assembly elections.
 A similar movement took place in Bihar against food scarcity, unemployment and rising
prices. At this time Jayaprakash Narayan (Known as JP) who had given up active politics
took up the cause and led the student's movement.
 JP gave a call for Total Revolution in social, economic and political spheres demanding
the dismissal of the Congress government in Bihar.
 Bandhs, gheraos and strikes were organised and in 1975 he led a march to the
Parliament in which he was also supported by the non-Congress opposition parties. He
called for a nationwide Satyagraha at the Ramlila Maidan on 25th June, 1975.
 1974 railways strike and Naxelite movement had worsen the situation for government.
3. Conflict with Judiciary
• This was the period when the government and the ruling party had many differences
with the judiciary.
• In the Golaknath Case (1967), the Court said hat Parliament cannot amend the
Constitution in such a manner that Fundamental rights curtailed.
• The Parliament amended the Constitution saying that it can abridge Fundamental Rights
for giving effect to Directive Principles but the Supreme Court rejected his provision
also.
• In the case of Keshavanand Bharati, the judiciary declared that the Parliament can
abridge Fundamental Rights for giving effect to Directive Principles. It also includes the
right to property but cannot change the basic structure of Constitution.
• In 1973, just after the Keshavananda Bharati case, the government set aside the practice
to appoint senior-most judge of the Supreme Court as the Chief Justice and appointed
Justice A. N. Ray Chief Justice of India superseding all the three judges who had given
rulings against the stand of government.
4. Process and consequences of emergency-
a. On 12th June 1975, Indira Gandhi's election to Lok Sabha was declared invalid by
the Allahabad High Court vindicating Raj Narain the leader who had contested
against her in 1971.
b. On June 24, the Supreme Court granted her a partial stay on the High Court
order.
c. On other hand Jayaprakash Narayan pressed for Indira Gandhi’s resignation and
organised a massive demonstration in Delhi’s Ramlila grounds on 25 June 1975
 d. Invoking article 352 of the Constitution, on 25th June 1975, President F. A Ahmed
declared an emergency to bring law and order, restore efficiency and above all
implement pro-poor welfare programmes.
e. It brought the agitation to an abrupt end as strikes were banned and many
opposition leaders were put in jail,
f. The government suspended the freedom of the Press and imposed censorship.
g. There were custodial deaths, arbitrary relocation of poor people and cases of
compulsory sterilization done by Rajive Gandhi.
h. Organisations like the RSS (Rashtriya Swayam Sevak Sangh) and Jamat-e-Islami
were banned
i. The fundamental rights of the citizens were suspended and extensive use was
made of preventive detention.
j. The Parliament also brought in many new changes to the Constitution like 24 th
amendment act, 39th amendment act and 42nd amendment act.
5. The 1977 election was based on referendum on emergency- Justify. Give reason for the
fall of this government.
a. In January 1977, after 21 months of Emergency, the government decided to hold Lok
Sabha elections.
b. The major opposition parties had already been coming closer in the pre-Emergency
period & formed a new party, known as the Janata Party under the leadership of
Jayaprakash Narayan
c. The 1977 election was based on referendum on emergency, as the leader
represented Indira Gandhi and emergency a threat to democracy and democratic
structure in India.
d. Leaders of this party highlighted the mal practice used by Indira Gandhi during
emergency like arrest, censorship on press and rights, demolition and sterilization
etc.
e. The Janata Party government that came to power after the 1977 elections was far
from cohesive.
f. After the elections, there was still competition among three leaders for the post of
Prime Minister Morarji Desai, Charan Singh, Jagjivan Ram.
g. Eventually Morarji Desai became the Prime Minister but that did not bring the power
struggle within the party to an end.
h. The Janata Party split and the government which was led by Morarji Desai lost its
majority less than 18 months.
i. Fresh Lok Sabha elections were held in 1980 in which the Janata Party suffered a
comprehensive defeat and Congress Party came back in power.
6. Describe the secessionist movement in India emerged from demand of autonomy.
 a. For autonomy, there were secessionist movements in North-East region like Mizoram
and Nagaland etc.
b. Movement for secession gained popular support after the Assam Government 'failed
to respond adequately to great famine of 1959 in Mizo hills.'
c. Mizo's anger led to formation of Mizo National Front (MNF) in 1966 under the
leadership of Laldenga.
d. MNF fought guerilla war, got support from Pakistani Government and secured
shelter in East Pakistan.
e. The Indian security forces countered it with a series of repressive measures of which
the common people were the victims. At one point even Air Force was used.
f. In 1986 a peace agreement was signed between Rajiv Gandhi and Laldenga.
g. This accord granted Mizoram as full-fledged statehood with special powers, and MNF
agreed to give up secessionist struggle.
7. The movement against the outsider in Assam
- The large scale migration into the North-East gave rise to a special kind of problem that
pitted the 'local communities against people who were seen as 'outsiders' or migrants.
- The issue has taken political and sometimes violent form in many states of North-East.
- The Assam movement from 1979 to 1985 is the best example of such movements
against 'outsiders'.
- In 1979, the All Assam Students' Union (AASU), a students' group not affiliated to any
party, led an anti-foreigner movement.
- Movement demanded, outsiders who had entered the state after 1951 should be sent
back.
- With the successful completion of the movement, the AASU and the Asom Gana
Sangram Parishad organised themselves as a regional political party called Asom Gana
Parishad (AGP)
- Which came to power in 1985 with the promise of resolving the foreign national
problem as well as to build a 'Golden Assam.'
8. Operation blue star
- The Akali Dal, which was formed in 1920 as the political wing of the Sikhs, had led the
movement for the formation of a 'Punjabi Suba.'
- Punjab had to wait till 1966 to be reorganised on linguistic lines for the creation of a
Punjabi speaking state.
- During the 1970s a section of Akalis began to demand political autonomy for the region.
This was reflected in a resolution passed in a conference at Anandpur Sahib in 1973.
- The militants made their headquarters inside the Sikh holy shrine, the Golden Temple in
Amritsar and turned it into an armed fortress.
 - In June 1984, the Government of India carried out 'Operation Blue Star' code name for
army action in the Golden temple in which the government could successfully flush out
the militants.
- In this operation temple was damaged, which hurt the Sikh sentiments and their faith
was betrayed.
- Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was 31st October, 1984 outside her residence by her Sikh
bodyguards as a revenge of 'Operation Blue Star.'
- Assassinated on In many parts of Northern India violence broke against Peace initiated
- Sikh community and continued for almost a week which results in the killings of more
than two thousand Sikhs. Road to
- In 1984, The new Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi a dialogue with moderate Akali leaders
and in July 1985 a peace agreement was signed called ‘Punjab accord’
9. What were the changes occurred in politics in India after 1990s?

 After the assassination of Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi became the Prime Minister and he
led the Congress to a massive victory in the Lok Sabha elections held in 1984.
 The decade of the eighties witnessed five developments that left a long-lasting impact on
our politics. These were:
 The defeat of the Congress party in the elections held in 1989.

o After elections of 1989 political development in India initiated an era of coalition

governments at the centre in which regional parties played a crucial role in
forming ruling alliances.

 Rise of the ‘Mandal Issue’ in national politics.

 The period of 1980s-90s saw the emergence of many parties that sought better
opportunities for OBCs in education and employment and also raised the question
of the share of power enjoyed by the OBCs.
 The economic policy (also known as new economic policy) followed by various
governments after 1991 was another pragmatic issue among the parties.
 The assassination of Rajiv Gandhi in May 1991 led to a change in leadership of the
Congress party.
 During 1990s the politics based on religious identity emerged in India and debate
about secularism and democracy came in currency. After Shah Bano case of 1985
BJP emerged as a ‘Hindutva Party’.
 A number of events culminated in the demolition of the disputed structure at
Ayodhya (known as Babri Masjid) in December, 1992.
IMP Questions
1. Write a note on Jaya Prakash Narayan and his Total Revolution.
- Jaya Prakash Narayan was a Marxist in youth became a Gandhian and was involved in
Bhoodan Movement.
- Jaya Prakash Narayan is known for three key contributions
(i) Fight against corruption. (ii) Principle of Communitarian Socialism. (iii) Champion
of Total Revolution.
- Jaya Prakash Narayan stated that Total Revolution is a combination of seven
revolutions political, social, economic, cultural, ideological or intellectual,
educational and spiritual.
- His main motive was to bring a change in the existing society that is in tune with the
ideas of Sarvodaya.
- Jaya Prakash Narayan advocated transformation of individual, Society and State
through his call for total revolution.
- His transformation included the Right to recall the importance of Village/Mohalla
Samitis in democratic politics and his call for ‘Upper ke log' to join political struggle
for a clean politics in the country.
- The essence for transformation, according to Jaya Prakash Narayan, revolves around
'man', who could be the real catalyst of change in India.
2. Explain the Ram Manohar Lohia and his Democratic Socialism.
- Ram Manohar Lohia was a socialist leader and socialist thinker and among the
founders of the Congress socialist party.
- After the split in the Congress in 1948, it came to be known as socialist party.
- Ram Manohar Lohia became the leader of the socialist party.
- Ram Manohar Lohia has been one of the main proponents of socialism in India.
- He championed the idea of 'Democratic Socialism' while associated his socialism with
democracy, he considered both capitalism and socialism equally irrelevant for Indian
society.
 - His principle of 'Democratic Socialism' has two objectives - the economic objective in
the form of food and housing and the non-economic objective in the form of
democracy and freedom.
- According to socialism, political freedom is meaningless without economic equality.
- Lohiya advocated Chouburja Rajneeti in which he opines four pillars of politics as well
as socialism that is centre, region, district and village all are linked with each other.
- Giving consideration to affirmative action means to work for upliftment of
downtrodden which includes SC, ST, women and the non-religious minorities.
- Based on the premise of democratic socialism and Chouburja Rajneeti, Lohia
supported a 'party of socialism'as an attempt of merging all political parties.
- The party of socialism according to Lohia should have three symbols that is spade
(prepared to make efforts), vote (power of voting) and prison (willingness to make
sacrifices).
3. Describe Deen Dayal Upadhyaya and Integral Humanism.
- Integral humanism is a doctrine developed by Deen Dayal Upadhyaya and adopted
by the Jana Sangh in the official philosophy of the Bhartiya Janata party.
- The aim of integral humanism is to ensure dignified life for every human being while
balancing the needs of the individual and society.
- Integral humanism also supports sustainable consumption of natural resources so
that those resources can be replenished.
- Integral humanism enhances not only political but also economic and social
democracy and freedom.
- The philosophy of integral humanism is based on the following principles
(i) Primacy of whole, not part. (iii) Supremacy of Dharma.
(ii) Autonomy of society
- Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya opposed both Western Capitalist Individualism' and
Marxist Socialism”.
- According to him capitalist and socialist ideologies only consider the needs of the
human body and mind so they are based on materialistic purpose whereas spiritual
development is equally considered important for the complete development of
human being