Certificate

This Project Work Entitled:

Evaluation Of Cathodic Protection System For Pipelines

Which is being submitted the following students:

Amira Attia Saeed 2416

Makboola Abdalkader Hmd 2438

Mustafa Muhammed Saad 2622

Ibrahim Hassan Muhammed 2619

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of [Link]. degree in chemical
engineering has been carried out under my supervision and accepted for
representation.

Name Mr. Almabrouk Emrajaa

Signature

Corrected Approved Copy Records

Name Name
Signature Signature

Date

The members of the committee to examine the [Link]. project find it satisfactory and
recommend that it be accepted.

1. Name: Member
2. Name: Member
3. Name: Member

January-2023

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 Author’s Declaration

This research is submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of [Link].
in Chemical Engineering at Tobruk University, Tobruk, Libya. we hereby declare that all
studies and work described within this research are our own work and that, to the best of
our knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by
another person nor material which has been submitted for a degree or any other
qualification at the above or any other University or Institute, except where due
acknowledgement has been made in the text. All work was carried out at the Department of

Chemical Engineering under the supervision of Mr. Almabrouk Emrajaa.

Neither the authors nor Tobruk University accepts any liability for the contents of
this document.

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 Dedication

Our deepest gratitude goes to all of our families' members. It would not be possible to
.complete this graduation research without the support from them
.We also offer our thanks to all of our colleagues for these wonderful years

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 Acknowledgment

In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful.
Alhamdulillah for everything, all praises to Allah for the strengths, blessing and
guiding.
First, we would like to sincerely thank our supervisor Mr. Almabrouk Emrajaa
for his guidance, understanding, patience and most importantly, he has provided positive
encouragement. It has been a great pleasure and honor to have him as our supervisor.
We would also like to thank the Head of Chemical Engineering Department Mr.
Sulaiman Salama for his support at the past years.

At last, but by no means at least, we would give special thanks to all of academic
and staff at the faculty of engineering who teach us and helped us we would again say
thank you a lot.

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 Aim of the present work

This study aims to evaluate the condition of the cathodic protection system and its
efficiency in protecting the pipelines of the Arabian Gulf Oil Company (AGOCO), to reach
the conclusion that informs about all the problems that hinder the protection of these lines.
AGOCO is located in the city of Tabuk, Libya, the diameter of the pipeline is 34 ", and the
length is 512 km

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 Abstract

This study was conducted to verify the cathodic protection status of AGOGO. To this end,
we did the following, cathodic protection readings were taken for all available test points,
readings were taken for the ratings of current and voltage transformers, and soil resistance
was recorded for several points. The results showed that the cathodic protection system
suffers from severe neglect and almost does not work at all

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 Table of contents

1.1 Introduction..........................................................................................1
1.2 Definition of corrosion.........................................................................1
1.3 Why Study Corrosion..........................................................................2
1.4 Corrosion Science and Corrosion Engineering...................................3
1.5 Mechanism of corrosion.......................................................................4
1.6 Corrosive Environment........................................................................6
1.7 Factors influencing rate of corrosion....................................................7
1.8 CORROSION CONSEQUENCES OF................................................8
1.9 Forms of corrosio.................................................................................9
1.10 Corrosion as a chemical reaction......................................................13
1.11 Corrosion cell...................................................................................14
1.12 Corrosion rates.................................................................................15
1.13 Literature review............................................................................16
2.1 Material selection...............................................................................20
2.1.1 Selection of the right material of construction.............................20
2.2 coating................................................................................................20
2.2.1 Metallic coating...........................................................................21
2.2.2 Non-metallic coating....................................................................22
2.3 Inhibitors............................................................................................23
2.4 Design.................................................................................................24
2.5 Cathodic Protection............................................................................24
2.5.1 Cathodic protection historical notes.............................................24
2.5.2 The Principles of Cathodic Protection.........................................24
2.5.3 Advantages and Uses of Cathodic Protection :............................28
[Link] GALVANIC SYSTEMS..........................................................29
[Link] IMPRESSED CURRENT SYSTEMS.....................................31
2.6 Factors Affecting Cathodic Protection System..................................32
2.6.1Soil................................................................................................32
2.6.2 Interference..................................................................................33
2.6.3 Anode/Cathode Ratio...................................................................35
2.7 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection System................................35
2.7.1 Components of Impressed Cathodic Protection System and Design
Information............................................................................................36
2.7.2 Test Station..................................................................................38
2.7.3 Reference Electrode:....................................................................38
3.1 Introduction........................................................................................39
3.2 The pipeline characteristics:...............................................................39
3.3. Cathodic protection system:..............................................................40

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3.4 Coating...............................................................................................42
3.5. Transformer Rectifiers......................................................................42
3.6 Anode junction box (AJB).................................................................43
3.7 Magnetite Anodes chain type 25-5-5/105V.......................................43
3.7.1 Anode Specification.....................................................................43
3.7.2 Anode consumption and anode connection.................................44
3.8 Test points..........................................................................................44
3.9 Soil resistivity measurements.............................................................44
3.10 Copper/ copper sulfate electrod........................................................45
4.1 Adjustment of the transform rectifiers and anodes connection.........46
4.2 Potential measurements......................................................................46
4.2.1 Table 4.2 shown the relation between distance (km) and the potential
(volts) at years of (2010, 2019 & 2023) and soil resistivity at 2023.....47
4.2. 2the figure 4.1 shown the relation between distance (km) and the
potential (volts) at year of (2010).........................................................48
4.2.3 The figure 4.2 shown the relation between distance (km) and the
potential (volts) at year of (2019).........................................................49
4.2.4 The figure 4.3 shown the relation between distance (km) and the
potential (volts) at year of (2023).........................................................50
4.2.5 The figure 4.4 shown the relation comparing between distance (km)
and the potential (volts) at year of (2010, 2019 & 2023)......................51
4.3 Soil resistivity measurements.............................................................52
Conclusion and recommendation.............................................................54
Recommendations....................................................................................55
Reference..................................................................................................56

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 List of Figures
Figure 1.1 corrosion cycle..........................................................................2
Figure 1.2 Electrochemical cell..................................................................5
Figure1.3 Figure showing decreasing potential with increasing current....6
Figure 1.4 General corrosion......................................................................9
Figure 1.5 Galvanic corrosion...............................................................10
Figure 1.6 Crevice corrosion..................................................................10
Figure 1.7 Pitting corrosion....................................................................11
Figure 1.8 Intergranular corrosion..........................................................12
Figure 1.9 Erosion corrosion...................................................................12
Figure 1.10 Fretting corrosion.................................................................13
Figure1.11 Fatigue corrosion...................................................................13
Figure 1.12 Stress-corrosion cracking.....................................................14
Figure. 1.13: corrosion cell.......................................................................16
Figure. 2.1 Electroplating process............................................................22
Figure. 2.2 schematic of classification of inhibitors................................24
Figure. 2.3 Corrosion cell / Bimetallic corrosion.....................................26
Figure. 2.4 Current flow with and without cathodic protection...............28
Figure. 2.5 Galvanic Cathodic Protection With Sacrificial Anodes........31
Figure. 2.6 impressed Current Cathodic Protection.................................32
Figure.3.1 Measurement of ON Potential................................................42
Figure.3.2 transformer rectifier at tobruk station.....................................43
Figure 3.3 Test point................................................................................45
Figure 3.4 Soil resistivity meter...............................................................46
Figure3.5: Copper/ copper sulfate electrode............................................46
Figure 4.1 shown the relation between distance (km) and the potential (volts)
at year of (2010).......................................................................................49
Figure 4.2 shown the relation between distance (km) and the potential (volts)
at year of (2019).......................................................................................50
Figure 4.3 shown the relation between distance (km) and the potential (volts)
at year of (2023).......................................................................................51
Figure 4.4 shown the relation comparing between distance (km) and the
potential (volts) at year of (2010, 2019 & 2023)......................................52
Figure 4.5 four – terminal measurement of soil resistivity......................54
Figure 4.6 shown the relation between the potential (volts) and soil resistivity
Ω*m at year of 2023................................................................................55

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 List of Tables

Table 2.1 : Partial Galvanic Series...........................................................29