SECTION A (1 Mark Each)
1. Empirical Formula: The simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound.
Example: CH2O (Glucose C6H12O6 has this empirical formula).
2. de Broglie Equation: (where = wavelength, = Planck's constant, = mass, =
velocity). Significance: It shows that particles have wave-like properties.
3. Pauli Exclusion Principle: No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of
four quantum numbers.
4. Bond Order: The number of chemical bonds between a pair of atoms. Example:
In O2, bond order = 2.
5. Exothermic vs. Endothermic Reaction: Exothermic reactions release heat (e.g.,
combustion), while endothermic reactions absorb heat (e.g., melting ice).
SECTION B (2 Marks Each)
6. Number of atoms in 0.5 moles of CO2:
o molecules.
o Atoms: .
7. Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle: It is impossible to simultaneously
determine both the position and momentum of an electron precisely.
8. Low Ionization Enthalpy of Alkali Metals: Due to their large atomic radii and
weak nuclear attraction on valence electrons.
9. sp3 vs. sp2 Hybridization:
o sp3: Tetrahedral, bond angle = 109.5 (e.g., CH4).
o sp2: Trigonal planar, bond angle = 120 (e.g., C2H4).
10. Kp-Kc Relation: , where = change in moles of gases.
SECTION C (3 Marks Each)
11. Ideal Gas Law Derivation:
o Boyle’s Law:
o Charles’s Law:
o Avogadro’s Law:
o Combining: .
12. Aufbau Principle & Limitation:
o Electrons fill orbitals in increasing energy order.
o Limitation: Doesn’t explain electron arrangement in transition elements
correctly.
13. Sigma vs. Pi Bonds:
o Sigma bonds: Single bond, head-on overlap.
o Pi bonds: Sideways overlap, present in double/triple bonds.
14. Bu er Solution:
o A solution that resists pH change.
o Example: Acetic acid + Sodium acetate.
15. Hess’s Law:
o The enthalpy change is independent of the reaction path.
o Example: C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) via CO(g).
16. Redox Reaction Balancing (Ion-Electron Method):
o Example: MnO4 + Fe2+ → Mn2+ + Fe3+.
17. Markovnikov’s Rule (Reaction & Mechanism):
o C2H4 + HBr → C2H5Br.
o The H+ adds to the carbon with more hydrogens.
SECTION D (4 Marks Each)
18. Case Study: Atomic Structure
o (a) Electronic Configuration of Z=120: [Rn]5f14 6d10 7s2 7p6 8s2.
o (b) Block: s-block (Group 2, Alkali Earth Metals).
o (c) Less reactive than Francium due to higher nuclear charge.
o (d) Position: Group 2, Period 8.
19. Case Study: Hydrocarbon Reaction with Br2 in CCl4
o (a) Unsaturated hydrocarbon (Alkene or Alkyne).
o (b) General Formula: CnH2n (alkene) or CnH2n-2 (alkyne).
o (c) Example: Ethene (CH2=CH2).
o (d) Reaction: CH2=CH2 + Br2 → CH2Br-CH2Br.
SECTION E (5 Marks Each)
20. First Law of Thermodynamics:
o .
o Application: Heat engines, adiabatic expansion.
21. Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation:
o .
o Importance: Used for bu er solutions.
22. Organic Chemistry (SN1 vs. SN2, Ethyne from CaC2, Hybridization of Carbon
in Ethyne)
o SN1: Two-step, carbocation formation.
o SN2: One-step, backside attack.
o CaC2 + H2O → C2H2 + Ca(OH)2.
o Ethyne Hybridization: sp (linear geometry).
SECTION A (1 Mark Each)
1. Molarity: Number of moles of solute per liter of solution. SI unit: mol/L.
2. Electronic Configuration of Fe (Z=26): [Ar] 3d6 4s2.
3. Hund’s Rule: Electrons occupy degenerate orbitals singly before pairing.
4. Fluorine vs. Oxygen Atomic Radius: Fluorine has a smaller radius due to
increased nuclear charge pulling electrons closer.
5. IUPAC Name of CH3-CH(OH)-CH2-CH3: Butan-2-ol.
6. Conjugate Acid of NH3: NH4+.
7. pH of Neutral Solution at 25°C: 7.
SECTION B (2 Marks Each)
8. Sigma vs. Pi Bonds:
o Sigma: Single bonds, stronger, head-on overlap.
o Pi: Double/triple bonds, weaker, lateral overlap.
9. Resonance Structures of Benzene: Equivalent structures with delocalized
electrons.
10. Alkali Metals & Ionic Compounds: Due to low ionization enthalpy, they lose
electrons easily, forming cations.
11. Hess’s Law: Enthalpy change is independent of the reaction path. Example: C +
O2 → CO2 via CO.
12. SN1 Mechanism in Alkyl Halides: Two-step process involving carbocation
formation.
SECTION C (3 Marks Each)
13. Kp-Kc Relationship: Kp = Kc(RT)^Δn, where Δn is the change in moles of gas.
14. Oxidation Number Calculation:
o Mn in KMnO4: +7.
o Cr in Cr2O7²⁻: +6.
15. SF6 Shape (VSEPR Theory): Octahedral due to six bonding pairs.
16. Boiling Point: Alcohols vs. Ethers: Alcohols have hydrogen bonding, increasing
boiling points.
17. Markovnikov’s & Anti-Markovnikov’s Addition:
o Markovnikov: HBr addition to propene forms 2-bromopropane.
o Anti-Markovnikov: In presence of peroxide, forms 1-bromopropane.
18. Electrophiles & Nucleophiles:
o Electrophiles: Electron-deficient (e.g., H+).
o Nucleophiles: Electron-rich (e.g., OH−).
19. Stability of Carbocations:
o Order: Tertiary > Secondary > Primary > Methyl.
o Influenced by inductive e ect, hyperconjugation, and resonance.
SECTION D (4 Marks Each)
20. Case Study: Empirical & Molecular Formula Calculation:
o Empirical Formula Calculation.
o Molecular Formula: C6H12O6 if molar mass = 180 g/mol.
21. Case Study: Acid-Base Indicators & Titration:
o Phenolphthalein changes color at pH 8.2-10.
o Indicator choice a ects titration accuracy.
SECTION E (5 Marks Each)
22. Second Law of Thermodynamics: Entropy increases in spontaneous
processes. Example: Ice melting.
23. Enthalpy Change Calculation:
o ΔH = ΣΔH(products) - ΣΔH(reactants).
o CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O.
24. Hybridization & Geometry of C2H2, C2H4, C2H6:
o C2H2: sp, linear.
o C2H4: sp2, trigonal planar.
o C2H6: sp3, tetrahedral.
25. Friedel-Crafts Alkylation & Acylation:
o Alkylation: RCl + AlCl3 → R+.
o Acylation: RCOCl + AlCl3 → RCO+.
26. Benzene + Cl2 (FeCl3): Electrophilic aromatic substitution forming
chlorobenzene.
Answers to MCQs:
1. Fluorine (b) 1
2. 20 (a) 0
3. CO₂ (b) 1
4. Ionization enthalpy (c) 0
5. +6 (c) 0
6. HF (d) 0
7. Trigonal planar (b) 1
8. BF₃ (c) 1
9. HSO₄⁻ (b) 1
10. H₂ (a) 1
11. Intermolecular forces increase (d) 1
12. sp² (b) 1
13. Benzene (c) 0
14. Propene (b) 0
15. CH₃Cl (b) 1
16. Benzene (d) 0
17. CH (a) 0
18. 1-butene (b) 0
19. Only the substrate (b) 0
20. Temperature increases (c) 1
21. Energy cannot be created or destroyed (b) 0
22. Always negative (b) 0
23. Benzene (c) 0
24. CH₃I (c) 0
25. 2 (b) 0
26. pH (c) 0
27. 55.5 M (c) 0
28. PCC (c) 0
29. Ethene (b) 0
30. Carboxylic acid (d) 0
SECTION A (1 Mark Each)
1. IUPAC Name of CH₃CH₂CH=CH₂: But-1-ene.
2. Homolytic Fission: Breaking of a covalent bond where each atom gets one
electron, forming radicals.
3. Hybridization of Carbon in Benzene: sp2.
4. Isomerism in But-2-ene: Geometrical (cis-trans) isomerism.
5. Oxidation State of Carbon in CH₃OH: -2.
SECTION B (2 Marks Each)
6. Isomers of C₄H₁₀:
o n-Butane (straight-chain).
o iso-Butane (branched-chain).
7. Electrophiles vs. Nucleophiles:
o Electrophiles: Electron-deficient species (e.g., NO₂⁺).
o Nucleophiles: Electron-rich species (e.g., OH⁻).
8. Markovnikov’s Rule:
o In HX addition to an alkene, H attaches to the carbon with more H atoms.
o Example: CH₃CH=CH₂ + HBr → CH₃CHBrCH₃.
9. Why Benzene Undergoes Substitution Instead of Addition:
o Delocalized π-electrons maintain aromaticity, preventing addition
reactions.
10. Ethanol to Ethene Conversion:
CH₃CH₂OH → CH₂=CH₂ + H₂O (Dehydration with H₂SO₄).
11. Inductive E ect & Acidity of Carboxylic Acids:
Electron-withdrawing groups increase acidity by stabilizing the conjugate base.
12. Resonance in Benzene:
Delocalization of π-electrons over six carbon atoms, making it highly stable.
SECTION C (3 Marks Each)
13. Halogenation of Methane:
CH₄ + Cl₂ → CH₃Cl + HCl (UV light).
Free radical chain mechanism: Initiation, Propagation, Termination.
14. Distinguishing Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes:
Bromine Test: Alkenes and Alkynes decolorize Br₂, Alkanes do not.
Baeyer’s Test (KMnO₄): Alkenes and Alkynes react, Alkanes do not.
15. Three Aromatic Reactions of Benzene:
Nitration: Benzene + HNO₃ → Nitrobenzene.
Halogenation: Benzene + Cl₂ (FeCl₃) → Chlorobenzene.
Sulfonation: Benzene + H₂SO₄ → Benzene Sulfonic Acid.
16. Wurtz Reaction:
2R-X + 2Na → R-R + 2NaX.
Used to prepare alkanes.
17. Newman & Sawhorse Projections of Butane:
Staggered and Eclipsed conformations.
18. Preparation of Benzene from Ethyne:
3C₂H₂ → C₆H₆ (Red-hot iron tube at 873K).
19. Friedel-Crafts Alkylation & Acylation:
Alkylation: Benzene + RCl (AlCl₃) → Alkylbenzene.
Acylation: Benzene + RCOCl (AlCl₃) → Ketone.
SECTION D (4 Marks Each)
20. Case Study: Benzene Reactions
(a) Substitution occurs to maintain aromaticity.
(b) Nitration: C₆H₆ + HNO₃ → C₆H₅NO₂ + H₂O (H₂SO₄ catalyst).
21. Case Study: Oxidation of Alcohols
(a) CH₃CH₂OH → CH₃COOH (Oxidation with KMnO₄).
(b) Tertiary alcohols resist oxidation due to no α-H.
SECTION E (5 Marks Each)
22. Conversion Reactions:
(a) C₂H₂ → C₂H₆ (Hydrogenation).
(b) C₆H₆ → C₆H₅NO₂ (Nitration).
(c) CH₃CH=CH₂ → CH₃CH(OH)CH₃ (Hydroboration-Oxidation).
(d) CH₃CH₂OH → CH₃COOH (Oxidation).
(e) CH₂=CH₂ → CH₃CH₂OH (Hydration).
23. Distinguishing Tests:
(a) Bromine Test: Alkenes decolorize, Alkynes react slowly.
(b) Iodoform Test: Ethanol gives yellow ppt; Methanol does not.
(c) Tollen’s Test: Propanal gives silver mirror; Propanone does not.
(d) Ignition Test: Benzene burns with sooty flame; Cyclohexane does not.
(e) KMnO₄ Test: Alkanes resist oxidation; Alkenes oxidize.
24. Polymerization Reactions:
(a) Addition Polymerization: Ethylene → Polyethylene.
(b) Equation: n(CH₂=CH₂) → (-CH₂-CH₂-)n.
(c) Biodegradable Polymers: Polylactic Acid (PLA).
(d) Addition vs. Condensation Polymers: Addition involves unsaturated
monomers; Condensation releases a byproduct.
(e) Teflon Formation: n(CF₂=CF₂) → (-CF₂-CF₂-)n (Polymerization under high
pressure).