The Contemporary World (GE03)

consciousness of the world

LESSON 1 as a whole

GLOBALIZATION Historical Foundation of the Term

Globalization

→​ increasing interaction
●​ "Corporate Giants"
→​ interconnectedness of people
○​ Charles Taze Russell
→​ ability to move & communicate
developed the term
→​ free movement
"Corporate Giants" in 1897
in reference to a largely
Globalization as Defined by Other Authors
national trust and other
enormous businesses of
●​ Martin Albrow and Elizabeth King
the time. In addition,
○​ defined globalization as
globalization originates
the processes by which
from the term "globalize,"
the people of the world are
which emerged as a noun
incorporated into a single
in an article entitled
world society. ​
Towards New Education
and thus contributed to an
●​ Anthony Giddens
○​ defines globalization as in-depth understanding of

the intensification of human experience in

worldwide social relations education. ​

which link distant localities

in such a way that local ●​ "Globalization"
○​ The term globalization, on
happenings are shaped by
the other hand, originated
events occurring many
in the late 1970s, and it was
miles away and vice versa
utilized for economic
(in the book The
purposes in the early 1980s​
Consequence of
Modernity) ​
●​ Theodore Levitt
○​ an established American
●​ Roland Robertson
economist
○​ Professor of Sociology at
○​ was credited with coining
the University of Aberdeen
the term globalization in
described globalization in
an article entitled:
1992 as the compression of
Globalization of Markets in
the world and the
the late 1980s.
intensification of the
○​ popularized the term by
introducing it to a general
The Contemporary World (GE03)
corporate audience ​ ■​ Consider global dynamics,
such as the places suitable for
●​ Four basic fundamental aspects each endeavor.
of Globalization ■​ Create a wider system of
○​ trade and transactions schemes that reaches a global
○​ capital and investment market sphere.
movements ■​ Source materials from foreign
○​ migration of knowledge options to obtain the best
○​ dissemination of knowledge​ resources from anywhere in
the world.
●​ 2013 ■​ Become structuralized and
○​ the term globalization was
organized globally.
used to define “borderless
society," referring to
Reasons for Globalization
international migration. ​

→​ The speed and distance connecting

●​ 2017 different parts of the world have greatly
○​ globalization was
decreased. One can now easily travel
prevalent in academic
across the market using advanced
institutions.​
technological tools.
→​ Companies and institutions expand
●​ 2018
globally in search of better political
○​ globalization had
and economic stability that may not be
permeated every field of
available in their home country.
study.
→​ Countries seek technological and
managerial expertise from others who
Indicators of Globalization
have made advancements in fields
such as science, technology,
Nature of Globalization
education, health, etc.
→​ Utilizing advanced communication and
Dimensions of Globalization
information tools can help reduce the

→​ There are Political, Cultural, Economic, high costs of transportation when

and Technological dimensions or types operating globally.

of globalization. Which are able to: →​ The proximity to essential resources

■​ Expound latitudes on a and markets that may not be available

worldwide scale. in the home country is an important

■​ Develop international outlook motivation for companies.

of businesses and step out →​ The establishment of organizations like

from confining on a domestic the World Trade Organization (WTO)

level. has played a significant role in

The Contemporary World (GE03)
promoting international trade. headquarters mentality
Additionally, the United Nations and continues to dominate.​
various arbitration bodies facilitate
agreements between countries. ●​ Stage 5
○​ In this stage, the

Stages of Globalization company/institution

moves towards a
●​ Stage 1 genuinely global mode of
○​ The first stage is the arm’s operation. In this stage,
length service activity of global localization
an essentially domestic happens, that is, the
company/institution which company/institution
moves into new markets serves local customers in
overseas by linking up with markets around the globe
local dealers and responding to their needs.
distributors​

Merits of Globalization
●​ Stage 2
○​ In this stage, the ●​ Rapid proliferation of innovation
company/institution takes ○​ An open economy spurs
over these activities on its fast innovation with fresh
own.​ ideas from abroad. ​

●​ Stage 3 ●​ Export jobs often pay more than

○​ In this stage, the other jobs
domestic-based company ○​ Opportunities for
institution begins to carry employment in other
out its own manufacturing, nations provide significant
marketing, and sales in key benefits and greater
foreign markets. ​ compensation to
employees than jobs in
●​ Stage 4 their own countries. ​
○​ In this stage, the
company/institution ●​ Cost reduction
moves to a full insider ○​ Globalization enables
position in these markets companies to develop
supported by a complete lower-cost versions of their
business system including products and services in
Research and order to be accessible to a
Development (R&D) and wider range of customers.
engineering. However, the Furthermore, an average
The Contemporary World (GE03)
labor cost corresponds to ●​ Job losses due to cheap labor or
lower manufacturing outsourcing
costs, allowing businesses ○​ Companies moving their

to save revenue on operations overseas or

production​ hiring workers from other

countries with lower wages

●​ Living standards go up faster leads to a reduction in jobs

○​ The average cost of goods locally. ​
and services provided by
enterprises is an important ●​ Pressure on workers and wage
component contributing to cuts
○​ Economic circumstances
a rising standard of living. ​
or competition can result
in employers putting
●​ Comparative advantage
○​ Growth in productivity pressure on their workers

occurs rapidly when to accept lower wages or

countries create face potential job loss​

commodities and services

in which they have a ●​ Unregulated globalization and
impact on developing countries
competitive advantage.​
○​ The uncontrolled
expansion of international
●​ Liberalize boundaries
trade and investment can
○​ Countries liberalize the
have negative effects on
requirements for visas and
developing countries, such
processes to allow citizens
as exploitation of local
to travel freely between
resources or labor without
countries. ​
adequate protection. ​

●​ Economic growth
○​ It results in liberalizing the ●​ High foreign stake impacting
domestic economic growth
unproductive sector for
○​ A significant involvement
investment and the
of foreign entities in a
productive sector for
country's economy can
export-related activities,
affect its growth and
resulting in a win-win
development, potentially
situation for the world
limiting local control and
economy.
decision-making power.

Demerits of Globalization
The Contemporary World (GE03)
●​ Sovereignty at stake like business, education, health,
○​ The risk of diminished science, arts, engineering, and the
control or influence over hospitality industry.
domestic affairs and
policies when participating The Importance of Globalization for
in global agreements or Everyone
being subjected to
external forces →​ enables a spectrum of possibilities as
differing nationalities are bound
Importance of Studying Globalization together
→​ promotion of goods, services, political
→​ Individuals will be able to work with concerns, technological
people from different nations and advancements, traditions, and others
cultures in various fields such as could provide diverse advantages that
business, health, engineering, and would uphold a multiplex prospect–
technology. holistically beneficial
→​ Globalization has led to cross-border →​ progress elevates people from
business promotions. Business owners circulating on a stagnant daily routine
now travel independently to market
their products to a wider audience, The Theory of Comparative Advantage
expanding their customer base and
fostering a more diverse and →​ was developed by an economist
interconnected global economy. named David Ricardo.
→​ The world faces complex challenges →​ countries that are good at producing
including providing access to clean particular goods are better off
water, affordable renewable energy, exporting it to other countries that are
and dealing with climate change. less efficient at producing that good
These global challenges require
interdisciplinary efforts to solve them. It Philosophy Underlying Globalization
is important to gather and share
information globally to address them. →​ Only recently has the idea of
→​ Establishing meaningful and globalization gained widespread
harmonious global relationships is a acceptance and adaptation.
vital aspect of globalization, →​ The term "international" is used when
particularly for aspiring future discussing global issues rather than
presidents. "global" relations since the recently
→​ Knowledge of the merits, demerits, and popularized notion of "globalization"
reasons for globalization allows has produced a plethora of competing
students to become collaborative definitions that are similar.
international team members in fields
The Contemporary World (GE03)
→​ While, conventionally speaking, some challenges are just a few of the
people link globalization with dimensions that make up the complex
regression, catastrophe, and decay, structure of globalization.
while others associate it with growth,
prosperity, and peace. Global Economy
→​ The universal and undeniable traits
shared by all of its definitions include →​ transfer ng goods
the notion that globalization is "a →​ nagfofocus sa kinikita
process of economic, social, culture, →​ World economy and global economy
and political activity, which transcends are interchangeable terms.
nation-state borders and that it →​ Defined as the transfer of commodities
pertains to the world as a whole." and services across international
→​ Globalization is a complicated and borders using monetary units.
contentious process that is reshaping →​ Involves the free movement of
the world since global institutional information, technology, capital, and
frameworks and global cultural forms, goods.
such as a free market, have replaced →​ the "world economy" is merely the
national state particularism. total of the data from each individual
→​ In reaction to globalization, a variety of country, but the "global" or
ideological movements of opposition "international" economy is
have emerged; examples of this distinguished and measured differently
resistance include the violent and from national economies.
destructive mass →​ concerned on the globalization of
production finance, markets,
LESSON 2 technology, organizational regimes,
institutions, corporations and labor.
STRUCTURE OF GLOBALIZATION
Market Integration

→​ Globalization's framework includes

→​ process ng business
political, social, and economic aspects.
→​ a phenomenon in which marketplaces
The way the world is becoming more
for products and services that are
interconnected is being shaped by
connected to one another in some way
both historical and modern issues.
exhibit comparable patterns of price
→​ The global economy, market
increases or decreases.
integration, international financial
■​ It reflects how prices and things
institutions (IFIs), the history of global
are related to each other in
market integration, global
various places.
corporations, world systems, global
governance, the effects of globalization
governance, and 21st-century
The Contemporary World (GE03)
■​ It shows the degree of ○​ owners or shareholders
interdependence between are generally national
marketplaces. governments, although
other international
Types of Market Integration institutions and other
organizations occasionally
●​ Vertical Integration figure as shareholders
○​ isang kumpanya pero ○​ The best-known IFIs were
maraming nasasakop or established after World
iba-iba ang War II to assist in the
hawak/branches. ​ reconstruction of Europe
and provide mechanisms
●​ Horizontal Integration for international
○​ sinasakop laat ng business
cooperation in managing
na under ng specific
the global financial
business
system. ​
○​ example: jollibee food
corporation (food
●​ The International Financial
business), sinakop ang Institutions (IFIs):
ibang food businesses ○​ International Monetary
tulad ng goldilocks, Fund (IMF)
greenwhich, mang inasal ○​ Multilateral Development
dahil food din ang Banks (MDBs):
ibinebenta. ​ -​ nagproprovide
ng loans (global
●​ Conglomerate Integration scope)
○​ bounded by licensing, ■​ World Bank Group
contract & agreement. ○​ Regional Development
○​ example: SM (henry sy), Banks (RDB):
nagsama-sama sa SM ■​ African
‘yung iba’t-ibang Development Bank
businesses pero hindi iisa ■​ Asian Development
ang may-ari. ​ Bank
■​ Inter-American
●​ International Financial Development Bank
Institutions (IFIS)
■​ European Bank for
○​ chartered by more than
Reconstruction and
one country and therefore
Development​
subject to international
law.
The Contemporary World (GE03)
●​ Objectives ○​ China is known as The
○​ IMF provides temporary Sleeping Dragon
financial assistance to ○​ ginamit ng china ang
member countries to help Globalization para
ease balance of payments magbloom ang kanilang
adjustments. product through mass
○​ IMDBs provide financing production.
for development to ○​ Between 1882 and 1936,
developing countries labor market integration
through: was place across Asia,
■​ short term loans resulting in an integrated
(with maturities of labor market.
up to 20 years) at ○​ Globalization, particularly
interest rates way the mass migration of
below market rates. Indians and Chinese to
Funding comes Southeast Asia, led to an
from international integrated Asian labor
capital markets market and real wage
and relend to convergence.
borrowing ○​ By the 1880s, steamships
government in replaced sailing vessels for
developing transport, and Indian and
countries. Chinese workers began
■​ very long-term migrating to Southeast
loans (sometimes Asia, particularly Burma,
called credits with Malaya, and Thailand. This
maturities of 30- 40 migration was driven by
years) at interest growing demand for
rates below market workers and exports.
rates. Funding for
loans come from Global Corporation
direct contributions
by government in →​ sometimes referred to as "global
the donor company," originates from the basic
countries. ​ term "global," which signifies "all over
the world." It is reasonable to believe
●​ History of Global Market that a firm that conducts business
Integration in the 20th Century: globally is a global company​
○​ China ang pinakamahirap
na bansa in 2008
The Contemporary World (GE03)
●​ Michael Porter ○​ Example
○​ defines global businesses ■​ Nestlé is a Swiss
as those with a strong multinational food
headquarters in one and beverage
country but investments in company. It
multiple foreign locations, operates in
including manufacturing numerous
facilities or sales offices. countries,
producing a wide
Global Corporation vs International array of products,
Corporation including coffee,
chocolate, dairy
●​ Global Corporation
products, and
○​ has investments and
bottled water.
commercial ventures in
the nations where it
Global Interstate System
chooses to conduct
business. Global
→​ sometimes referred to as "global
corporations typically
company," originates from the basic
have hundreds of
term "global," which signifies "all over
locations worldwide, as
the world." It is reasonable to believe
they have subsidiaries in
that a firm that conducts business
numerous countries.
globally is a global company​
○​ Example:
■​ McDonald's
●​ World Systems Theory:
restaurants are
Immanuel Wallerstein, 1970
located across the ○​ umuunlad ang
globe, and serve mayayaman sa
the same menu in pamamagitan ng pag
all of their locations. ​ exploit sa mga mahihirap.
○​ According to this theory,
●​ International Corporation the world is divided into an
○​ engaged in exporting and
economic and political
selling its products and/or
hierarchy, characterized
services to other
by unequal relationships
countries, but it makes no
between core,
additional investments in
semi-peripheral, and
these other countries
peripheral regions.
outside of exporting
○​ WST claims that rich core
(and/or importing, like
capitalist societies
buying raw materials).
The Contemporary World (GE03)
succeed by exploiting ●​ Peripheral
poorer peripheral ones. ​ ○​ dependent on core
countries for capital and
●​ Division of Labor have underdeveloped
○​ refers to the specialization industry
and allocation of different ○​ less developed
tasks and responsibilities ○​ mas mataas ang
to individuals or groups exploitation dahil dito
within a society, nagmumula ang mga raw
organization, or production materials (ex. south africa)​
process.
○​ holds that productivity and ●​ Semi-peripheral
efficiency can be raised by ○​ Countries that share
breaking a difficult activity characteristics of both
into smaller, more core and periphery
manageable pieces and countries.
distributing these pieces to ○​ nagiging bridge between
other people or core and peripheral
organizations. As each
person or group becomes Temporal Features of World-Systems

an expert in their particular

●​ Cyclical Rhythms
task, skill levels rise and
○​ Short-term fluctuations,
tasks are completed more
usually lasting from years
quickly
to decades ​

3 Zones of Division of Labor:

●​ Secular Trends
●​ Core ○​ Long-term, gradual
○​ may mataas na literacy changes across decades
rate or even centuries. ​
○​ may control sa world
economy ●​ Contradiction
○​ mataas ang urbanization ○​ general controversy in the
& industrilization. system, usually concerning
○​ Describes dominant some short term versus
capitalist countries which long term tradeoffs.​
exploit the peripheral
countries for labor and raw ●​ Crisis
materials.​ ○​ significant and
challenging moment in the
world-system.
The Contemporary World (GE03)
●​ International Criminal Court
Global Governance (World Governance) ○​ to investigate and, where
warranted, prosecute
→​ a movement towards political individuals charged with
cooperation among transnational the gravest crimes of
actors, negotiating responses to concern to the
problems that affect more than one international community ​
state or region.
■​ the term "global governance" ●​ United Nations Educational,
may mean the process of Scientific and Cultural
designating laws, rules, or Organization (UNESCO)
regulations intended for a ○​ contributes to building
global scale. peace through
■​ Global governance is not a international cooperation
singular system. There is no in education, the sciences
"world government" but the and culture.
many different regimes of
global governance do have Effect of Global Governance
commonalities
●​ Compensation Hypothesis

Some of the Global Governance are as ○​ napag iiwanan ang poor

follows: countries
○​ argues that there is a
●​ United Nations (UN) World Bank linear link between public
and the International Monetary spending and
Fund (IMF) globalization, that more
○​ intended to develop a globalization makes
more prosperous and countries' economies more
stable world economy. ​ fragile, and that this has
the consequence of
●​ World Health Organization making economic
(WHO) inequality worse.
○​ to promote health, keep
the world safe, and serve Internationalization vs. Globalization
the vulnerable​
●​ Internationalization
●​ World Trade Organisation (WTO) ○​ when a firm seeks to
○​ to ensure that trade flows expand beyond the
as smoothly, predictably national market. This
and freely as possible​ implies that the term
"internationalization" refers
The Contemporary World (GE03)
to the process by which a 3 Main Power of International
company begins Organization: Barnet Michael and
conducting business Martha Finnermoore

internationally.​
●​ Power of Classification
○​ Can invent and apply
●​ Globalization
categories. Creating
○​ The process of
powerful global standards
globalization quickens the
○​ ex. UN Commission for
flow and interchange of
Refugees
capital, information, jobs,
technology, goods, and
●​ Refugees = umalis permanently
services among other
●​ Evacuees = umalis ng bansa dahil
things around the world. It
sa calamity
entails the broadening
●​ Pull factor = positive factors na
and strengthening of the
humahatak para mag-migrate
free market, free trade,
(immigrant)
and free competition
●​ Push factor = reasons para
aspects of the economic
umalis ng country (emigrant)
system.
●​ Emigrant = tawag sa umalis ng
country
Contemporary Global Governance
●​ Immigrant = tawag sa nagsettle
sa ibang ibansa ​
→​ refers to a movement towards political
cooperation among other states.​
●​ Power to Fix Meanings
○​ Various terms like security
●​ International Organization
○​ An organization is development need to be

considered international if well-defined. States,

its members come from organizations and

multiple countries. Large individuals view iOS as

corporations are examples legitimate sources of

of multinational information.

organizations. Others are ○​ ex. United Nation ​

smaller and focused on a

particular goal, such the ●​ Power to Diffuse Norms

preservation of a species. ○​ classify norms and turns it

○​ walang state power into global standards

○​ nagcrecreate ng ○​ Norms are accepted

international standards & codes of conduct that

policies. may not be strict law, but

The Contemporary World (GE03)
nevertheless produce 15 members total—10
regularity in behaviors. non-permanent and 5
permanent.
The United Nations (UN) ○​ responsible for
→​ Founded in 1945 after the collapse of maintaining peace
league of nations. ○​ hindi pwedeng makielam
→​ Is an Intergovernmental Organization ang ibang bansa sa ibang
→​ Consists of 193 countries (Including the bansa na nag-aaway
Philippines) hangga’t walang approval
→​ Maintain International Peace, Security, ng SC.
and Develop friendly relation among ○​ 5 permanent countries
countries. includes: China, France,
→​ aims to protect human rights and Russia, UK, USA. ​
provide humanitarian assistance when
needed. ●​ Economic and Social Council
→​ also plays an integral part in social and (ECOSOC)
○​ The Economic and Social
economic development through its UN
Council is the main
Development Program
organization for
5 Organs of the UN international
development goals
●​ General Assembly (GA) execution as well as policy
○​ This is the primary
evaluation, policy
policy-making,
discourse, and
deliberative, and
recommendations on
representative body of the
economic, social, and
UN. The UN General
environmental issues,
Assembly is the only UN
composed of 54 members. ​
body with universal
representation, having
●​ International Court of Justice
representatives from all ○​ The Court's responsibilities
193 Member States. include providing
○​ annually elects GA Pres to advisory opinions on legal
serve 1 term/year matters presented to it by
○​ international standards ​ specialized agencies and
authorized United Nations
●​ Security Council (SC) entities, as well as
○​ the Security Council is
resolving legal disputes
primarily in charge of
that States submit to it in
preserving world peace
conformity with
and security, composed of
The Contemporary World (GE03)
international law​
●​ Peter J. Katzenstein
●​ Secretariat ○​ has observed the
○​ The Secretary-General significant change in
and tens of thousands of global politics after the
foreign UN employees conclusion of the Cold
make up the Secretariat, War.
which is responsible for ○​ According to him, regions
carrying out the are now crucial to modern
day-to-day operations of international politics.
the UN as directed by the Those who focus on the
General Assembly and inflexible existence of the
other key bodies of the nation-state or the
Organization. unavoidable advance of
○​ support intel nations globalization stand in
administrative (writing sharp contrast to this
reports, budgets, etc). point of view.
○​ The changing regional
Challenges that Surrounds the UN dynamics of Europe and
1.​ Ending Poverty Asia, connected to the
2.​ Gender Equality United States through
3.​ Health Germany and Japan, are
4.​ Armed Conflict and Violence examined by Katzenstein
5.​ Peace and Security in-depth through
6.​ Human Rights investigations of
7.​ Terrorism technology and foreign
8.​ Climate Change investment, national and
9.​ Democracy international security, and
10.​ War between states cultural diplomacy and
popular culture.
SALVADOR P. LOPEZ ○​ argues that areas are
○​ in 1960’s this Filipino played a intimately impacted by an
significant role in UN. American empire
○​ Chairman of UN Commission on comprising territorial and
Human Rights non-territorial powers.
Permeable or porous
LESSON 3 areas result from
internationalization and

A WORLD OF REGION: Asia and Europe in globalization, claims

the American Imperium Katzenstein. Regions may
The Contemporary World (GE03)
be able to settle issues either within a country or on a global
including markets, scale.
nationalism, globalization, →​ This divide encompasses variations in
security, and nations. income, infrastructure, education,
Previously a component of healthcare, and overall quality of life
the American empire, →​ commonly associated with the
regions are now crucial to economic gaps between affluent and
world politics.​ industrialized northern regions and less
developed southern regions.
●​ COLD WAR →​ can be applied both within individual
○​ after ng World War II countries and globally, highlighting
○​ Paghahati ng Allied (USA) disparities between more developed
& Axis (RUSSIA)​ northern regions and less developed
southern regions worldwide
○​ Space Race to the Moon →​ the North-South Divide has been
●​ gumawa ang studied in international relations,
America ng Space economics, and development fields,
Shuttle named with efforts to address it focusing on
Apollo 11. policies promoting equitable
●​ Si Neil development, poverty reduction, and
Armstrong improved living standards in less
ang first developed regions.
astronaut
na GLOBAL SOUTH (POOR COUNTRIES - MGA
nakapunta SINAKOP)
ng moon)
→​ refers to developing countries and
●​ nainggit ang Russia less-developed regions, such as
kaya gumawa sila Africa, Latin America, and some
ng sariling version, developing Asian countries.
ang tawag sa →​ countries under this category are
kanilang poorer and more economically
astronauts ay developing nations than the Global
Cosmonot. North, which are wealthier and more
advanced. But aside from these
North-South Divide nations being labeled as less
developed countries, these countries
→​ refers to socioeconomic and used to be colonized by those now
developmental disparities between under the Global North. Since they were
the northern and southern regions, once occupied, their socio-economic
The Contemporary World (GE03)
was affected. They had to start again, poor soviet allies; therefore,
causing economic challenges such as economically, they were considered to
poverty, financial instability, and lack of belong in the Third World countries, but
resources, unlike the advanced politically, they were in the Second
countries worldwide. World countries because of the allies
group they belong to.
Global South versus Third World →​ China's Cold War situation was even
more ambiguous; a nonindustrialized
→​ In the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, scholars country at the time, it ceased to be a
divided the earth into three parts or the soviet ally in 1961 and, by the 1980s, was
three worlds theory: ​ no longer an enemy of the United
States. Yet it continued to be
●​ First World commonly mapped as part of the
(Liberalists/Liberalism) Second World.
○​ They were assumed as
allies by the United States
How the Third World Became the Global
in its struggle against the South
Soviet Union. Yet, not all
were. Finland and →​ In the 19th century, the world was
Switzerland, among others, divided into several empires with
maintained strict neutrality​ varying degrees of civilization. The
"Global North" and "Global South" likely
●​ Second World (Communists) considered the Third World and the
○​ It was anchored on the
Global South inferior due to non-white,
industrialized, communist
less educated, or primitive populations. ​
realm of the soviet union
and its eastern European
●​ Alfred Sauvy
satellites, yet it often ○​ coined “Third World” in
included poor communist 1952
states elsewhere​ ○​ a French demographer,
anthropologist, and
●​ Third World (either Liberalist or economic historian who
Communist)
compared it with the Third
○​ It was defined
Estate. This concept
simultaneously as the
emerged in the context of
non-aligned World and the
the French Revolution.
global realm of poverty
and underdevelopment.
→​ French population contrasted the poor
countries to the First World (the
→​ The countries of Mongolia, Cuba, North
non-Communist, high-income,
Korea, and North Vietnam were the
The Contemporary World (GE03)
"developed" countries) and the Second and explained the reason why Latin
World (Communist countries, which, America is still underdeveloped by
though not as wealthy as those of the situating their country's economy with
First World, were then characterized by their global economy, which they
greater order, higher incomes, and named " dependency theory.​
longer life expectancies.)
→​ Most people in the Third World, though ●​ Dependency Theory
ruled by European colonies, lived far ○​ a theory about the reason
from global sources of economic, why Latin America is still
political, and military power. Until very undeveloped because of
recently, most were subjugated, most global stratification
illiterate, and few may have been caused by colonialism. In
aware that, even then, they formed a this theory, Latin American
majority of the world population. But countries experience
such awareness was growing among capital intervention.
leaders within these poor countries,
many of whom had been educated, at →​ Immanuel Wallerstein's Capitalist
least partly, in Europe or America. This World Economy Model said that there
awareness and exposure to Western are two primary heart of dependency
culture raised expectations and hopes theory: core and peripheral nations.
and inspired many Third World leaders Core Countries are the countries that
to try to improve colonial living belong to the Global North and receive
conditions and win political the majority of the world's wealth. At
independence. the same time, the Peripheral Nations
are nations under the Global South that

Global Conception Emerged from the receive unequal distribution of the

Experiences of Latin American Countries world's wealth and are said to support
the resources and labor of wealthier
→​ Latin America is the set of countries countries.
residing in North, South, and Central
America that speak Portuguese and Asian Regionalism
Spanish. These countries have
experienced poverty and oppression →​ the product of economic interaction,
for a long time. The Latin America not political planning
region is said to remain →​ Asian economies have gotten wealthier
underdeveloped because they need to and closer united due to practical,
pursue the right economic policies or outward-focused economic strategies.
the governments handling the In recent years, New technological
countries are corrupt. However, trends have further strengthened ties
scholars of the said countries defended among them, as have the rise of PRC
The Contemporary World (GE03)
and India and the region's growing allowing a free
weight in the global economy market
○​ Regionalization
Regionalism versus Globalization ●​ monopolies are
likely to develop.​
●​ Regionalism
○​ the process of dividing an ●​ As to cultural and societal
area into smaller relations
segments called regions. ○​ Globalization
○​ an example is the division ●​ accelerates
of nations into states or multiculturalism by
provinces. Businesses use the free and
regionalization as a total in inexpensive
management​ movement of
people​
●​ Globalization
○​ the process of ○​ Regionalization
international integration ●​ does not support
arising from the multiculturalism ​
interchange of world
views, products, ideas, and ●​ As to aid
other aspects, such as ○​ Globalization
technology​ ●​ more willing to
assist a country
●​ As to Nature stricken by a
○​ Globalization natural disaster​
●​ promotes the
integration of ○​ Regionalization
economics across ●​ needs to get
state borders involved in the
worldwide.​ affairs of other
areas. ​
○​ Regionalization
●​ divides an area into ●​ As to technological advances
smaller segments. ​ ○​ Globalization
●​ has driven
●​ As to Market significant
○​ Globalization advances in
●​ allows many technology ​
companies to trade
internationally,
The Contemporary World (GE03)
○​ Regionalization ○​ pinakanakakatakot na way of
●​ advanced colonialism dahil ang sinasakop ay
technology is rarely ang mind ng isang tao dahil kapag
available in one nakalimutan ang sariling atin ay
country or region nabubura ang culute na
pinagmulan natin.
Factors Leading to the Greater Integration ○​ ex. mas pinapakinggan ang foreign
of the Asian Regions sounds (BTS, Taylor Swift, etc)

●​ Regional Integration
○​ involves neighboring
LESSON 4: A WORLD OF IDEAS
states agreeing to
enhance cooperation
IDEAS
through common
institutions and rules,
→​ a set of instructions to produce a new
focusing on economic,
good, to increase quality or to reduce
political, and
costs.
environmental objectives.
○​ can be organized through
supranational structures, GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURE
intergovernmental
decision-making, or a →​ focuses on the connections between
combination of both. ​ globalization, the media, and cultures,
which addresses some of the
●​ Intra-regional Integration contemporary issues surrounding
○​ primarily between international communication and
countries within the same investigates and analyzes the influence
economic zone, has of media portrayal.​
increased in recent years,
reducing inflation and ●​ Globalization
tariff barriers, and leading ○​ refers to the way in which
to economic prosperity. the globe is becoming
progressively
Brandt Line
interconnected due to a
○​ Willie Brandt substantial increase in
○​ tawag sa paghati ng mundo commerce and
○​ north (bansang nanakop) interchange of culture.
○​ south (bansang sinakop)
●​ Culture
Neo Colonialism ○​ the cultural beliefs,
○​ modern na pananakop practices, and artifacts
The Contemporary World (GE03)
that are prevalent in a ●​ Jack Lule
particular society or time ○​ author of Globalization
period, typically the and Media: Global Village
present. of Babel (Rowman &
Littlefield).
●​ Media ○​ The book contends that
○​ all channels of globalization would not
communication including have happened without
printed to digital data. the media.
○​ has a tremendous impact ○​ Humans have utilized the
on how politics, economy, media to explore, colonize,
and culture are shaped and globalize their globe
globally. from the beginning of
civilization.
The Media and Cultural Globalization ○​ Dr. Lule believes that
globalization and media
→​ The media provide an extensive are merging to create a
transnational transmission of cultural split world of gated
products. communities and ghettos,
→​ The media contribute to the formation borders and boundaries,
of communicative networks and social pain and abundance,
structures. beauty and degradation

Globalization and Media Media Cultures in Globalization

→​ Media which includes communication ●​ Press (newspapers, magazines,

channels and technologies, plays a and online news portals)
○​ By publishing articles and
crucial role in facilitating the flow of
op-eds in reputable
information, knowledge, and culture
publications, globalization
across borders.
proponents can reach a
→​ Media has evolved throughout human
wider audience and gain
history, facilitating trade,
more exposure for their
communication across empires,
views.​
cultural exchange, technological
progress, and human mobility.
→​ The media acts as a bridge that allows
●​ Radio
○​ By participating in talk
ideas, commerce, and culture to flow
shows and interviews on
freely, making an essential aspect of
radio, globalization
globalization. ​
proponents can engage
with listeners and answer
The Contemporary World (GE03)
their questions, thereby technology reduced the
building trust and cost of shipping the goods,
credibility. ​ services and factors of
production and
●​ Television communicating
○​ Television broadcasts can economically useful
be used to showcase the information and
benefits of globalization technology.​
and promote its
advantages​ ●​ Tastes of individuals and,
societies
●​ Social Media ○​ The majority of people,
○​ By using social media, although not unanimously,
globalization proponents are in favor of leveraging
can engage with a global the advantages of
audience, share their decreasing transportation
ideas, and build a and communication costs
community around their through increased
cause. economic integration. ​

Various Forms of Global Integration ●​ The Character and Pace of

Economic Integration
→​ Global integration includes practices ○​ The character and pace of

such as product standardization and economic integration have

centralization of technological been significantly

development efforts. Global integration influenced by public

is not new to us in today’s policies, although it is not

contemporary world. Trade has been always in the direction of

done even in ancient times. Trading increasing economic

has not always been smooth sailing, integration.

such as the collapse of the roman

empire and more. Dynamics Between Local and Global
Cultural Production

Three factors that affected the process of

●​ Paulo Emanuel Novais
economic globalization
Guimaraes
○​ said that the advent of the
●​ Improvements in transportation
category “world music”
and communication
○​ The advancement of led to a worldwide

transportation and discovery of local music

communication scenes and to an

The Contemporary World (GE03)
assemblance of an otherthey interact in complex ways,
intricate global musical both in the past and in the modern
platform in the world.
contemporary age of
globalization. Religion and Globalization as Partners

→​ The process in which local cultures →​ Religion has played an important role
express and engage themselves with in globalizing the world throughout
broader global networks and the other history. Christianity, Buddhism, Islam,
way around can be claimed to be and other religions have all contributed
indispensable sources of knowledge in to this pattern.
the analytical approach of →​ Even today, religion remains a
socio-political concerns. This can be in significant factor in the process of
a small or large scale societies. ​ globalization, interacting in complex
and sometimes conflicting ways with
●​ Wilson and Dissanayake, 1996 the modern world.
○​ said that extremely →​ In the past, it was thought that
frequent debates about secularization was the inevitable
globalization targets outcome of modernity, but this has not
dichotomic struggles proven to be true. Instead, globalization
between the concrete and has made religious faith even more
human ‘local’ giants the complex. ​
abstract and
dehumanizing ‘global’.​ ●​ Religion
○​ according to Emile
Durkheim, is a set of
The Globalization of Religion shared beliefs, symbols,
and rituals that address
→​ Religion and globalization are often in the ultimate meaning of
conflict with each other. Globalization human existence. It
can make different cultures more pertains to the sacred,
similar and weaken local traditions and which inspires awe and
beliefs. respect in a community of
→​ It can also promote a way of life that believers, as opposed to
goes against many religions. However, the profane, which is
religion can also provide a way for ordinary and routine. ​
people to resist globalization and stand
up against its power. It's important to Globalization Affects Religion Practices
understand that religion and and Beliefs
globalization don't just oppose each
The Contemporary World (GE03)
→​ Globalization has profoundly ■​ Animism
influenced religious practices and ■​ Theism
beliefs, originating from the impact of ■​ Ethical Religions
evolving trade routes that facilitated
the colonization of Asia, Africa, Central, Role of Religion Today
and South America. Religion played a
central role in colonization and →​ Religion has been a major tool of
continued to be significant in the era of people to connect with each other
globalization. Throughout history, across the globe. However, take note
religion has been a key player in both that the role of religion in
historical conflicts and modern contemporary societies is still not
terrorism. sufficiently understood in academic
research in the work of policy-makers,
The Impact of Globalization NGOs and journalists.

→​ flattening of cultural differences Role of Religion in Promoting World Peace

→​ the erosion of local customs and
beliefs, ●​ Ven K. Dhammananda
→​ the widespread promotion of a secular, ○​ In the essay he wrote "Role

capitalist way of life. of religion in promoting

world peace", he stated
that religion plays an
What is Religion Nowadays?
important role in

→​ Religion has developed into more than achieving world peace.

just a collection of reflective beliefs in The values and moral

modern times. As a symbolic system, it principles taught by

now carries our identity and draws religious leaders are

boundaries in social, ethical, and other essential in stopping the

domains. root causes of conflicts

→​ Rituals related to religion are important and wars such as greed,

for commemorating significant life hatred, and delusion.

events and can be an effective means

of resolving social and psychological →​ Wars begin in people's minds, so

conflicts. UNESCO's (United Nations Educational,

Scientific and Cultural Organization)

Varieties of Religion constitution emphasizes that in order

to achieve peace of mind, individuals

→​ Religious belief system are categorized must develop defenses of peace in

based on their abstract ideas their minds. An effective peace can

■​ Animatism only be achieved by reducing selfish

The Contemporary World (GE03)
desires, eliminating racial arrogance, vacuum left by ISIL's
and relinquishing the obsession with retreat. ​
worldly power. Material wealth alone
cannot bring contentment and peace ●​ 2017
to people. We must disarm our minds ○​ ISIS extremists besieged
of negative emotions such as greed, Marawi City. The group's
hatred, jealousy, and egotism to rapid expansion has
achieve lasting peace. changed the political
dynamics governing the
→​ Religion provides tools to reduce greed, region, and to know how
overcome hatred, and remove one must first understand
ignorance. Unfortunately, some the conditions that led to
misinterpret religious texts for selfish its rise. ​
motives, leading to religious
persecutions and wars. All faiths must
work together for the happiness of all, LESSON 5: GLOBAL POPULATION AND
promote kindness and tolerance, and MOBILITY

teach the brotherhood of humankind.

Let's reflect on true values and seek POPULATION & WORLD POPULATION

guidance to promote peace and

harmony. All religious leaders must ●​ Population
work together for a peaceful world, ○​ a complete set of

regardless of race or creed. individuals, whether that

group is a country or a

The Rise and Fall of ISIL or ISIS ( Islamic group of people who share
State of Iraq) a common characteristic. ​

●​ World population
●​ The Islamic State of Iraq and ○​ the entire number of
Levants Group (ISIL) people of all ages living in
○​ also known as ISIS, has lost different countries all
much of its territorial base around the world. ​
in Iraq and Syria.
○​ A report by the US Defense ●​ 2022
Intelligence Agency in May ○​ The global population now
2018 estimated that ISIL exceeds 7.9 billion, and it
has lost 65 percent of its is said to be more than
land in Iraq and 45 percent three times larger than the
in Syria since 2014. As a population in the twentieth
result, there are concerns century.​
about who will fill the
The Contemporary World (GE03)
●​ 1950 ●​ South Korea
○​ estimated population of 2 ○​ the leading country that
billion ​ has the lowest fertility
rate with 0.9 children per
●​ 1998 woman.
○​ 2 billions were added​ ○​ Puerto Rico was close
behind at 1.0, followed by
●​ 2010 Malta, Singapore, and the
○​ 1 billion were added​ Chinese Special
Administrative Region
●​ 2050 Hong Kong, all of which
○​ the global population is
had 1.1 children per
expected to increase by
woman.
nearly 2 billion in the next
30 years, with 9.7 billion in
→​ While it only took 12 years for the world
the 2050s and nearly 10
population to reach 7-8 billion,
billion in the mid-2080s. ​
because of the continued drop in
fertility rates in many countries, it is
●​ China and India
expected that it will take us 15 years to
○​ the two most populous
reach 9 billion.
countries in the world,
with 1.4 billion people, or
Global Mobility
18% of the world’s
population.
→​ refers to the ability of a workplace to
○​ In 2023, India overtook
seamlessly move from one country to
China as the most
another country and succeed, both in
populous country, as
business and personal lives.​
China’s population is
projected to decrease by
●​ Global Migration
48 million, or 2.7%.
○​ the flow or movement of
people from one place to
→​ Many factors contribute to our
another around the world.
population's dramatic shift, including
The main purpose of
fertility rates, global mobility trends,
migration is to find work or
migrations, and global demography.
employment. ​
The fertility rate, as the most influential
factor, has caused a significant shift in
○​ Internal Migration
the numbers in recent years, which will ■​ paglipat ng
be visible and felt over the next 10-20 residente sa loob
years. ​ lamang ng bansa,
such as between
The Contemporary World (GE03)
states, provinces, unemployment, and
cities or general economic health.
municipalities.​ ○​ people will likely emigrate
to a country with a
○​ International/External stronger economy if
Migration conditions are unfavorable
■​ paglipat ng and seem to be headed
residente sa over for further decline.
national ○​ the possibility of higher
boundaries. pay, better job prospects,
and, frequently, a desire
Factors Influencing Migration and to leave their country's
Population Movements
social and political
climate entices economic
●​ Two types of migrants​
migrants to go abroad.
○​ People who migrate due to
○​ Humanistic Emigrants
■​ Refugees and economic factors are

those seeking considered Economic

asylum ​ immigrants.
○​ Have more options than

○​ Economic Emigrants humanitarian emigrants. ​

■​ looking for
employment or to ●​ Ecological factors
enhance their ○​ include environmental

financial situation. ​ matter and climate

change is perhaps the

●​ Socio-political factors most significant ecological

○​ involve discrimination issue that forces people to
based on race, religion, migrate.
ethnicity, and culture, as ○​ Climate change may
well as, conflict, threat or exacerbate the effects of
war. the social, political, and
○​ People who migrate due to economic push forces
socio-political factors are during the next ten years
considered Humanitarian
emigrants. ​ Global City

●​ Economic factors →​ also called a world city or sometimes

○​ pertain to a nation's labor alpha city or world center,
laws, rate of
The Contemporary World (GE03)
→​ a city generally considered to be an ○​ Considerable decision-making
important node in the global economic power daily and at a global level
system. ○​ Centers of new ideas and
→​ The concept comes from geography innovation in business, economics,
and urban studies, and the idea that culture, and politics.
globalization can be understood as ○​ Centers of media and
largely created, facilitated, and communications for global
enacted in strategic geographic networks.
locales according to a hierarchy of ○​ Dominance of the national region
importance to the operation of the with great international
global system of finance and trade. ​ significance.
○​ High percentage of residents
●​ Saskia Sassen employed in the services sector
○​ a sociologist that and information sector.
popularized the use of ○​ High-quality educational
“global city”, as opposed institutions, including renowned
to “mega city” in her 1991 universities. international student
work.​ attendance, and research facilities.
○​ Multi-functional infrastructure
●​ Patrick Gedden offering some of the best legal,
○​ also used the term "world medical, and entertainment
city" later in 1915. facilities in the country.
○​ Typically, highly diverse in terms of
language, culture, religion, and
Characteristics of Global City
ideologies. ​
○​ A variety of international financial
services, notably in finance, ●​ Greig Charnock
insurance, real estate, banking, ○​ according to him, a global
accountancy, and marketing. city is an urban center
○​ Headquarters of several that enjoys significant
multinational corporations. advantages and serves
○​ The existence of financial as a hub within a
headquarters, a stock exchange, globalized economic
and major financial institutions. system.
○​ Domination of the trade and
economy of a large surrounding Global Demography
area.
○​ Major manufacturing centers with ●​ Demography
port and container facilities. ○​ represents the study of
statistics such as birth,
The Contemporary World (GE03)
deaths, or incidents of ○​ was formed by
disease which illustrate demographic shifts
the changing structure of ○​ a big group of people in
human populations and many countries who are
these pose an effect on in their working-age
globalization as a whole. years.
○​ pertains to the
composition of a Transnationalism and Migration
particular human
population.​ ●​ Transnationalism
○​ increased exchanges,

●​ Demographers connections, and

○​ tawag sa mga tao na nag practices of individuals,
aaral ng demography. ​ communities, and
institutions across national
●​ David E. Bloom and David borders.
Canning ○​ mas nakilala ang term na
○​ claim that the world has ito during the 1990s.
accelerated its shift away ○​ often acts as a vehicle of
from long-term globalization.
demographic stability ○​ affecting the health and
during the last 50 years. ​ well-being of migrants
both positively and
●​ Fertility rates negatively. ​
○​ a key demographic
indicator that helps ●​ Migrant diasporas
measure and understand ○​ complicated economic
population growth or relations, and culturally
decline. ​ mixed communities that
increasingly characterize
●​ Population Momentum the modern world.
○​ The population keeps
increasing for a while, and
Overseas Filipinos and the death penalty:
it will eventually slow Cases that made headlines
down and level off. ​
●​ OFW
●​ Bulge Generation ○​ individuals from the
○​ presently manifests as a Philippines who seek
sizable working-age employment
population in many opportunities abroad.
countries
The Contemporary World (GE03)
○​ play an important role in opportunities faced by
the Philippines' economy children whose parents
by sending remittances work abroad.
back home, which ○​ implemented by UGAT
contribute significantly to Foundation, Inc. via their
the country's income PANATAG (Pamilya ng
○​ contribute to the global Nangibang-bansa,
workforce by filling gaps in Aruga, Tulong at Gabay or
labor markets and Nurture, Support and
supporting the economies Guide for OFW Families)
of host countries​ program in partnership
with the guidance and
●​ Jakatia Pawa counseling departments of
○​ January 25, 2017 public and private schools.
■​ Jakatia Pawa, who
claimed innocence
in the murder of her LESSON 6: TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE
Kuwaiti employer’s WORLD
22-year-old
daughter, was set SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
to be executed
within the day.​
→​ refers to the organizing principle for
meeting human development goals
●​ Mindanao Migrants Center for while at the same time sustaining the
Empowering Actions, Inc.
ability of natural systems to provide the
(MMCEAI)
natural resources and ecosystem
○​ in Davao City
services upon which the economy and
○​ recorded a total of 132
society depend.​
cases of children of
Overseas Filipino Workers
(OFWs) being abused and
●​ 1987 Brundtland Report
○​ the modern concept of
molested.​
sustainable development.
○​ rooted in earlier ideas
●​ Anak OFW Workshop Conference
about sustainable forest
○​ an event designed to
management and
provide support,
twentieth century
guidance, and resources
environmental concerns.
to the children of overseas
○​ As the concept developed,
Filipino workers (OFWs).
it has shifted to focus
○​ aim to address the
more on economic
challenges, concerns, and
The Contemporary World (GE03)
development, social environment so that it can
development and continue to be diverse and
environmental protection productive.
for future generations. ○​ This means we need to
○​ It has been suggested that pay attention to things like
"the term 'sustainability air quality, water quality,
should be viewed as and climate change.
humanity's target goal of ○​ The IPCC Fifth Assessment
human-ecosystem Report is a big report that
equilibrium (homeostasis), talks about what we know
while 'sustainable about climate change and
development refers to the gives ideas for how we can
holistic approach and adapt to it or stop it from
temporal processes that getting worse.​
lead us to the end point of
sustainability". ●​ Sustainable Agriculture
○​ a way of farming that

Sustainability vs Stability doesn't harm the

environment or people.
●​ Sustainability ○​ It means using methods
○​ involves responsibly that protect things like soil,
utilizing resources to water, and wildlife, as well
ensure the well-being of as the people who work on
future generations, farms or live nearby.​
considering both
ecological and human ●​ Sustainable Development on
factors.​ Environment Economics
○​ The biosphere of the earth,
●​ Stability air, and water is only one
○​ a concept used to part of the entire
describe system behavior, environment.
often analyzed through ○​ It demonstrates the
dynamic system analysis significance of
methods. maintaining
environmental protection
Sustainable Development Goals while boosting economic
growth.​
●​ Sustainable Environment
○​ Environmental ●​ Sustainable Energy
sustainability is all about ○​ Sustainable energy, like
taking care of the natural hydroelectric, solar, and
The Contemporary World (GE03)
wind power, is long-lasting society, and the
and less harmful to the environment.
environment than fossil ○​ Sustainable transport can
fuels. create jobs, improve safety
○​ Renewable energy can for commuters through
replace fossil fuel investments in bicycle
infrastructures and lanes and pedestrian
promote social equity pathways, make access to
while contributing to employment and social
economic sustainability opportunities more
and national security affordable and efficient.​
through investment
policies.​ ●​ Corporate Sustainability
○​ Corporate sustainability is
●​ Sustainable Technology primarily based on a firm's
○​ The concept of sustainable efficient use of natural
development involves the capital, known as
use of technology to help eco-efficiency. This
people meet their concept aims to deliver
developmental needs. This competitively priced
type of technology is goods and services that
known as appropriate satisfy human needs and
technology and was first improve quality of life
introduced by economist while reducing ecological
E.F. Schumacher in his impacts and resource
book Small is Beautiful.​ intensity.​

●​ Sustainable Transport ●​ Sustainable income

○​ Transportation is a large ○​ Sustainable development
contributor to greenhouse and Catholic social
gas emissions. It is said teaching can reduce
that one-third of all gasses poverty by empowering
produced are due to the weaker through
transportation. financial, environmental,
○​ Sustainable transport is and social means. The
environmentally friendly stronger offers real help,
and promotes sustainable rather than aiming for the
development. It has many elimination or annihilation
benefits for the economy, of the weaker​
The Contemporary World (GE03)
●​ Sustainable architecture challenges.​
○​ In sustainable architecture
the recent movements of ●​ Sustainable culture
New Urbanism and New
Classical architecture Culture: Fourth Pillar of Sustainable
promote a sustainable Development
approach towards ○​ This document inaugurates a new
construction, that perspective and points to the
appreciates and develops relation between culture and
smart growth, sustainable development through
architectural tradition and a dual approach:
classical design.​ ■​ developing a solid cultural
policy and
●​ Sustainable politics ■​ advocating a cultural
○​ Social indicators and
dimensioning all public
sustainable development
policies.
indicators serve to inform
public policy-making.
Agenda 21 for culture: A strategic
○​ The International Institute
document that was developed by United
for Sustainable
Cities and Local. Governments (UCLG)
Development has
●​ Draws its inspiration from Agenda
established a political
21 which is a comprehensive
policy framework with six
action plan adopted by United
core areas including
Nations at the Earth Summit in Rio
international trade,
de Janeiro in 1992, which aims to
economic policy, climate
promote sustainable
change, measurement,
development globally.
natural resource
●​ Passed on November 17, 2010 in
management, and
the framework of the World
communication
Summit of Local and Regional
technologies.
Leaders - 3rd World Congress of
○​ The definition of
UCLG
sustainable political
●​ Held in Mexico City
development broadens
beyond states and
The Circles of Sustainability Approach
governance
FOUR DOMAINS
encompassing social
●​ Economic
power dynamics and
●​ Ecological
addressing economic,
●​ Political
ecological, and cultural
The Contemporary World (GE03)
●​ Cultural Sustainability​ promoting progress and
reducing inequalities
●​ Sustainable natural capital worldwide. However, few
○​ Three types of Capital nations meet the criteria
■​ economic for sustainable
■​ social development established
■​ natural​ by the World Wide Fund for
Nature in 2006. Disparities,
○​ Herman Daly inequalities, and unequal
■​ is a leading access to rights and
ecological freedoms persist globally,
economist and perpetuating ongoing
steady-state development challenges
theorist that for all nations.
pointed out the fact
that natural capital Sustainable Development Progress
cannot necessarily →​ The Brundtland Commission's 1987
be substituted by report, Our Common Future, defined
economic capital.​ sustainable development as meeting
present generation's needs without
●​ Sustainable education compromising future generations'
○​ Education must be ability to meet their own needs.
revisited in light of a
renewed vision of 3 overlapping-circles model
sustainable human and
social development that is →​ The overlapping-circles model of
both equitable and viable.​ sustainability highlights the interplay of
economic, environmental, and social
●​ Sustainable progress factors. Business leaders often resize
○​ The United Nations
the circles to show one factor as more
Conference on Sustainable
dominant.
Development, also known
→​ For instance, the economy is often
as Rio 2012, aimed to
positioned as the largest circle, while
reconcile economic and
society is considered the second
environmental goals
largest, and the environment is the
globally.
smallest. However, this model suggests
○​ It led to the development
that the economy can exist
of Sustainable
independently of society and the
Development Goals
environment, leading to a more
(SDGs) aimed at
accurate model.
The Contemporary World (GE03)
■​ Natural Resources and
3 nested-dependencies model Resillience​

→​ The 3-nested-dependencies model →​ This study looks beyond hunger to the

explains that human society is a underlying factors affecting food
subsidiary of the environment, and the insecurity. Initially, they examine food
people in societies decide how to security comprehensively across three
exchange goods and services. internationally established dimensions.
→​ The economy is the tail, and society is Just recently, GFSI added natural
the dog. The relationship between resources and resillience.
society and economy is symbiotic, with →​ It assesses:
the economy impacting people's ■​ A country’s exposure to the
quality of life during recessions. impacts of a changing climate.
■​ It’s susceptibility to natural
Global Challenges in Food Security resource risks and how the
country is adapting to these
risks.
→​ Malnutrition affects all countries in the
world. Including over-and OVERALL
under-nutrition and micro-nutrient The rank for GFSI goes as follows:
deficiencies is the top contributor to 1.​ Singapore (rank 19)
global disease burden. 2.​ Malaysia (43)
→​ 800 million globally people are 3.​ Thailand (53)
under-nourished, 2 billion are 4.​ Vietnam (64)
overweight or obese and 2 billion are 5.​ Indonesia (73)
micronutrient deficient. 6.​ Philippines (79)
→​ Southern Asia faces the greatest 7.​ Myanmar (80)
hunger burden, with about 281 million 8.​ Cambodia (84)
undernourishment people.
→​ The current rate of undernourishment Note that countries with high GFSI are
in sub-Saharan Africa is currently 23%. ahead in affordability, availability and
quality and safety criteria.
Global Food Security Index
Global Food Security Model
→​ Global Food Security Index is
developed by Economist (Magazine). ●​ MINK
This examines the following core issues: ○​ is a process-based crop
■​ Food affordability modeling for global food
■​ Availability security.
■​ Quality and Safety
The Contemporary World (GE03)
○​ pointed out by Richard ●​ Global Citizenship as Used in
Robertson of the Education
International Food Policy ○​ In education, the term is

Research Institute (IFRI) in most often used to

September 5, 2017. describe a worldview or a

set of values toward which

IMPACT education is oriented.

-​ The global agricultural sector ○​ The term global “society” is

partial-equilibrium economic sometimes used to

model. indicate a global studies

set of learning objectives
for students to prepare

LESSON 7: GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP​ them for global citizenship.

○​ Global Citizenship Education

GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
(GCED)
■​ becoming more important
→​ The collective efforts of individuals and than other movements like
communities to acknowledge the multicultural education,
universal Citizenship of all people. peace education, human
→​ It encompasses recognizing the rights education,
interconnection between global sustainable development
decisions and their impacts on distant education, and international
communities, emphasizing all education.
individuals' shared humanity and equal ■​ GCED includes elements
value. from these movements. The
→​ It entails fostering openness to concept of global citizenship
engaging constructively with diverse has been linked with awards
identities and cultures while actively offered for helping
challenging stereotypes. humanity. Teachers are
→​ In addition, it involves promoting being given the
equitable utilization and distribution of responsibility of being social
the Earth's resources and advocating change agents.
for the protection of human rights for
everyone. With GCED gaining attention, scholars are
investigating the field and developing
Usage of Global Citizenship perspectives. The following are a few of
the more common perspectives.

●​ Critical and transformative

perspectives:
The Contemporary World (GE03)
○​ Citizenship is defined by environmental issues from
being a member with a global perspective.
rights and responsibilities. ○​ It promotes a worldview
that embraces diversity
●​ Worlmindedness: and recognizes the
○​ Graham Pike and David interconnectedness of all
Selby see GCED in two things, transcending
parts. national boundaries. This
■​ The first part is idea dates back to ancient
about seeing the thinkers like Diogenes of
world as a single Sinope and is echoed in
system and Sanskrit literature,
considering the emphasizing the concept
planet's needs and of the world as one family.
those of individual ○​ It's about more than just
countries. peace; it's about
■​ The second part is understanding that we all
Child-centeredness share this planet and must
, which means live together harmoniously,
letting students like members of a single
explore and learn family.​
at their own pace,
recognizing each ●​ Global Citizenship as Used in
student's unique Psychological Studies
beliefs, experiences, ○​ Recently, researchers

and talents. worldwide have looked

into how people feel about

●​ Holistic understanding being global citizens. They

○​ It is founded by Merry Field, have used surveys like the

focusing on understanding World Values Survey since

the self in relation to a 2005, asking if people see

global community.​ themselves as citizens of

the world.

●​ Global Citizenship as Used in ○​ They also created scales

Philosophy to measure this feeling, like
○​ refers to a philosophy that the ones by McFarland,
suggests we should Malsch, Omoto, Keesa, and
address today's social, Reysen. These scales ask
political, economic, and how much individuals feel
The Contemporary World (GE03)
connected to all humans town halls are being
worldwide. replaced by online
○​ Studies of the gatherings that aren't
psychological roots of restricted by location or
global citizenship have time. Voting by mail has
found that persons high in already allowed citizens
global citizenship are also living abroad to vote; the
high on the personality internet could expand this
traits of openness to even more. Some experts
experience and suggest that as
agreeableness from the globalization alters the
Big Five personality traits idea of nationality,
and high in empathy and citizenship itself could
caring. Oppositely the evolve, even if it's still tied
authoritarian personality, to a specific country's
the social dominance borders.​
orientation, and
psychopathy are all ○​ Tension Among Locals, National,
associated with less global and Global Forces
human identification. ■​ Globalization makes the
Some of these traits are world more connected, but it
influenced by heredity as also makes local
well as by early communities more
experiences, which, in turn, important. This is why
likely influence individuals people talk about
receptiveness to global "glocalization," blending
human identification.​ global and local. As cities
and towns become more
●​ Global Citizenship as Used in vital, so do
Other Aspects: Geography, technopoles—centers of
Sovereignty and Mere technology and innovation.
Citizenship
Global citizens play a crucial
○​ As globalization diminishes
role in bridging these
the importance of
different areas. They're
individual countries, the
people who move between
concept of global
local and global spaces and
citizenship might change
understand the world from a
how we think about civic
global perspective.
participation and where it
happens. Traditional
face-to-face meetings in