Chapter 3

Psychrometry
Air mainly consists of nitrogen, oxygen and water vapour in varying amounts. The study of
a system involving dry air and water is known as Psychrometry. It refers to measurement
of moisture content of air and its effect of human comfort and materials. It also refers
to investigation of thermal properties of moist air and control of moisture content of air.
The properties of water vapour and air mixture are known as psychrometric properties.
Psychrometry is important from air conditioning point of view as in air conditioning the
human comfort conditions are defined in terms of temperature humidity and air circulation
etc.,
Definitions
Some important definitions in psychrometry are
1. Dry air : The atmospheric air always contains some moisture content and is referred
to as atmospheric air. Usually the tern air refers to “moist air”. The air which has no
water vapour in it is known as “ Dry air”. So air can be treated as a mixture of water
vapour and dry air and has any degree of moisture content in it. The amount of moisture
content in the air plays a significant role in human comfort
The volumetric composition of dry is air is 79% of nitrogen and 21% of oxygen. The
molecular weight of air will be taken as 28.97 ≈ 29. Hence gas constant Rair = 287 J/kg K.
2. Moist air: The moist air is a mixture of dry air and water vapour. The degree of moisture
content present in the mixture (air) depends on temperature of air and it ranges from
zero in dry air to its maximum when the mixture is saturated with water vapour. At a
particular temperature of air, the maximum quantity of water vapour present in air is
known as saturation capacity of air.
3. Super heated and saturated vapour: In air and water vapour mixture, the state of vapour
is fixed by its partial pressure and temperature.
The moist air is said to be saturated with water vapour, when the partial pressure of
water vapour is equal to the saturation pressure of water at the mixture temperature. At
higher temperature, a largess quantity of moisture is reprised to saturate the moist air
saturated air means, it is a mixture of dry air and saturated water vapous.
If the temperature of moist air is above the saturation temperature of water vapour, then
the vapour is called “ Super heated vapour”. Unsaturated air is a mixture of dry air and
super heated vapour.

1
2 Psychrometry

4. Dew Point temperature (DPT)

The temperature at which the moisture present in the air begins to condense when the
air is cooled is known as “Dew point temperature”. This temperature corresponds to
the saturation temperature of vapour at it is partial pressure the vapour will start to
condense at this temperature and results in the formation of liquid droplets or dew
• No print [when the unsaturated air is cooled at constant pressure the mixture
reaches saturation temperature corresponding to the partial pressure of the water
vapour. This temperature is called DPT]
5. Dry bulb temperature [DBT] : The temperature of air measured by an ordinary
thermometers is known as the dry bulb temperature of the air.
6. Wet bulb temperature [WBT]: The temperature of air registered by a thermometer when
it is temperature sensing element (bulb) is covered with wet cloth or by a wetted wick
and is exposed to rapidly moving air stress whose temperature is being measured. For
unsaturated air, WBT is always less they DBT, but greater then DPT. [DBT > WBT >
DPT]
For saturated air, DBT, DPT and WBT are equal.
7. Specific humidity or humidity ratio (ω)
The ratio of mass of water vapour to the mass of dry air is known as specific humidity.
It can also be defends mass of water vapour present in per kg of dry air. It is usually
expressed in grams per kg of dry air.
mv
w = where
ma
mv – mass of water vapour
ma – mass of dry air
Assume ideal gas behavior for both dry air and water vapour.
Pv − V Pa V
mv = and ma =
R vT R aT

Pv and Pa – partial pressure of water vapour and dry air respectively

Rv and Ra – particular gas constants for water vapour and dry respectively
Pa V / R v T
\w =
Pa V / R a T

R a Pv 18.016  Pv 
= =
R v Pa 28.966  Pa 
Psychrometry 3

Pv
ω = 0.622
Ra

let P – total pressure of the mixture, then according to Dalton’s law of partial pressure
P = Pv + P a

\ Pa = P – PV

\ ω = 0.622 Pv
P − Pv

V V
As ma = and mv =
Va Vv

mv V / Vv
w = =
ma V / Va

Va
w =
Vv

Va – sp. volume gas

Vv – sp. vol. water vap
8. Absolute humidity
The mass of water vapour present in unit volume of dry air is known as absolute
humidity.
9. Relative humidity (RH) (φ)
The ratio of mass of water vapour in air in a given volume to the mass of water vapour
contained in the same volume when the air is saturated at the same temperature.
For actual vapour
Pv Vv = mvRvTv
For vapour when air if fully saturated,
Pvs Vs = mvs Rs Ts
As volume is same, Vv = Vs
As temperature is same, Tv = Ts
Pv mv
\ = =φ
Pvs m vs
4 Psychrometry

Relative humidity may also be defined as the ratio of actual pressure ‘Pv’ of water
vapour in moist air to the saturate pressure ‘Ps’ of the vapour at same temperature.
When Pv = Pgvs, RH = φ = 100%
 P 
w = 0.622  v  [PVS = Pg]
 P − Pv 

Pv = φ Pvs
 Pvs 
∴ w = 0.622 φ  
 Pa P − Pvs 
10. Adiabatic saturation temperature or thermodynamic wet bulb temperature
The temperature at which the water or ice can saturate air by evaporating adiabatically
in to it is known as adiabatic saturation temperature. Numerically it is equal to wet bulb
temperature.
11. Degree of saturation or saturation ratio (µ)
It is the ratio of mass of water vapour in unit mass of dry air to mass of water vapour
associated with unit mass of dry air when air is saturated at the same temperature.
It is also defined as the ratio of specific humidity of actual air (ω) to the specific humidity
of air (ωs) when it is fully saturated at the same temperature.
ω
∴ µ=
ωs

 PV 
0.622 
=  P − Pv 
 Pvs 
0.622 
 P − PVs 

Pv (P − PVs )
∴µ =
PVS (P − PV )

 PVS 
PV 1 − P 
µ =  
PVS  1 − PV 
 P 
Psychrometry 5

where PVS (Pg) = Partial pressure of water vapour for saturated air
mv PV
But φ = =
mvs PVS

1 − PVS / P 
∴µ φ= PV = φ PVS
 1 − PV / P 

1 − PVS / P 
= φ 
φ PVS 
 1− 
 P 
 P − PVS 
= φ  
 P − φ PVS 
= φ [P – PVS] = µ [P – φ PVS]
= φ P – φ PVS = µP – µφ PVS
= φ [P – PVS + µ PVS] = µP
µP
∴φ =
P − PVS + µPVS

µ
=
PVS PVS
1− +µ
P P
µ
= φ=
PVS
1− (1 − µ )
P

12. Enthalpy of moist air:

The enthalpy of moist air is the sum of enthalpy of dry air and enthalpy of water vapour
present in dry air. It is expressed in kJ/kg of dry air.
(H)moist air = (H) 1 kg of dry air (H) water vapour present in 1kg dry air
H = Ha + Hv
H H
= a
ma ma
= maha + mvhv
6 Psychrometry

H mv
∴ = ha + hv
ma ma

h = ha + whv .. kJ / kg of dry air

where h = enthalpy of moist air per kg of dry air
ha = enthalpy of 1 kg of dry air
ω = specific humidity in kg/kg of dry air
hv = enthalpy of vapour in 1 kg of dry air
also hv = hg + CPS (DBT – DPT), when hg – enthalpy of saturated steam at
DPT CPS – 1.8 8 kJ / kg K.
ha = Cp DBT, where
CP – specific heat of dry air – 1.005 kg / kg K
∴ h = CP. DBT + ω [hg + CPS (DBT – DPT)]
The reference state of enthalpy is zero for saturated liquid at 0°C. The corresponding
latent heat of water is zero kJ/kg. Then

h = 1.005DBT + ω [2500 + 1.88 (DBT )]

Measurement of WBT:
The device named psychrometes is used to measure WBT. The carries equation is developed
to n late WBT and Pv. According to this equation, the partial pressure of water vapour is

PV = (PVS)WBT –
[P − (PVS)WBT ][DBT − WBT ]
1527.4 − 1.3WBT
where
PV - partial pressure of water vapour
PVS - partial pressure of saturated vapour
P - total pressure of moist air
DBT - dry bulb temperature, °C
WBT - wet bulb temperature, °C
Psychrometric chart:-
The psychrometric chart is the graphical representation of various psychrometric properties
of moist air. The DBT is plotted along x axis and specific humidity is plotted along y axis.
This chart is useful in finding conditions of air repressed for air conditioning systems. The
charts are reading available for different mixture pressure. All other properties are shown
by different lines on the chart.
Psychrometry 7

The saturation curve exits on the left of the chart and all saturated air states are located
on this curve. This curve corresponds to 100% relative humidity. Constant WBT lines have
a down hill appearance to the right DBT lines are vertical and equally spaced and specific
humidity lines are horizontal. Constant enthalpy lines are clearly parallel to the lines of
constant WBT. Constant specific volume lines are similar to constant WBT lines, but much
steeper then WBT lines.
Psychrometric processes
It is required to perform some processes on atmospheric properties to condition air to
provide comfort conditions to human beings or to improve quality of industrial processes.
These processes which effect the psychrometric properties of air are called psychrometric.
These processes may involve the mixing of air streams heating of air cooling, humidifying,
dehumidifying adiabatic saturation and combination of any of these processes. All such
processes are discussed in details.
1. Mixing of air streams:

Figure Mixing of air streams

The air streams with different psychrometric properties are mixed together and this process
is very frequently used in air conditioning usually adiabatic mixing is considered and the
total moisture content of air remains constant. The psychrometric properties of the mixture
can be obtained bu balancing enthalpies and masses of water vapour in the mixed air and
the mixing streams. For mass of dry air
8 Psychrometry

m1 + m2 = m3 . ..... (1)
For moisture content of specific humidity
m1 ω1 + m2 ω2 = m3 ω3 ..... (2)
m1 h1 + m2 h2 = m3 h3 ..... (3)

The equations (2) and (3) can be further simplified by substituting m3 = m1 + m2

m1 ω1+ m2 ω2= (m1 + m2) ω3
m1 ω1 + m2 ω2 + m1 ω3 + m2 ω3
∴ m1 (ω1– ω3) + m2 (ω2 – ω3) = 0
∴ m1 (ω1– ω3) = m2 (ω3 – ω2)
There fore the state 3 must he on the line joining 1 and 2 and is divided at point in the ratio
m m distance 2 − 3
of 1 ∴ 1 =
m2 m 2 distance 3 − 1

2. Sensible heating or cooling

Psychrometry 9

Sensible heating or cooling refers to the heating or cooling of air without addition or
removal of moisture ie., without phase change. For sensible heating the air is passed
over heating coil. Whose surface is at a temperature greater then DBT of air. During the
process, DBT of air increases and approaches that of the surface temperature of heating
coil and specific humidity remains constant.
For sensible cooling air passes over a cooling coil whose surface temperature is less
then DBT of air but greater then DPT of air. The DBT of air decreases and tends to
approach surface temperature of cooling coil and specific humidity remains constant.
The term “By pass factor” is used to express the extent to which the temperature of air
approaches mean effective surface defined as the ratio of the difference between the
mean surface temperature of the coil and exit air temperature to the difference between
the mean surface temperature and inlet air temperature.
∴ for sensible heating,
tdb3 − tdb 2 length2 − 3
by pass factor = =
tdb3 − tdb1 length1 − 3

∴for sensible cooling

tdb 2 − tdb3 length3 − 2
by pass factor = =
tdb1 − tdb3 length3 − 1

3. Humidification and Dehumidification process:

Humidification process refers to addition of moisture to air without change in DBT.
Dehumidification process refers to removed of moisture from the air without changing
the DBT. During humidification process RH increases and during dehumidification RH
of air decreases. As DBT is constant, sensible neat is also constant and hence change
in enthalpy (h2 – h1) per kg of dry air is equal to latent heat of vapourisation of the
moisture content and is equal to (ω2 – ω1) kg per kg of dry air. Always humidification
process is accompanied by cooling or heating.
10 Psychrometry

4. Cooling with dehumidification of air

This process refers to decrease in temperature of air along with removed of moisture
from air. The air passes over a cooling coil whose effective surface temperature is
lower then DPT of entering vapour present in the air. This decreases specific humidity
of air. The effective surface temperature is called apparatus Dew point (ADP). As air at
state ‘1’ passes over cooling coil, sensible cooling takes place air reaches state ‘2’. The
condensation of water vapours present in air begins at pt ‘2’ and the air gets further
cooled till point ‘3’ ie., ADP of the cooling coil is reached. Ideally the air makes exit
with condition ‘3’. During the process, DBT has decreased.
In the actual process, air does not reach condition ‘3’. The air that makes contact with
cooling surface will be reduced in temperature to the mean surface temperature along
the path 1-2-3, with condensation and 2-3 refers to dehumidification of air. Some
portion of the air doesnot contact the surface and will be cooled by mixing process of
some quality of air at state ‘1’ with the remaining air at state ‘3’. Therefore, the final
state of air will be some where on the straight line connecting 1-3, as shown by point
‘4’. The actual path will be a curved dashed line 1-4.
Psychrometry 11

DBT4 − DBT3 ω 4 − ω 3
by pass factor = =
DBT1 − DBT3 ω1 − ω 3

h 4 − h 3 DBT4 − ADP
= =
h1 − h 3 DBT1 − ADP

5. Cooling and Humidification (Adiabatic humidification):

When the air is passed through spray of water, which is at a temperature higher then
DPT of air and lower then DBT of air, then cooling and humidification of air occurs.
The specific humidity of air increases and DBT of air decreases. This process is also
known as adiabatic saturations or evaporative cooling.
As water passes through spray of water part of water is evaporated by extracting heat
four air and carried away with air. This humidifies the air. The DBT of air decreases and
enthalpy of air remains constant.
6. Heating and Dehumidification (Adiabatic dehumidification):
12 Psychrometry

The heating and dehumidification of air occurs when if passes through a solid adsorbent
surface or through a liquid adsorbent spray. The dehumidification is the result of lower
water vapour pressure at then air the surface of the adsorbent the moisture in the air
is condensed and the air is heated by latent heat of condensation which is liberated
due to condensation. During condensation the specific humidity falls and the heat
of condensation heats air and then by increases its DBT. This process is opposite of
adiabatic saturation process.
7. Heating and Humidification:
The air is humidified and may be heated, cooked or maintained at constant temperature
by passing it through a humidification. Which has heated water sprays. The specific
humidity and enthalpy of air increases and DBT of air increases or decreases depending
on initial temperature of air and spray.

Process 1-2; Temperature of heated spray water is less then DBT of air Process 1-3;
Temperature of heated spray water is equal to DBT of air. Process 1-4; Temperature of
spray water is greater then DBT of air.
8. Sensible Heat factor (SHF):
It is the ratio of sensible heat to the total heat of air.
SH – sensible heat
LH – Latent heat
SH
∴ SHF =
SH − LH

Adiabatic saturation process:

Consider on adiabatic system in which unsaturated air enter at 1-1 with psychometric
properties enthalpy h1, DBT1 specific humidity W and total pressure P. As air passes
1 1
over large wetted surface, the water evaporates and increases specific humidity of air.
As a result, both air and water are cooled. The temperature of air at out let 2-2, is equal
Psychrometry 13

to temperature of water when steady state conditions are reached. The air at 2-2 is
saturated with water vapour. This equilibrium temperature is less then DBT1 of air but
greater then DPT1 of entering air. This equilibrium temperature DBT2 is (DBT2 = water
temperature) known as adiabatic saturation temperature and the process is known as
“Adiabatic saturation [Link] properties of saturated air at 2-2 one enthalpy HZS,
temperature Tw, specific humidity W25, total pressure P same as at 1-1.

Thermodynamic wet bulb temperature is one at which the air is brought to saturated
condition adiabatically by evaporating the water in to flowing air.

Consider the process 1-2, as steady state steady flow and neglect changes in kinetic and
potential energy.
h1 + (ω25 – ω1) ω2 = h25
h1 + ω25 hf2 − ω1 hf2 = h25
h1 = h25 – ω25 h2 + ω1 hf2
h1 = h25 – (ω25 – ω1) hf2 ……. (1)
Where (ω25 – ω1) hf2 = enthalpy deviation.
The enthalpy of air = water vapour mixture is equal to enthalpy of saturated air at the
save WBT minims enthalpy deviation
14 Psychrometry

h1 = hair1 +ω1 h vap1

h25 = hair2 + ω25 h vap2
After substituting hi and h25 in equation (1) we get.
h air(1) + ω1 hg1 + (ω25 − ω1) h f2 = h air2 + ω25 h vap2 = h air2 + ω25 hg2
CP DBT1 + ω1 hg1 + (ω25 – ω1) hf2 = CP DBT2 + ω25 hg2
∴ CP DBT1 + ω1 hg1 + ω25 hf2 + ω1 hf2 = CPDBT2 + ω25 hg2
ω1 (hg1 – hf2) = CP DBT2 + ω25 hg2 – CP DBT1 – ω25 hf2

∴ω1 = CP (DBT2 − DBT1 )+ ω 25 hg 2
hg1 − hf 2

CP (DBT2 − DBT1 )+ ω 25 hg 2

∴ω1 =
hg1 − hf1

Air conditioning:
The ideal human comfort exists, when rate of heat production becomes equal to rate
of heat loss. This equilibrium condition is achieved by maintaining proper conditions
of temperature humidity, velocity and purity in a confined space. The air conditioning
system maintains the confined space or an industrial facility at the desired temperature
and humidity to provide comfort conditions to the occupants or to control the quality
of products in industrial applications. The parameters to be controlled are effective
temperature humidity air movement and circulation and air filtering, cleaning and
purification.
Effective temperature:
It is defined as the temperature of saturated air at which a person would experience the
same feeling of comfort as experienced in the actual unsaturated environment. It is a
measure of feeling warmth or cold to the human moisture content and air motion don’t
print (If the air at different DBTS and RH conditions carries same amount of heat as the
heat carried by the air at tempt T and RH 100%, then T is called “Effective tempt”)
The Air conditioning process include simple heating or cooling (raising or lowering
temperature) humidifying (adding moisture) and dehumidifying (removing moisture).
Some times more than two processes are to be carried out on air to achieve more
comfortable conditions.
Air conditioning systems:
An Air conditioning system is one which is used to maintain the confined space
(building) at the defined temperature and humidity to provide comfort conditions.
Psychrometry 15

It works on the principle of refrigeration by cooling air drawn from condition space
and returning the cool fresh air to the conditioned space. The basic components of
air conditioning systems are fans, filters, refrigerating plant, means warming and
humidification/dehumidification, for control system etc.
Air conditioning systems are proudly classified in to two groups.
1. Comfort Air Conditioning: This is used to produce a specified condition of air
which is comfortable to the occupants. This system is again classified into.
a. Summer Air Conditioning : This system is used to reduce the sensible heat and
water vapour contents of air by cooling and dehumidification.
b. Winter Air Conditioning : The objective of the system is to increases the sensible
heat and water vapour content of air by heating and humidification.
c. Year round Air Conditioning : This controls temperature and moisture content
of air through out the year as per the changing conditions of the season.
2. Industrial Air Conditioning: The purpose of Air conditioner is to provide air
at the required temperature and water vapour content for different industrial
purposes. The conditioned air supplied by the air conditioner help in controlling
product quality, texture and uniformity.
Summers Air Conditioning systems
1. Hot and Dry out door conditions (weather)

Fig. (a) summer air conditioning system for not and dry weather
16 Psychrometry

Fig. (b) Representation of psychrometric processes

The comfort condition required in an air conditioned space is 24oC DBT and 60% RH.
When the atmospheric temperature is higher then the comfort temperature with less
moisture content (low RH), it is repainted to cool and humidity the air for comfort
conditions. This is achieved by passing air through summer air conditions for not and
dry weather and the commencement of the component and representation of processes
on Psychometric chart are as shown in figures.
The atmospheric air at condition ‘1’ is passed through air filter for (higher DBT and
lower RH) cleaning and then it is passed over cooling cool. In the cooling cool, the air
temperature is reduced condition 2, and then the air enters into a spray type adiabatic
humidifier, Where the humidity is increased to required comfort condition. The control
of quantity of water spray in the humidifier regulates the Riot the air. Then the air is
passed over eliminator to remove water droplets before supplying it to air conditioned
space. The air enters the conditioned space at condition ‘3’ with DBT = 25 + 1oC
and RH = 50 + 5%. The dampers are unfed to control quantity of air passing through
system.
If cooling coil efficiency is 100%, then the air reaches condition ‘4’ after passing over
cooling coil 1-2-4 represent changes in DBT and increase in specific humidify of cooled
air in the adiabatic humidifier.
Summer Air conditions for hot and wet weather (hot and humid outdoor conditions)

Fig. (a) summer air conditions for hot and wet weather
Psychrometry 17

Fig. (b) Representation of psychometric processes.

This Air conditions is used when the out door condition is hot and wet (humid or higher
RH). The atmospheric air temperature is higher, but contains more water vapour. This
necessitates the use of dehumidifier to remove moisture content from air.
The atmospheric air at condition ‘1’, first enters air filters to remove dust and then it
is passed over cooling coil. The surface temperature of the cooling coil is maintained
below DPT of out door air. Hence the air is cooled below it is dew point temperature and
moisture content is removed from the air in the from of water droplets (dehumidification).
The dehumidification is controlled by controlling surface temperature of cooling coil
which in turn controlled by regulating quantity of coolant passed through the coil. The
air at the exit of cooling coil has temperature (at print 3) considerably lower then the
required temperature for comfort. Therefore to achieve required comfort conditions,
air is passed over heating coil and the air coming out of heating coil at condition ‘5’
is supplied directly to the air conditioned space. The line 1-2-3 represents changes in
DBT of air as it passes over cooling coil and the line 3-5-4 represent changes in DBT
of air as it passes over heating coil. The point ‘4’ represent the mixture temperature that
could heave been obtained by using an efficient heating coil. The air dampers are used
to regulate quantity of air according to the load on the air conditioned space.
Winter Air Conditioning System:
During winter, the atmospheric air is at lower temperature then the required conditions.
Therefore it is necessary to heat the air to achieve comfort condition and this decreases RH
of the air. This necessitates the use of humidification process to increase the RH of air.
The arrangement of components and representation of psychometric processes are as
shown in figures. The cold air after passing through air filter, passes over heating coil. The
condition of air leaving the heating coil is ‘2’. (due to losses) and 1-2-3 represent increase
in DBT of air in heating coil. The air at condition ‘2’ enters humidifying chamber where it
is humidified with the help of water sprays. As a result, air is cooled to condition ‘4’. Any
18 Psychrometry

water particles suspended in air is removed by the water eliminator. The temperature of air
is further increased to required comfort temperature by using second hurting coil and the
air at condition ‘6’ is supplied to air conditioned space. The air dampers helps to control
quantity of air as per load in air conditioned space.

Fig. Winter air conditioning system

Numerical examples :
1 Determine
(i) Partial pressure of vapour
(ii) RH and
(iii) DPT of atmosphere air at 25oC with specific humidity o.0092 kg/ kg of dry air.
Given data:
DBT = 25oC
ω = 0.0092 kg / kg of dry air
To find
PV = ? φ and DPT
Psychrometry 19

0.622Pv
Sol: WKT ω =
P − Pv

0.622 × Pv
0.0092 =
1.0132 − Pv

9.321 × 10–3– 0.0092Pv = 0.622Pv

∴ Pv = 0.0147 bar
At DBT = 20°C. Pvs = 0.0316 bar [from steam table]
Pv 0.0147
∴ φ = = = 0.4651
Pvs 0.0316

φ = 46.51%
The DPT of air is the saturation temperature of water vapour cones pounding to ‘Pv’.
∴ At Pv = 0.0147, ts = 11.192°C
1.1 − 6.98
1.2 −17.51
2. The air at 20°C and 60% relative humidity is supplied to a room. The barometric
pressure is 1.01325 bar. Determine (i) specific humidity (ii) DPT of air.
(VTU. Jan 2004)
Given data :
DBT = 20oC To find
φ = 60% ω
P = 1.0 1325 bar DPT
Sol: At DBT of air = 20oC, PVS = 0.0234 bas (from steam table)
Pv
φ =
Pvs

Pv = φ Pvs
= 0.6(0.0234)
Pv = 0.014 bar
20 Psychrometry

∴ specific humidity
0.622Pv
ω=
P − Pv

0.622 × 0.014
=
1.01325 − 0.014

ω = 0.00871Kg / Kg of dry air

DPT at Pv = 0.014 bas, ts = 11.192 (from steam table) 0.01 – 6.98, 0.02 – 17.51
3. The temperature of air reaches 25°C after removing 0.005 kg of water vapour per kg of
atmospheric air. The atmospheric air is at 30oC and 60% RH, and atmospheric pressure
is 1.0132 bas. Determine.
(i) RH and
(ii) DPT of air
Given data:
DBT = 30oC
φ = 60
P = 1.0132 bar
Sol: At DBT =30oC. PVS = 0.0424 (from steam table)
Pv
φ =
Pvs

Pv = φ Pvs
= 0.6(0.0424)
Pv = 0.0254 bar

0.622Pv 0.22 × 0.0254

ω = =
P − Pv 1.0132 − 0.0254

ω = 0.159 /kg of dry air

Let W2 be the specific humidity of air after removing 0.005 kg of water vapour

W2 = 0.0159 – 0.005
Psychrometry 21

ω = 0.0109 kg / kg of dry air

The given DBT2 is 25oC
At DBT2 = 25oC, PVS2 = 0.316 bar.
The partial pressure of water vapour at this condition is PV2 and can be calculated as
0.622Pv 2
ω2 =
P − Pv 2

0.622 × Pv 2
0.0109 =
1.0132 − Pv 2

0.0110 – 0.0109 Pv2 = 0.622 Pv2

Pv 2 = 0.01738bar

Pv 2 0.01738
∴ φ2 = =
Pvs 2 0.0316

φ 2 = 55%

DPT of air at Pv2 = 0.0178 bar

DPT = 14.35°C from steam table
4 The atmospheric air at a pressure of 1.0135 bar has a DBT of 35°C and WBT of 25oC
Determine
(i) Relative humidity
(ii) Specific humidity
(iii) DPT of air
(iv) Density of vapour in air
(v) Enthalpy of mixture per kg of dry air
Given data
P = 1.0132 bar
DBT = 35oC
WBT = 25oC
22 Psychrometry

Sol: The partial pressure of vapour is

Pv = (Pvs)ωB –
[P − (Pvs)ωb ] [DBT − ωBT ]
1527.4 − 1.3 (ωBT )

At ωBT = 25°C (Pvs)ωB = 0.03166 bar [from steam table]

[1.0132 − 0.03166] [35 − 25]
Pv = 0.0.3166 –
1527.4 − 1.3 × 25

∴ Pv = 0.02509 bar

(i) Relative humidity

Pv 0.02509
φ = =
Pvs 0.056216

At DBT = 35°C, Pvs = 0.056216 bar from steam table.

(ii) Specific humidity
0.622Pv
ω =
P − Pv

0.622 × 0.02509
=
(1.0312 − 0.02509)

ω = 0.01551kg / kg of dry air

(iii) DPT of air
At Pv = 0.02509 bar, DPT = 28.80°C from steam tables
(iv) Vapour density
[Pv = mRT] vapour
m
P = RT for water vapour
v
R 8314.4
P = PRT R= =
m 18
P 0.02509 × 105
P = = R = 461.91 J/kg/C
RT 461.91 × (35 + 273)

Pvopour = 0.01763kg / m3
Psychrometry 23

v. Enthalpy of mixture per kg of dry air

h = CP DBT + W h vapour
= 1.005 × 35 + 0.01551 [hg + 1.88 (DBT – DPT)]
= 35.175 + 0.01551 [2565.4 + 1.88(35–20.8)]
At DBT = 35°C hg = 2562 – 4 kg / kg from steam table
h = 75.378 kJ / kg of dry air
5. The atmospheric air is at 30oC and RH 60% determine partial pressure of air humidity
ratio, DPT, density and enthalpy of air.
Given data
DBT = 30oC
φ = 0.6
Sol: At DBT = 30°C, PVS = 0.042415 bar
Pv
φ =
Pvs

Pv = PVS = 0.6 × 0.042415

Pv = 0.0254 bar
∴ Partial pressure of air = Total pressure of the mixture partial pressure of vapour
= 1.01325 − 0.0254
P air = 0.98785bar
ω = 0.0189 kg / kg of dry air
At Pv = 0.0254 bar DPT = 21°C …..
P mixture = Pa + Pv
= Pa + ω Pa
= Pa (1 + ω)
Pa
= (1 + ω )
RTa

1.01325 × 105 (1 + 0.0159)

=
287 × (30 + 273)

P mix = 1.183kg / kg3

24 Psychrometry

P mix = 1.183 kg / is 3
Enthalpy of the mixture
h = CP DBT + ω h vap
= 1.005 × 30 + 0.0159 [hg + 1.88 (DBT − DPS)]
At DBT = 30°C, hg = 2556.4 kJ/ kg
h = 71.065kJ / kg

The mixture of water vapour and dry air is at a temperature of 15oC. Determine.
(i) Partial pressure of water vapour be dry air
(ii) Saturation pressure of water vapour at 25oC
(iii) Specific humidity
(iv) Mass of water vapour and dry air degree of saturation
Given data:
DDT = 15°C
DBT = 25°C

Sol: (i) At DPT = 15°C, Pv = 0.017036 bar

P mix = Pa + Pv
∴ Pa = P mix = Pv
= 1.01325 – 0.017039
Pa = 0.9962 bar

(ii) At DBT = 25°C, Pvs = 0.03166 bar

Pv Pv
(iii) ω = 0.622 = 0.622
P − Pv Pa

0.017039 
= 0.622  kg of water vapour
 0.9962 

ω = 0.01063 kg / kg of dry air

Psychrometry 25

(iv) Mass of water vapour

mv = 0.01063 kg of water vapour
Mass of dry air = Ma – 1 + ω

= 1 + 0.01063 = 1.01063kg of dry air

(v) Degree of saturation or saturation ratio
1 − Pvs / P 
µ = φ 
 1 − Pv / P 

  0.03166  
 1 −  1.01325  
= 0.5381  
1 −  0.017039  
  1.01325  

1 − 0.03125 
= 0.5381 
 1 − 0.01681 

µ = 0.521
7. One kg of air at 35°C DBT and 60% RH is mixed with 2 kg of air at 20°C DBT and
15°C DPT. Determine the specific humidity of the mixture and partial pressure of water
vapour in the mixture.
Given data:
µ1 = 1kg, DBT = 35°C, φ = 60%
ω2 = 2kg, DBT = 20°C = 20°C, DPT = 15°C
To find
ω of mixture
Sol: For air at 35°C and φ = 60%
At DBT = 35°C, Pvs = 0.056216 bar
Pv = φ Pvs = 0.6 (0.3056216)
Pv = 0.03372 bar
Pv
ω = 0.622
P − Pv
26 Psychrometry

0.03372
= 0.622 ×
1.01325 − 0.03372

ω = 0.02141 kg / kg of dry air

At PV = 0.03372 bar, DPT = 26.052°C
h = CP DBT + W h vap
= 1.005 × 35 + 0.0214 [hg + 1.88 (DBT – DPT)
= 35.175 + 0.0214 [(2565.4 + 1.88 (35 – 26.052)]
h = 90.434kJ / kg
At DBT = 3500C
hg = 2565.4 kg / kg
For DPT at 20°C DBT and 15°C DPT
At DPT = 15°C, Pv = 0.017039 bar
0.622Pv
ω =
P − Pv

0.622 × 0.017039
ω =
1.01325 − 0.017039

ω = 0.01063 kg / kg of dry air

h = 1.005 × 20 + 0.01063 [2538.2 + 1.88 (20 − 15)]
h = 47.180 kg / kg

kg
At DBT = 20°C hg = 2538.2
kJ
∴ Enthalpy per kg of moist air
1  90.434 47.18 × 2 
= +
3  1.0214 1.01063 

= 60.635 KJ / kg of moist air

∴ Mass of vapour / Kg of moist air
1  0.0214 0.01063 × 2 
= +
3  1.0214 1.01063 
Psychrometry 27

= 0.01399 Kg/kg of moist air

∴ Specific humidity of mixture
0.01399
=
1 − 0.01399

0.622Pv
ω =
P − Pv

[Link]
0.01418 =
1.01325 − Pv

ω = 0.01418
9. Atmospheric air at 25°C and 70% RH is heated until its temperature becomes 35°C.
Calculate (i) RH of heated air (ii) Heat added to air per minute. Take volume of air =
85m3 / min.
Given data
DBT1 = 25°C, φ1= 0.70
DBT2 = 35°C V = 85 m3 / min
To find
φ1 = ?
φ2 = ?
Sol: For air at DBT1 = 25°C and φ1 = 70%
At DBT = 25°C, Pvs = 0.03166 bar

φ = Pv
Pvs

Pv = 0.70 × 0.03166
Pv = 0.02216 bar
At Pv = 0.02216 bar, DPT = 18.828°C
0.622 Pv
ω1 =
P − Pv
28 Psychrometry

0.622 × 0.02216
=
1.01325 − 0.02216

ω1 = 0.0139 kg / kg of dry air = ω2

h1 = CP DBT +ω [hg + 1.88 (DBT – DPT)]
= 1.005 × 25 + 0.0139 [2547.3 + 1.88 (25 – 18.828)]
[At DBT =25°C hg = 2547.3 hg]
h1 = 60.693kJ / Kg of dry air

For air at DBT = 35°C

DBT = 35°C, PVS = 0.056216 bar
AS (PVS)2 > (PVS)1, [0.056216 > 0.03166]
The process is sensible heating and Pv is same after heating.

Pv
φ=
Pvs

0.02216
= = 39.41%
0.056216

φ 2 = 39.41%

The RH of heated air = 39.41%

(ii) Heat added to air
H2 = CP DBT + W [hg + 1.88 (DBT – DPT)]
= 1.005 × 35 + 0.0139 [2565.4 + 1.88 (3J – 18.828]
h 2 = 71.256 kJ / Kg

At = DBT = 35°C
hg= 2565.4 kJ/Kg
Mass of air P = Pv + Pa

m = Pv (1.01325 − 0.02216) × 105 × 85

=
RT 287 × (25 + 273)
Psychrometry 29

m = 48.49 kg / min
∴ heat added per min
φ12 = 98.49(71.256 – 60.693)
φ12 = 1040.34 kJ / min

9. The atmospheric air at 36oC DBT and 55% RH is cooled to 28oC DBT maintaining
specific humidity constant. Determine
(i) RH of cooled air
(ii) Heat removed from air
Take volume of air as 35 m3
Given data:
DBT1 = 36oC φ1 = 55% v = 35 m3
DBT2 = 28oC ω1 = ω2 = sensible cooling
Sol: For air at DBT = 36oC and φ1 = 55%
At DBT = 36oC1 Pvs = 0.05972 bar
Pv
φ =
Pvs

Pv = 0.55 × 0.05972
Pv = 0.03584 bar

0.622Pv
ω1 =
P − Pv

0.622 × 0.03284
=
1.01325 − 0.03284

ω1 = 0.02083 Kg / kg of dry air = ω2

At PV = 0.03284 bar DPT = 25.56oC
h1 = 1.005 × 36 + 0.02083 [2567.2 + 1.88 (36 − 25.56)]
h1 = 90.063 kJ / Kg
30 Psychrometry

For air at 25°C

As specific humidity is constant, the vapour pressure in the air remain constant,
Pv1 = Pv2
Pv 0.03284
φ = = At DBT = 28°C, Pvs = 0.03811
Pvs 0.03811

φ = 86.17%

∴ Relative humidity of cooled air = 86.17%

(ii) Heat removed from air
h2 CP DBT2 + ω2 [hg2 + 1.88(DBT2 − DPT2)]
= 1.005 × 28 + 0.02083 [2552.76 + 1.88 (28 − 25.56)]
[ω1 = ω2 = 0.02083 kg / kg dry air DPT = DPT2 = 25.56oC Pv = C]
h 2 = 81.409 KJ / kg

 Pv  (1.01325 − 0.03284) × 105 × 35

m =   =
RT air 287 × (36 + 273)

m = 38.69 Kg / min

heat removed from air

φ12 = m(h1 – h2) = 38.69 (90.063 – 81.409)

φ12 = 334.823 kJ / Kg

10. m3 of air per at 30°C DBT and 60% RH is cooled to 20°C DBT by passing through a
cooling coil.
Find the following;
(i) Capacity of cooling coil in tones of refrigeration.
(ii) RH of the air coming out and its WBT.
(iii) Amount of water vapour removed per hour.
Psychrometry 31

Given data:
V = 2 m3 /s DBT2 = 20oC
DBT1 = 30°C
φ1 = 60%
Sol: For air at 30°C DBT and 60% RH
At DBT = 30 C Pvs = 0.42415 bar
Pv = 0.02544 bar

0.622Pv 0.622 × 0.02544

ω1 = =
P − Pv (1.01325 − 0.02544)

ω1 = 0.01601 Kg / kg of dry air

At 30°C, hg = 255.6.4 KJ / kg
At Pv = 0.02544, DPT = 20.80°C
∴ h1 = 1.005 × 30 + 0.01601 [2556.4 + 1.88 (30 – 20.8)]
h1 = 71.354 kJ / Kg

At DBT2 = 20oC, Pvs2 = 0.023366 bar

Pvs2 < Pv1, hence condensation takes
Place and air will be saturated at 20oC
∴ (ii) RH of out coming air is 100%
As air is saturated, WBT = DBT at 20oC
∴ Pv = Pvs = 0.023366 bar
0.622 Pr2 0.622 × 0.023366
ω2 = =
P − Pv 2 (1.01325 − 0.023366)

ω2 = 0.01468 kg / kg of dry air.

At 20oC hg = 2538.2 15kg
∴ h2 = 1.005 × 20 + 0.01468 [2538.2 + 1.88 (20 – 20]
h 2 = 57.36 kJ / Kg
32 Psychrometry

∴ The weight of water vapour removed per kg of dry air

Kg
= ω1 − ω2 = 0.01601 – 0.01468 = 0.00133
Kg of dry air
heat removed per kg of dry air
kJ
φ12 = (h1 – h2) = 71.354 – 5736 = 13.994
Kg
mass of dry air passing per minute
 Pv 
ma =   dry air
RT 

(1.01325 − 0.02544) × 105 × 2 × 60

=
287 × (30 + 273)

= 136.31 Kg / min = 2.2718 Kg /s

(i) The capacity of cooling coil
2.2718
ma (h1 − h 2 ) 13631 × (71.354 − 57.36)
= =
12,600 3.5 12,600

= 9.083tonnes
(iii) Amount of water removed
= Ma (ω1 – ω2)
= 2.2718 (0.01601 – 0.01468)
= 0.003021 kg /s
= 10.87 kg / h
11. Specific humidity decreases hence it is a cooling and dehumidification process
2.25 m3/s volume of air with 38°C DBT and 18%. RH passes through an adiabatic
humilities. The exit conditions are 20°C DBT and 15°C WBT.
Determine
(i) R1 + of the exit
(ii) DPT and
(iii) Amount of water vapour added to the air per minute
Psychrometry 33

Given data:
v = 2.25 m3 / s
DBT1 = 38oC φ1 = 18
DBT2 = 20oC, WBT2 = 15oC
Sol: For air at 38 C, DBT and RH = 18%
At DBT = 36 C, Pvs = 0.06673 bar
Pv
φ =
Pvs
Pv = 0.18 × 0.06673
Pv = 0.01201 bar
0.622Pv 0.622 × 0.01201
ω1 = =
P − Pv (1.01325 − 0.01201)

ω1 = 0.007460 Kg/kg of dry air

At Pv = 0.1201 bar DPT = 9.286C
∴ DPT of air = 9.086

(i) RH of exit air

For air at DBT2 = 20oC WBT2 = 15oC

Pv2 = (Pvs)WBT –
[P − (Pvs)WBT ] [DBT − WBT ]
1527.4 − 1.3WBT

At WBT = 15oC (Pvs)WBT = 0.017039 bar

∴ Pv2 = 0.017039 – 0.003303
Pv = 0.0137 bar

0.622 Pv 2 0.622 × 0.0137

ω2 = =
P − Pv 2 (1.01325 − 0.0137 )
ω2 = 0.008525 kg / kg of dry air
AT DBT = 20°C Pvs = 0.023366
0.137
φ = = 58.63%
0.023366
34 Psychrometry

At Pv = 0.0137 bar DPT2 = 11.192oC

(ii) The amount of water vapour
DBT of air in let = 9.086°C

DBT air at exit = 11.192°C

The amount of water vapour

= ω2 – ω1 = 0.008525 – 0.00746
= 0.001065 kg / kg of dry air
The mass of dry air

ma =  Pv  dry air
 RT 

(1.01325 − 0.0201) × 105 × 2.25

=
287 × (38 + 273)

ma = 2.5239 Kg /s
∴ (iii) The amount of water vapour
added = ma (ω2 – ω1)
= 02.52339 × 0.0010065
= 0.002687 Kg /s
= 0.161 Kg / min
= = 0.161Kg / min

12. In an Air conditioner, mixture of air and water vapour enters at 1 bar pressure, 40oC
DBT and 70%, RH and the comes founding exit conditions are 1 bar, 20oC and 84%
RH. The mass of dry air is 1 Kg / s. The moisture condensed leaves at 20oC. Determine
heat transfer rate for the process.
Given data: At in let To find
DBT1 = 40oC1 φ1 = 70% ‘?’
At out let
DBT2 = 20oC φ2 = 84%
ma = 1 Kg/s
Psychrometry 35

Sol.

At condition 1
kJ
At DBT1 = 40oC, PVS = 0.07375 hg1 = 2574.4
kg

Pv = φ PVS = 0.70 × 0.07375

= 0.051625 bar
0.622Pv 0.622 (0.051625)
ω1 = =
P − Pv (1.0 − 0.051625)

ω1 = 0.03385 kg / kg of dry air

At condition 2
At DBT2 =20oC, φ2 = 84%
kJ
PVS = 0.023366 bar, hg2 = 2538.2
kg

hf2 = 83.9 kJ / kg
Pv = φ Pvs = 0.84 × 0.023366 = 0.0196 bar
0.622Pv 0.622 × 0.0196
ω2 = =
P − Pv 1.0 × 0.01966

ω 2 = 0.01243kg / kg of dry air

36 Psychrometry

∴ Heat transfer rate

q = (ω2 hg2 − ω1 hg1) = mCp (DBT2 – DBT1) + (ω1 − ω2 ) hf2
= [0.01243 (2538.2 − 0.03385 × 2574.4)] + 1× 1.005
[20 −40] + [0.03385 – 0.01243] × 83.9
q = −55.5936 – 20.1 – 0.7588

q = −76.4524kg / kg of dry air

13. Atmospheric air at 38oC and 25% RH flows through an evaporator cooler. Determine
quantity of water added per kg of dry air and final RH when the final temperature of air
is 18oC.
Given data: To find
DBT1 = 38oC m water Vapour. Per kg
φ1= 25% φ2
DBT2 = 18oC 2

Sol: At DBT1 = 38 C
o

Pvs = 0.06673, hg1 =(2567.2 ) kJ / kg

Pv = φ Pvs = 0.25 × 0.06673 = 0.01668 bar
0.622Pv1 0.622 × 0.01668
ω1 = =
P − Pv1 1.01325 − 0.01668

ω1 = 0.01041 kg / kg of dry air

At DBT2 – 18°C, hg2 = 2534.5 kJ / kg
Pvs = 0.020624 bar
Cp DBT1+ ω1 hg1 = Cp DBT2 = ω2 hg2
1.005 × 38 + 0.01041 (2567.2) = 1.005 (18) + ω2 (2534.5)
64.914 = 18.09 + W2 (2534.5)

ω 2 = 0.01847kg / kg of dry air

Mass of water added
= ω2 – ω1 = 0.01847 – 0.01041

m water vapour = 0.01847 kg / kg of dry air

Psychrometry 37

0.622Pv 2 0.622Pv 2
ω2 = ;0.00806 =
P − Pv 2 1.01325 − Pv 2

∴ = Pv 2 = 0.01296 bar
0.01296
Pv 2 0.02923
∴φ2 = =
Pvs 2 0.020624

φ 2 − 62.83%
14. An Air conditioning plant is to be designed for a small office for winter conditions out
door conditions – 10°C DBT and 60% RH Amount of air circulated – 0.30 m3/ min per
person seating capacity of the office – 50.
The required condition is achieved first by heating and then by adiabatic humidifying.
Determine .
(i) Heating capacity of the coil in KW and surface temperature required if the by pass
factor of the coil is 0.35.
(ii) The capacity of the humidifier.
Given data:
DBT1 = 10oC ωBT1 = 8°C BF = 0.35
DBT3 = 20°C φ3 = 60%
ma = 0.3 m3 / min per person
Seating capacity = 50
To find
Heating capacity of coil
Capacity of humidifies
Psychometric
Use of char locate 1 at DBT = 10°C and ωBT = 80°C. Locate point ‘3’ at DBT = 20°C
and RH = 60% Draw constant enthalpy line from point 3
Draw constant specific humidity line fro from ‘1’.
At the intersection of these two lines locate point ‘2’
From psychometric chart
38 Psychrometry

h1 = 25 kJ / Kg ω3 = 0.0095 kg / kg of dry air

h3 = 43 kJ / Kg = h2 ω1 = 0.006 kg / kg of dry air
m3
DBT2 = 27°C, Vs1 = 0.805
Kg

The mass of air circulated

0.3 × 50 m3 / min
ma =
0.805 m3 / kg
ma = 18.63 kg / min
(i) Heating capacity of the coil
= ma (h2 – h1)
18.63
= (43 − 25)
60

= 5.599 / cw

DBT4 − DBT2
By pass factor = B.F =
DBT4 − DBT1

DBT4 − 27
0.35 =
DBT4 − 10

DBT4 = 36.15°C
Psychrometry 39

(ii) The capacity of the humidifies

= ma (ω3 – ω1)
= 18.63 × 60 (0.0095 – 0.006)
= 3.9123Kg / hr
15. An Air conditioning plant is to he designed far an industrial process for the not and
summer conditions.
Out door conditions – 30oC DBT and 65% RH required indoor conditions – 25oC DBT
and 60% RH.
Amount of free air circulated – 225 m3 / min coil dew temperature – 13oC.
The indoor conditions of air is achieved by first cooling and dehumidifying and then by
heating :
(i) The cooling capacity of cooling coil and its by pass factor
(ii) Heating capacity of heating coil and its surface temperature for by pass factor of
0.32
(iii) The mass of water vapour remo and
Given data : DBT1 = 30°C φ1 = 65%
DBT3 = 25 C, o
φ3 = 60%
Free air circulated = 225 m3 / min
DPT = 13oC, BF of heating coil = 0.32
Process - cooling and dehumidifying and heating.
To find
(i) Cooling coil capacity and by pass factor
(ii) Heating coil capacity and it’s surface temperature
(iii) Mass of water vapour removed
Sol: Use of psychometric chart
Mark ‘1’ at φ1 = 65% and DBT1 = 30oC, 5 at 13oC DPT and 3 at DBT3 = 25oC and
φ3 = 60% join line 1− 5 Draw constant ‘ω’ line from ‘3’ to cut line 1-5 at ‘2’.
From chart
h1 = 76 KJ / kg
ω1 = 0.0175 Kg/ Kg dry air
h3 = 56 KJ / kg
40 Psychrometry

ω3 = 0.0115 Kg / Kg of dry air

kJ
h5 = 37
Kg

DBT2 = 19oC
VSI = 0.88 m3 / kg
kJ
h2 = 48.5
Kg

The mass of air supplied per min

225
ma = = 255.68 Kg/min
0.88

= ma (h1 – h2)

(
ma = 255.68 × 76 − 56
48.5
)= 33.481tonnes
60 3.5
By pass factor
48.5
h −h 56 − 37
= B.F. 2 5 =
h2 − h5 76 − 37

B.F = 0.294
(ii) The heating capacity of the heating
Coil = ma (h3 – h2)
Psychrometry 41

255.68
= (56 – 48.5)
60

= 31.96 / cw

DBT − DBT3
BF = BF =
DBT6 − DBT2

DBT6 − 25
0.32 = BF =
DBT6 − 19

DBT6 = 27.82°C

Surface temperature of heating coil

= 27.82oC
(iii) The mass of water vapour remined
= ma (ω1 – ω3)
= 255.68 (0.0175 – 0.0115)
= 1.534 kg / min
= 92.04Kg / hr
16. It is required to design an air conditioning plant far an office room far 50 staff when the
out door conditions one 30oC and 75% RH. The quantity of air circulated is 0.42 M3 /
min per person.
Determine
(i) Capacity of cooling coil in tones of refrigeration
(ii) Capacity of heating coil in KW
(iii) Amount of water vapour removed per hour
(iv) By pass factor of the heating coil if its surface temperature is 25oC.
The required air conditions are 20pC DBT and 60% RH. Air is conditioned first by
cooling and dehumidifying and then by heating.
Given data:
DBT1 = 30°C φ1 = 75%, air circulated = 0.42 m3 / min per person.
42 Psychrometry

office capacity = 50 persons.

Surface temperature of heating coil = 25oC = DBT5
DBT3 = 20oC, φ3 = 60%
Process cooling and dehumidifying and heating.
To find
Capacity of cooling and heating coils amount of water vapour removed By pass factor
of heating coil
Sol: Use of psychometric chart

Locate ‘1’ at DBT1 = 30°C, φ1 = 75%

Locate ‘3’ at DBT3 = 20°C, φ3 = 60%
Draw constant ‘ω’ line from ‘3’ to cut saturating line at ‘2’.
h1 = 83 KJ / Kg, ω1 = 0.0205 kg / kg of dry air
h3 = 43 KJ / kg ω3 : 0.00805 kg / kg of dry air
DBT2 = 12°C h2 = 34.5 kJ / Kg, VS1 = 0.08825 m3 / kg
The mass of air circulated
0.42 × 50
= ma =
0.8825

23.79 Kg / min

0.3965Kg / s
Psychrometry 43

(i) Capacity of cooling coil

= ma (h1 – h2)
= 0.3965 (83 – 34.5)

19.23
= 19.23 KJ / S = = 5.49 tonnes
3.5

(ii) The capacity of heating coil

= ma (h3 – h2) = 0.3965 (43 – 34.5)
= 3.37 / cw
(iii) Amount of water vapour removed
= ma (ω1 – ω3)
= 0.3965 (0.0205 – 0.00805) × 60 × 60
=17.77 Kg / hr
(iv) By pass factor of heating coil
DBTS − DBT3
BF =
DBT5 − DBT2

25 − 20
=
25 − 12

BF = 0.38

17. Determine DPT and state whether or not condensation will occur on the dust for
unconditioned space DBT = 360°C, WBT = 20°C and cold air duct surface temperature
= 14°C.
Give data : DBT = 30°C, WBT = 20oC, T surface = 14°C
To find
DPT, condensation
Sol: Use of psychometric chart
Draw a vertical at WBT = 20% to the cut saturation curve and move along constant
enthalpy line to inter feet vertical line drawn from DBT = 30oC at ‘1’
From ‘1’ draw const ‘W’ line to cut saturation curve and to of tain DPT
44 Psychrometry

DPT = 15oC
The duct surface temperature = 14°C < 15°C, hence moisture will condense on the duct
surface
18. 180 M3 / min of air at 16oC DBT and 75% RH is heated until temperature becomes
25oC
Determine
(i) RH WBT heated air
(ii) Heat added to air per minute
Given data:
Quantity of air circulated = 180 M3 / min
DBT1 = 16°C φ = 75%
DBT2 = 25°C
To find
φ2 = ?, WBT2 = ?
Heated added per minute
Sol: Use of psychometric chart
Locate ‘1’ draw a horizontal line to cut DBT2 = 25° is line at ‘2’

h1 = [Link] 1 kg
ω1 = 0.00805 Kg/Kg of dry an
φ2 = 43% h2 = 48 Kg.
VS1 = 0.828 m3 1Kg
Psychrometry 45

(i) RH of heated air = 43%

WBT = 16.5oC From chart 2
(ii) Heat added to air per person
= ma (h2 –h1)
= 217.39 (48 – 38.5)
= 2065.20 kJ/Kg min
180
ma =
0.828

= 217.39 Kg. min

= 3.623 Kg/s
2065.20 = kJ/min
19. An Air conditioning system is to be designed for out door conditions DBT = 40°‘C’,
WBT = 20°C DBT and 60% RH. Amount of air circulated = 0.3 m3/min per person and
total number occupants is 1200. The repined condition is aliened finest by adiabatic
humidification and then by cooling calculate is the capacity of cooling coil in tones of
refrigeration’s it’s the capuchin of humidifier in kg/hr.
Given data:
DBT1 = 40oC,WBT1 = 20°C
DBT3 = 22° ‘C’ φ3 = 60%.
Amount of air = 0.3 m3/min per person Total number = 1200 of occupants
Prost – adiabatic humidification and cooling
To find
46 Psychrometry

Capacity of cooling coil

Capacity of humidifies
Sol: Use of psychometric chart

Locate ‘1’ at DBT1 = 40o ‘C’ and WBT1 = 20oC

Draw a constant enthalpy line from ‘1’ Locate ‘3’ at DBT3 = 22o ‘C and φ3 = 60%. Draw
a constant ω line to intersect constant enthalpy line draw from ‘1’ at ‘2’.
h1 = 58. kJ Kg = h2
ω1 = 0.0065 19119 of dry an
h3 = 48. kJ Kg
ω3 = 0.010 Kj kg of dry air
ω3 = W2 , Vs1= 0.892 m3/1kg
DBT2 = 31.5o ‘C’
1200 × 0.3
Mass of air circulated =
0.892

ma = 403.58 1kg 1min

ma = 6.72 kg/s

(i) Capacity of cooling coil

= ma (h2 – h3)
= 6.72 (58 – 48) = 67.2 kw
67.2
= 19.2tonnes
3.5
Psychrometry 47

(ii) Capacity of the humidifier

= ma (ω2 – ω1)
= 6.72 (0.010 – 0.0065)
= 0.02352 kg/s
= 84.67 kg / hr

20. An Air conditioning plant is to be designed for a small office of 150 seating capacity for
the following conditions.
Out door conditions DBT = 30° ‘C’, DBT and 50% RH Indoor conditions 20° ‘C’ and
60% Rh. Volume of air – 0.4 m3/min per person The repined condition is achieved finest
by chemical dehumidification and them by sensible cooling.
Determine
(i) DBT of air leaving the dehumidifies
(ii) The quantity of water vapors removed in the dehumidifies per hors
(iii) The capacity of cooling coil in tones of refrigeration
(iv) Surface tempera true of the coil if the by pass factor of the coil is 0.25.
Given data :
DBT1 = 30°C, φ = 50%
DBT3 = 20° ‘C’ φ3 = 60%.
Value use of air = 0.4 m3/min per person
Seating capacity = 150, Bypass faster = 0.25
Prost – chemical dehumidifies ion and sensible cooling
To find
(i) DBT2 =
1
(ii) Water Vapors removed in dehumidifies in kg/hr
14
(iii) Cooling coil capacity
(iv) T4
Sol: Use of psychometric chart
Locate ‘1’ at DBT1 = 30o ‘C’, φ1 = 50%
Locate ‘3’ at DBT3 = 20o ‘C’, φ3 = 60%
48 Psychrometry

Chemical dehumidification is a constant enthalpy process from ‘3’ draw a constant ‘w’
line to cut constant enthralls line draw from ‘1’ at ‘z’ ω1 = 0.0130 kg of dry airs ω2 = ω3
= 0.0085 kg / kg of dry air V1 = 0.875 m3 / kg.

h1 = h2 = [Link]/kg
h3 = 43 KJ / kg
V1 = 0.875 m3 / kg.
(i) DBT2 = 41.5°C from the darts
m3
Total volume of air = 150 × 0.4 = 60
min
60
∴ Mass of air = ma = = 68.57 kg/min
0.875
(ii) Quantity of water vapors removed in dehumidifies
= ma (ω1 – ω2) = 68.57 × 60 (0.0/30 – 0.0085)
=18.513 kg / hr
(iii) Cooling coil capacity
= ma (h2 – h3)
68.57 (65 − 43)
= ×
60 3.5

= 7.183 tonnes

(iv) Surface temperature of coil

DBT3 − DBT4
Bypass factor = 0.25
DBT2 − DBT4
Psychrometry 49

20 − DBT4
= 0.25
41.5 − DBT4

∴ DBT4 = 12.833°C

21. A cinema hall of seating 3057 capacity 1000 repines an air conditioning system for the
following data.
Out door conditions - 10°‘C’ and 70% RH Rosined in door conditions - 20° ‘C’ and
60% RH. Amount of air circulated – 0.3 m3 / min per person. The reprieved condition
is achieved finest by heating, then by humidifying and finally by heating. The condition
of air counting out of humidifies is 75%.
Determine
(i) Healing capacity of both heaters in kw
(ii) Condition of air leaving the first heating coil
(iii) If the by pass faction of first coil is 0.3, find enface tempera true of the coil
(iv) By pass factor of the second coil if the suffice hem per a fume is 22o ‘C’.
Given data:
DBT1 = 10oC, φ1 = 70%
DBT4 = 20o ‘C’ φ4 = 60%.
air circulation – 0.3 m3/min per person
Process - heating humidifying and heating
φ3 – 75%
BF1= 0.3 DBT6 = 22o ‘C’
To find
(i) Heating capacity of 60 the coils in Kw
(ii) DBT3 and φ2
(iii) DBT5
(iv) BF4
Sol: Use of psychometric chart
Locate ‘1’ at DBT1 = 10o ‘C’, φ1 = 70%
Locate ‘4’ at DBT4 = 20o ‘C’, φ4 = 60%
50 Psychrometry

Draw a constant w line from ‘4’ to cut φ4 = 75% line at ‘3’. Draw a constant ether line
form ‘3’ and constant ‘w’ line form ‘1’ to interest at ‘2’. From chart
h1 = 23.j kJ /Kg ω1 = 0.0053 = W2 = 19119 of dry an
h4 = 43. KJ / kg ω4 = ω3 0.008 kg of dry air
h3 = 38.5 KJ / kg DBT3 = 24.5o ‘C’
V1= 0.805 = m 3/1kg
m3
Total Volume of air = 1000 × 0.3 = 300
min

V 300 372.67 Kg / min

Mass of air = = =
V1 0.805 6.211Kg / s

(i) Heating capacity of coils

For first heats = ma (h2 – h3)
= 93.165 / cw
For second heats = ma (h4 – h3)
= 6.211 (43 – 38.5)
= 27.949 / cw
(ii) Condition of air leaving the finest coil.
DBT2 = 24.5°‘C’ and = φ2 = 30%
(iii) Surface temperature of the first coil
DBT5 − DBT2 DBT5 − 24.5
BF1 = 0.3 = =
DBT5 − DBT1 DBT5 − 10
Psychrometry 51

DBT5 = 30.71°C

Surface temperature of the first coil = 30.71 ‘C’

(iv) By pass factor of second coil
DBT6 − DBT4 22 − 20
BF2 = =
DBT6 − DBT3 11 − 16

BF2 = 0.33