1

Chapter #3

(Dynamics)

______________________________________________________________________________

Dynamics

The branch of mechanics that deals with the study of the motion of an object

and the cause of its motion is called dynamics.

Force:

Force is an agent use to change or tends to change the state of a body. The force can also
change the direction of motion of a body

F = ma

SI unit of force is newton

Note: A force can also change the shape or size of a body in which it acts.

Inertia:

The inertia of a body is its property due to which it any change in its state of rest or motion.

Galileo related the inertia of a body with its mass, the greater the mass of a body greater its
inertia.

Inertia ∝ mass of the body

Experiment:

Take a glass and cover it with a piece of cardboard. Place a coin on the cardboard. Now kick the
card horizontally, with a jerk of your finger.

Prepared by: Shoukat Hussain (+923129752223)

 2

The coin does not move with the cardboard due to inertia. The coin falls into the glass as the card
flicks away.

Experiment:

Cut a strip of paper. Place it on the table. Stack a few coins at one end. Pull out the paper strip

under the coins with a jerk.

Coins stacked over remain undisturbed on pulling the paper strip quickly

Coins stacked over remain undisturbed on pulling the paper strip quickly due to inertia.

Momentum:

The momentum of a body is the quantity of motion it possesses due to its mass and
velocity.

The momentum P of a body is given by the product of its mass m and velocity v. Thus

P = mv

Momentum is a vector quantity.

The momentum of a system depends on its mass and velocity

Relation between force and momentum:

Let,

Prepared by: Shoukat Hussain (+923129752223)

 3

Initial momentum of body = Pi

Final momentum of body = Pf

Change of momentum is = ΔP = Pf - Pi

𝜟𝑷 𝐏𝐟 − 𝐏𝐢
Rate of change of momentum is = =
𝒕 𝒕

𝜟𝑷 𝐦𝐯𝐟−𝐦𝐯𝐢
=
𝒕 𝒕

𝜟𝑷 𝐦(𝐯𝐟−𝐯𝐢)
= ( vf-vi=a )
𝒕 𝒕

𝜟𝑷
= ma
𝒕

𝜟𝑷
=F (ma=F)
𝒕

This equation shous that rete of change of momentum is equals to force.

𝜟𝑷 = F t

Here product of force and displacement (impulse) is equals to change in momentum.

Law of conversation of momentum:

For an isolated system momentum of body before collision and after collision remain constant.

Let m1 and m2 are masses of the bodies, u1 and u2 are the initial velocities of the body.
v1 and v2 are the final velocities of the bodies.

Prepared by: Shoukat Hussain (+923129752223)

 4

Then according to law of conversation,

m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2

A bullet has very small inertia due to its small mass. But why does its impact so strong
when it is fired from the gun?
According to the law of conservation of momentum, the mass of the bullet is much smaller than
the gun therefore the recoil is much greater than the velocity of the gun. Therefore, the impact of
the bullet is very strong.

Why the impact of the loaded truck on a body coming it's way is very large even if the
truck is moving slowly.
The greater the mass of the truck, the greater will be its momentum. Therefore, the loaded truck
has a large impact.

Newton’s laws of motion:

1. Newton’s 1st law of motion:

A body continues its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line until an external force
cannot acts on it.

Examples:

Case I (Part I):

According to Newton's first law of motion, a body at rest remains at rest provided no net force
acts on it. This part of the law is true as we observe that objects do not move by themselves
unless someone moves them. For example, a book lying on a table remains at rest as long as no
net force acts on it.

Case II (Part II):

Similarly, a moving object does not stop moving by itself. A ball rolled on the rough ground
stops earlier than that rolled on smooth ground. It is because rough surfaces offer greater friction.
If there would be no force to oppose the motion of a body then the moving body would never
stop.

Why newton’s first law of motion is also known as the law of inertia?
Since Newton's first law of motion deals with the inertial property of matter, therefore, Newton's
first law of motion is also known as the law of inertia.

Why do the passengers stand on a bus fall forward when the driver applies the brakes
suddenly?

Prepared by: Shoukat Hussain (+923129752223)

 5

The passengers standing on a bus fall forward when its driver applies the brakes suddenly. It is
because the upper parts of their bodies tend to continue their motion, while lower parts of their
bodies are in contact with the bus stop with it. Hence, they fall forward.

When a bus takes a sharp turn, passengers fall in an outward direction. Why?
When a bus takes a sharp turn, passengers fall in the outward direction. It is due to inertia that
they want to continue their motion in a straight line and thus fall outwards.

Net force:

The net force is the resultant of all the forces acting on a body.

State and prove Newton’s second law of motion.

Or
Show that F = ma.
2. Newton’s second law of motion:

When a net force acts on a body, it produces acceleration in the body in the direction of
the net force. The magnitude of this acceleration is directly proportional to the net force acting
on the body and inversely proportional to its mass.

Derivation of formula F = ma:

If a force produces an acceleration ‘a’ in a body of mass ‘m’, then we can state
mathematically that

a ∝F...... (1)

and

a∝1/F ----- (2)

By combining eq (i) and eq (ii)

𝑭
𝒂∝
𝒎
𝑭
𝒂=𝒌
𝒎

Putting k as proportionality constant, we get

Prepared by: Shoukat Hussain (+923129752223)

 6

F = kma...... (iii)

In SI units, the value of k comes out to be 1. Thus Eq. (iii)

F = ma

SI units of force:

SI unit of force is newton (N).

Newton (1 N):

One newton (1 N) is the force that produces an acceleration of ms−2 in a body of mass of 1
kg.

Thus, a force of one newton can be expressed as

N=1kgms−2

Mass and weight:

Mass Weight
[Link] quantity of matter contained in a body is [Link] is a force with which earth
called its mass. attracts a body towards its Centre.
[Link] mass of a body remains constant everywhere,
[Link] weight of a body is not a constant in
whether it is measured at a point far away from the
quantity but its value is different at
Centre of the earth, or the surface at the Centre of
different places.
the earth.
[Link] is a vector quantity and is always
[Link] is a scalar quantity.
directed towards the Centre of the earth.
[Link] SI unit of mass is kilogram. [Link] SI unit of weight is newton.
[Link] is measured by ordinary balance. [Link] is measured by spring balance.
6. The weight of the body can be zero i.e.
[Link] of the body cannot be zero. at the Centre of the earth and in space
where g=0 so w=mg=m×0=0
7. It is the measure of inertia in a body i.e.: m=f/a
7. Weight is given by w=mg

Prepared by: Shoukat Hussain (+923129752223)

 7

Newton’s Third Law of Motion

To every action, there is an equal and opposite [Link]
1. When we through a ball towards wall and it bounces back. If it is thrown with greater
force the ball is returned back with greater push. It is because the wall reacts against the
action of ball.
2. While walking on ground we push the ground with feet the ground pushes our feet back
thus we move.

3. when we put a book on table the book pushes the table downward, the table pushes back
the book upward.
4. When a rocket ignites its fuel behind it, the expanding exhaust gas pushes on the rocket
causing it to accelerate
UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
Type of motion in which an object travels in a circle with a constant speed.
Example,
hands of a watch.
Centripetal accleration

Acceleration of body during uniform circular motion is called Centripetal acceleration. V2

V2
ac = 𝑟

Centripetal Force (Fc)

Prepared by: Shoukat Hussain (+923129752223)

 8

The force required to move a body along a circular path is called Centripetal force which act
towars the center along the radius.
It depends on three factors: (i) the velocity of the object v (ii) the object's distance from the
center “r” and (iii) the mass of the object “m”. It is given by relation
F = v2/r
Where m = mass of body moving in circle. v = velocity of body. r = radius of circle
Centrifugal Force
A force that acts outward on a body which moves along a
curved path is called centrifugal force.

Application of Centrifuge,
1. Road Banking. The outer edge or bank of the road is
raised to a certain height at the curved part of roads. This
provides the centripetal force against the tyres of vehicle
hence prevents from skidding.
2. Cream Separator. The milk is using high speed spinners to separate cream from milk.
The skimmed milk is heavier whereas the cream is lighter. When the milk is spun at high
speed the heavy particles are pushed towards the walls of the spinner. These particles
push the lighter particles of cream to the center where from it is collected through a tube.
3. Dryer. Now a days built-in dryer is available in most of washing machines. It spins the
wet clothes hence the water droplets are thrown away from the perforated walls of the
dryer and clothes get dry instantly.
FRICTION
The force that resists relative motion between two surfaces is called friction.
Types of friction,
1. Static friction. It is force acting on an object at rest that resists its ability to start moving.
The maximum static friction is known as “limiting friction”
2. Kinetic friction. It is the force that resists the motion of a moving object. It is interesting
to know that in almost all situations, static friction is greater than kinetic friction.
3. Sliding friction. When one body slides over the other body the friction between two
surfaces is said to be sliding friction.
4. Rolling friction. When a body moves on wheels the friction is said to be rolling friction.
Rolling friction is much lesser than the sliding friction.
Coefficient of friction,
as limiting force (Fs) is proportional to reaction of weight R.

Prepared by: Shoukat Hussain (+923129752223)

 9

Fs ∝µ
Fs =µR
µ has no unit.

Advantages of Friction
1. Friction enables us to walk on ground.
2. Friction protects from sliding, as sand is thrown to maintain friction on inclined railway
tracks during rain.
3. The car brakes slow down the car to stop safely. Threads and grooves are designed on
tyres to increase the friction and improve grip between road due to friction.
4. Now vehicles are equipped with Anti-lock Braking System (ABS). ABS is designed to
maintain steering stability, improve vehicle control, avoid skidding and decreases
stopping distances on dry and slippery surfaces. The ABS maintains the static friction as
the wheel starts slipping it releases the brake automatically for a fraction of a second then
holds wheel again to create static friction between road and tyres.
Disadvantages of Friction
1. A large amount of energy is wasted in the machines due to friction.
2. Friction leads to wear and tear of parts hence increases the service cost.
3. Failure of oil pump in car engine results contact between dry metals which yields high
temperature hence the car engine is seized.
Ways to reduce Friction
1. Wheels, pullies, ball bearings, lubricants and graphite are used to overcome the friction.
2. Lubricating the motor axel, sewing machine and bicycle chain reduces friction and
prevents wear and tear.
3. The shape of vehicle is also designed to reduce air resistance.

Prepared by: Shoukat Hussain (+923129752223)