SAT Math II Formula

Real Numbers

Rational Numbers

Integers
Whole Numbers

Irrational Numbers
Natural Numbers

Absolute Value n-th root (n even) n-th root (n odd)

 a a  0  a a0

a   n
an  
 n
an  a
a a  0 
a a  0


Ex) 3  3 , 3  3 3  3 3  3

2 3
32  3 , 3
33  3 , 3

Invented Operations - Follow the directions and plug in.

2y 2 6
If x  y  4 x  , then 3  6  4  3   12  4  16 .
3 3

Amount Change
100%
Percent change : Original

Percent-increase / Percent Decrease

Final Amount = Original × (1 + Rate )

number of change
; Rate가 + 면 increase / – 면 decrease

The compound interest

nt A : amount of principal and interest, P : principal, r : annual interest rate

 r
=
A P 1 + 
 n t : # of years, n : # of compounding in a year( n=4 quarterly, n=12 monthly, etc. )

A = Pe rt Continuously compounding ( as n → ∞ )

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Imaginary numbers : i  1

Ex) i 2  1 , i 3  i , i 4  1 , i 5  i , 

Complex Numbers : a  bi where a and b are real numbers.

Conjugate : a  bi  a  bi

c  di c  di a  bi ac  bd   ad  bc i
Rationalization :   
a  bi a  bi a  bi a 2  b2

1 1 a  bi a  bi
Reciprocal :   
a  bi a  bi a  bi a 2  b 2

Complex Plane

Im

z= a + bi
bi
z

θ
O a Re Absolute value (or modulus) of complex number

z  a  bi  a 2  b 2

Vectors
  
A vector in a plane : V  a, b  ai  b j

y
  
V= a, b= ai + b j Magnitude (or Norm) of vector

  
 =
V a +b2 2 V  a, b , V  a 2  b 2
j = 1, 0

O i = 1, 0 x  
V is unit vector, then V  1 .

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Resultant vector
 
V  a , b , U  c, d

kV  ka, kb
 
V  U  a , b  c, d  a  c, b  d
 
V  U  a , b  c, d  a  c, b  d

Counting

Factorial : n !  n n 1n  2 3 2 1, 0!  1

n!
Permutation : Pr   n n 1n  r  2n  r  1, n Pn  n !
n
n  r !
 n P
Cr     n r 
n!
Combination : , n Cr  n Cnr
 r  r ! n  r ! r !
n

Matrices

Adding, Subtracting, and scalar multiplication

a b   e f   a  e b  f  a b   e f   a  e b  f  a b  ka kb 
     ,         , k   
 c d   g h  c  g d  h   c d   g h  c  g d  h   c d   kc kd 

Matrix multiplication

 p q
 a b c    ap  br  ct aq  bs  cu 
  r s    
d e f    dp  er  ft dq  es  fu 
 t u 
2  3  3 2  2  2
1
a b  1  d b
Inverse matrix : XX 1
X 1
X I,     
 c d  ad  bc c a 

a b c
a b
Determinant :  ad  bc , d e f  aei  bfg  cdh  bdi  afh  ceg
c d
g h i

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Arithmetic Sequences and Series

a1 a2 a3 a4  an
a1 a1  d a1  2d a1  3d  a1  n 1 d

n th term : an  a1  n 1 d

a1  an  n  2a1  n 1 d   n

Sum of the first n terms : S n   
2 2

Geometric Sequences and Series

a1 a2 a3 a4  an
a1 a1r a1r 2 a1r 3  a1r n1
n1
n th term : an  a1r

a1  1  r n 
Sum of the first n terms : S n  n  1
1 r
a1
Sum of infinite geometric series : S  1  r  1
1 r

Direct and Indirect Variation

Direct variation Indirect variation

k
y  kx y
x
x varies directly as y x varies indirectly as y
x and y change proportionally x and y are inversely proportional
x and y are in proportion x and y are in inverse proportion
x Quantity xy will always have the same value
Quantity will always have the same value
y

Travel, Work, and Average

Distance Work Total

rate # of average
time speed time of work
things

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Basic Exponential Properties

xa 1
x a +b
x a ⋅ xb = = x a −b x0 = 1 x−a =
x b
xa

(x ) ( xy )
a b 1 a
= x ab xa ⋅ y a =
a
x  x2 b
xa  x b

Basic Logarithmic Properties

 p
log a ( p ⋅ q=
) log a p + log a q log a=
  log a p − log a q log a 1 = 0 , log a a = 1
q

x log b p
log a y p x = log a p log a p = a loga p = p
y log b a

Factoring

x 2  2 xy  y 2   x  y  x 2  2 xy  y 2   x  y  x 2  y 2   x  y  x  y 
2 2

Quadratic Formula

b  b 2  4ac
For ax 2  bx  c  0 x  a  0
2a
b c
α +β =− , αβ = where α and β are zeros
a a

Discriminant : b 2  4ac  0 two real, unequal roots

b 2  4ac  0 one real root (a double root)
b 2  4ac  0 no real roots (two complex, unequal roots a  bi )

Binomial Theorem
n
 x  y    n C n k x n k y k
n

k 0

= n C0 x n y 0 n C1 x n1 y n n Cn2 x n2 y 2   n C2 x 2 y n2 n C1 x1 y n1 n C0 x 0 y n

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Odd and Even Functions

Odd function : f x    f  x  , symmetric with respect to the origin

Even function : f x   f  x , symmetry with respect to the y -axis

Compound Functions

(f + g )( x ) = f ( x ) + g ( x ) (f − g )( x ) = f ( x ) − g ( x )
 f  f ( x)
( f ⋅ g )( x ) = f ( x ) × g ( x )  ( x) =
g ( x)
( g ( x ) ≠ 0)
g
(f  g )( x ) = f ( g ( x ) )

Inverse Functions

f −1 has property that (=

f  f −1 ) ( x ) (=
f −1  f ) ( x ) x

Horizontal line test : the inverse of the one-to-one function is also a function.
−1
Graph of f and f are reflections of each other with respect to the line y = x .
f −1 ( x ) = y ⇔ x = f ( y )

Graphs of Basic Functions

y y y y

O x O x
1
O x
O x

y=x y = x2 y = x3 =y a x ( a > 1)

Domain ( −∞, ∞ ) Domain ( −∞, ∞ ) Domain ( −∞, ∞ ) Domain ( −∞, ∞ )

Range ( −∞, ∞ ) Range [0,∞ ) Range ( −∞, ∞ ) Range ( 0,∞ )

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Graphs of Basic Functions - continued

y y y y

O x O x O 1 x
O x

y log a x ( a > 1)
1
1
y= = x −1
1
=
y 3
=
x x 3 =
x =
y =
x x 2

Domain
Domain [0,∞ ) Domain ( −∞, ∞ ) Domain ( 0,∞ )
( −∞,0 )  ( 0, ∞ )
Range ( −∞,0 )  ( 0, ∞ )
Range [0,∞ ) Range ( −∞, ∞ ) Range ( −∞, ∞ )

y y y y

O x O x
O x O x

y = [ x]
y=0 y=c y= x greatest integer function

Domain ( −∞, ∞ ) Domain ( −∞, ∞ ) Domain ( −∞, ∞ ) Domain ( −∞, ∞ )

Range {0} Range {a} Range [0,∞ ) Range n ( n is a integer)

Linear Functions (Lines)

rise changes in y y2  y1
Slope-intercept form : f ( x=
) mx + b , slope  m  = 
run changes in x x2  x1

A horizontal line : slope of 0

A vertical lines : undefined slope

rise
m  tan 
Parallel lines : m1  m2 θ run

1
Perpendicular lines : m2  
m1

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Quadratic Functions

Standard form : y = a ( x − h ) + k
2

vertex ( h, k ) , axis of symmetry x = h , minimum(or maximum) k

General form : y = ax + bx + c where a ≠ 0 , b and c are constant

2

b  b 2 − 4ac
2

y= ax + bx + c= a  x +  −
2

 2a  4a

Higher-Degree Polynomial Functions

A polynomial function of x with degree n is given by

P ( x ) = an x n + an −1 x n −1 +  a2 x 2 + a1 x1 + a0

n odd, an > 0 n odd, an < 0 n even, an > 0 n even, an < 0

Remainder theorem : P ( x ) is divided by ( x − r ) , then the remainder, R = P(r )

Factor theorem : P ( k ) = 0 ⇔ P ( x ) has a factor of (x − k)

p
Rational root theorem : all possible rational roots are derived using x = ±
q
p ; factor of the constant term a0 , q ; factor of the leading coefficient an

Complex zeros occurs in conjugate pairs : a + bi ( b ≠ 0 ) is a zero ⇔ a − bi is also a zero.

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f ( x)
Vertical asymptotes y =
g ( x)

f ( x)
After simplify , vertical asymptote occurs at x = a that satisfy g ( a ) = 0
g ( x)

f ( x)
Horizontal asymptotes y =
g ( x)

Degree of f ( x ) > degree of g ( x ) : no horizontal asymptotes

Degree of f ( x ) = degree of g ( x ) : y = the ratio of leading coefficients

Degree of f ( x ) < degree of g ( x ) : y = 0

Triangle inequality theorem

b~c<a<b+c
a b
a~c<b<a+c

c a ~b<c<a+b

Three Special Triangle Types

C C

60°
Hypotenuse Opposite
b a
(leg)
a=b
60° 60°
A A B
c s Adjacent (leg)
∠A =∠B
Isosceles triangle Equilateral triangle Right triangle
1 1
The area of triangle × (base) × (height ) or ab sin θ
2 2

Special Right Triangles

60° 45°
5 13 2 2
1 1
3 5

30° 45°
4 12 3 1

3 − 4 − 5 Triangle 5 − 12 − 13 Triangle 30° − 60° − 90° Triangle 45° − 45° − 90° Triangle

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Special Quadrilaterals
b1 b1 b1
y° y°
Trapezoids
h h h
b  b2
Area  1 h
2 x° x°
b2 b2 b2

y° x°
Parallelogram
a h
Area  b  h
x° y°
 ab sin x  ab sin y
b

Rectangle h

Area  b  h
b

Rhombus y°
x° x°
Area  b  h y°
 s 2 sin x  s 2 sin y

Square
d
1
Area  s 2  d 2
2 s

Circles and Sector

A
r r
r
O x° l x° l
= θ (rad) = θ (rad)
d
B

 x x 1 1
Circumference  2r  d AB  l   2r  r Area   r 2  rl  r 2
360 360 2 2
Area  r 2
2 (rad)  360
 180
1  (rad) 1(rad)  
180 

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Solids

Rectangular prism
h d
S  2lw  2lh  2hw
h
V  lwh w l 2 + w2 w
d  l w h
2 2 2
l l

Cube
s d
S  6s 2
V  s3 f
s
ds 3 s

r
Cylinder
r
S  2r 2  2rh 2π r

h d
h h
V  Bh  r 2 h

d   2r   h 2
2

Pyramids
1
V  Bh
3

Cones
1 l
S  cl  r 2  rl  r 2
2 l
h θ c r
1 1
V  Bh  r 2 h
3 3 r
c 2r
 (rad )  
l l

중심
(0, 0, 0) , 반지름 r 인 구의 방정식
Spheres
x2 + y 2 + z 2 =
r2
S  4r 2 r P ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) Q ( x2 , y2 , z2 )
4 , 일 때,
V  r 3
PQ = ( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 ) + ( z2 − z1 )
2 2 2
3

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Inscribed Solids

c
s a b

d  3s  2 R d  a 2  b2  c2  2R
( R ; radius of a sphere)

r
H

h r
r

R
s
R  r , H  2r
d   2r   h 2  2 R
2

s  2r ( R , H ; radius and height of

( R ; radius of a sphere)
( r ; radius of a sphere) cylinder, r ; radius of a sphere,)

Changing Dimensions

Ratio of sides m : n
Ratio of area m 2 : n 2 .
Ratio of volumes m3 : n3

Coordinates in Three Dimensions

z
 x2 , y2 , z2 
( 3,5, 4 )
d z 2  z1
 x1, y1 , z1 
y
x2  x1 y 2  y1

The distance between origin and  x1, y1 , z1  The distance between  x1, y1 , z1  and  x2 , y2 , z2 
d  x12  y12  z12 d   x2  x1    y2  y1    z2  z1 
2 2 2

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II I
A Plane Rectangular Coordinate System (or Cartesian Plane) ( −, + ) ( +, + )

O x
III IV
( −, − ) ( +, − )

Distance
The distance between any two points  x1 , y1  and  x2 , y2  is d   x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2

Midpoint
 x  x2 y1  y2 
The midpoint of a line segment with endpoints  x1 , y1  and  x2 , y2  is M  1 , 
 2 2 

Transformation

Reflection x -axis y -axis origin y=x

Points & graph y → −y x → −x x → −x , y → − y x→ y, y→x

Translation → h unit ↑ k unit → h unit, ↑ k unit

Points ( x, y ) x→x+h y→ y+k x→x+h y→ y+k

Graph y = f ( x ) x→ x−h y→ y−k x→ x−h y→ y−k

Stretch a, b > 1 horizontally a vertically b horizontally a , vertically b

Points ( x, y ) x → ax y → by x → ax y → by

x y x y
Graph y = f ( x ) x→ y→ x→ y→
a b a b

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Conics Sections

Parabola Circle

x 2  4 py  p  0 x2  y 2  r 2

y
y
Equal
Distances P ( x, y )
r
C ( 0, 0 )
F ( 0, p ) P ( x, y ) O x

O V ( 0, 0 ) x
y = −p

Center 0,0 Radius r

Vertex 0,0 Directrix y   p
Focus 0, p Axis of symmetry x  0

Ellipse Hyperbola

x2 y 2 x2 y 2
 1  a  b  0  1 a  0, b  0
a 2 b2 a 2 b2
y y
( 0,b ) ( 0,b )
P ( x, y )

( − a, 0 ) ( a, 0 ) ( − a, 0 ) ( a, 0 )
( − c, 0 ) O ( c, 0 ) x
( c, 0 )
( − c, 0 ) O
x

( 0, −b )
( 0, −b )

Center 0,0 , Vertex a,0 , a,0

Center 0,0 , Vertex a,0 , a,0
Foci c,0 , c,0 where c 2  a 2  b 2
Foci c,0 , c,0 where c 2  a 2  b 2
Major axis 2a , Minor axis 2b
b
Asymptotes y  
y intercepts 0, b , 0,b a
x

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Polar Coordinates

Relationship between rectangular and polar coordinates:

y ( x, y ) y ( r ,θ )

θ θ
O x O x

 x, y    r ,    r ,     x, y 

 r  x2  y 2

  x  r cos 

 
 y  y  r sin 

   tan 1   Verify the quadrant


  x 

Six Trigonometric Functions

B
O A O
sin   cos   tan  
H H A Hypotenuse
Opposite
1 H 1 H 1 A
csc    sec    cot    θ
sin  O cos  A tan  O A C
Adjacent

Trigonometric Identities

sin  cos 
tan   cot  
cos  sin 

cos 2   sin 2   1 1  tan 2   sec 2  cot 2   1  csc 2 

Cofunction Identities

1
A  B  90 (complementary angle) ⇒ sin A  cos B , cos A  sin B , tan A   cot B
tan B

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Special Right Triangles

2
2 3
2 1
1

π π π
30° = 45° = 60° =
6 3 4 1 3 1

    
0 0  30  45  60  90
Trig . ft. 6 4 3 2

1 1 3
sin  0 2 1
2 2
3 1 1
cos 1 2
0
2 2
1
tan  0 1 3 Undefined
3

All Students Take Calculus.

Unit Circle Approach
π
2
y
Quadrant I II III IV

P ( x, y )  sin   sin   sin   sin 

β β 1 sin 
 cos   cos   cos   cos 
α α
π 0
α α x
β β  cos  cos  cos  cos
cos
 sin   sin   sin   sin 

 tan   tan   tan   tan 

tan 
3π  cot   cot   cot   cot 
2

Reference angle  (formed by the x axis and the terminal side )

sin    sin  , cos    cos  , tan    tan  (sign is determined by terminal side, ASTC)

Reference angle ∠β (formed by the y axis and the terminal side )

sin    cos  , cos    sin  , tan    cot  (sign is determined by terminal side, ASTC)

[Link]
 SAT Math II Formula
17

Graphs of Trigonometric Functions

y
T
1
y  sin x (Odd function)
A
Domain ,  , Range 1,1
−2π −π O π 2π x
Period 2 , Amplitude 1

−1

y
T
1
y  cos x (Even function)
A
Domain ,  , Range 1,1
−2π −π O π 2π x
Period 2 , Amplitude 1

−1

y
T
y  tan x (Odd function)
1 
Domain ,  except 2n 1 ,
2
3π π π 3π x Range , 
− −
2 2 2 2 Period 
−1

Vertical asymptotes at x  2n 1
2

Sinusoidal Graphs

  C    C 
y  A sin  Bx  C   D  A sin  B  x    D or y  A cos  Bx  C   D  A cos  B  x    D
  B    B 

2 C
Period  , Amplitude  A , Horizontal shift  , Vertical shift D
B B

  C  
y  A tan  Bx  C   D  A tan  B  x    D Period 
  B  B

[Link]
 SAT Math II Formula
18

Double-Angle Formula

=
cos 2 A cos 2 A − sin 2 A
sin 2 A = 2sin A cos A = 2cos 2 A − 1
= 1 − 2sin 2 A

The Law of Sines

sin A sin B sin C 1

a = = =
c a b c 2R

( R ; the radius of the circumscribed circle)

A C
b

The Law of Cosines

a a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A
c
b 2 = c 2 + a 2 − 2ca cos B
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C
A C
b

Probability

# of possible outcomes of A
Definition: P  A 
total # of possible outcomes

Properties of probability
- 0  P  A  1

- P  A  1  P  Ac 

- P  A  B   P  A  P  B   P  A  B 

[Link]
 SAT Math II Formula
19

Probability of independent events

- P  A  B   P ( A)  P ( B )  Event A and B are independent

Mutually exclusive events

- P  A  B   0  Event A and B are mutually exclusive

Binomial trial Px n!
Cx  n

x ! n  x ! x !
n x n
P  x   n C x p 1  p 
x

where n ; total # of trials, x ; # of successes, p ; probability of success

Statistics
N

X i
Mean :   i 1
where X i ; data values, N ; total # of data
N

Median : the middle value when the values are ordered from smallest to largest

Mode : the value that occurs most often.

 X ; mean of X  X ; SD of X
N
If Y  aX  b , then
 X  
2
i
Standard deviation (SD):   i 1
Y  a X  b , Y  a  X
N

Range : The difference between the maximum and the minimum

Interquartile range (IQR) : IQR  Q3  Q1 Q2  median

Quartile - Three values which divide the sorted data set into four equal parts.

[Link]
 SAT Math II Formula
20

Regression

1) Linear regression
Speed Fuel used
y  ax  b (Km/h) (liters/100km)
60 5.90
2) Quadratic regression 70 6.30
80 6.95
y  ax 2  bx  c
90 7.57
100 8.27
3) Exponential regression
110 9.03
y  a b x

Limit

2 x2 2 x 3 2 3
+ 2 − 2 2+ − 2
2x + 2x − 3
2 2 2+0−0
lim = lim x 2 = x x lim = x x = 1
x →∞ 2x −1
2 x →∞ 2x 1 x →∞ 1
2− 2 2−0
2
− 2
x x x

 2 x2 + 2 x − 3 
TI-89 : limit  , x, ∞  =1
 2x −1
2


x2 + 2 x − 3 ( x − 1) ( x + 3) 4
lim = lim = = 2
x →1 x −1
2 x →1
( x + 1) ( x − 1) 2

 x2 + 2 x − 3 
TI-89 : limit  , x, 1  = 2
 x −1
2


x
 1
lim 1 +  =
e ; natural constant e
x →∞
 x

  1 x 
TI-89 : limit  1 +  , x, ∞  =e
 x 
 

lim x x = ?????
x → 0+

TI-89 : limit ( x x , x, 0, 1) = 1

[Link]