Gr 8 TERM 1 15 FEB – 26 FEB 2021

WEEK 4 & 5

5: BUILD AND DRELECTRONI

15 Feb - • Purpose of graphics: develop and communicate ideas.

26 Feb • Conventions: outlines (thick/dark); construction lines (thin/feint);

hidden detail (dashed); centre lines (chain dash-dot); scaling up and
scaling down; dimensioning (in mm).
• Working drawing techniques for planning:
- Single view flat 2D drawing with dimensions, line types and scale.
- Isometric – using underlying isometric grid (term 1) and simple
instruments (term 3).
• Artistic drawing: Double vanishing point perspective with colour,
texture and shading.
- Sketching – using pencil, ruler and blank paper.
- Enhancing drawing to promote realism using colour, texture, shading
and shadows.

Teacher to explain:

Purpose of graphics, line types and scale, isometric, artistic drawings, shading and texture

PURPOSE OF GRAFICS

CONVENTIONS

LINE TYPES AND SCALE DRAWING

Even the easiest of building projects needs to be designed first. To do this, someone has to be
able to draw the structure that is planned. Very few people are able to make something without
having it drawn first. So let us have a look at the basic principles of drawing.

DIFFERENT LINES FOR DIFFERENT PURPOSES

CONSTRUCTION LINES

Construction lines are normally drawn to begin to make a drawing. They are feint, thin lines that
will later be replaced by the outlines. Example:

GRADE 8- GRAPHICS TERM 1 WEEK 4 & 5 PAGE 1

 OUTLINES

These lines are also referred to as solid lines. They are slightly thicker and darker than
construction lines. Example:

HIDDEN DETAIL

These lines are also known as hidden lines. These are lines you can’t see when looking at the
object. They are the same thickness as outlines but are broken.

CENTRE LINES

These lines show where the centre of a symmetrical object is, for example a circle. These lines
are also called chain dash-dot lines. When you need to drill a hole in an object, a centre line is
useful because it shows you exactly where you should put the tip of the drill.

GRADE 8- GRAPHICS TERM 1 WEEK 4 & 5 PAGE 2

The symbol Ǿ is used to indicate the diameter of a circle. The diameter is written at the end of
an arrow that points to the centre of the circle.

DRAWING TO SCALE

It is not always possible to draw something according to its actual size in real life, because you
might not be able to fit it onto the paper you use. So you need to be able draw something to a
different scale. But how does this work?

 Scale 1:1 This is full scale and means that a centimetre in your drawing shows a
centimetre in real life.
 Scale 1:2 This means that a centimetre in your drawing shows two centimetres in real
life. The drawing below shows the same object drawn to different scales. Measure the
bottom line on the first and second drawings, to check that the second drawing is really
to a scale 1:2.

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 ACTIVITY

Look at the drawing of an object on the right.

Redraw this object in your workbook to a

scale of 1:5. Use a ruler to make this drawing
and all the other drawings in this chapter. Use
a compass to draw the circle.

• Show dimensions.
• Show the centre lines of the circle.
• Show the scale.

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WORKING DRAWINGS

SINGLE VIEW FLAT 2D DRAWING

Draw the front view of an object in 2D

1. Look at Figure 11. The learner only sees the red part of
the block. Make a sketch of the red part on grid paper.

2. Make a 1:10 scale drawing of the front part of the object in Figure 12 below.
o Show hidden lines.
o Show dimensions.
o Show the scale.

ARTISTIC DRAWINGS

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ISOMETRICAL DRAWINGS

The differences between a 3D oblique drawing and an isometric drawing are demonstrated in
the examples below. Both drawings are of the same object.

The oblique drawing shows the true lengths of lines BC and CD, but not the true length of AB.
The isometric drawing shows the true lengths of the lines AB, BC and CD.

MAKE ISOMETRICAL DRAWINGS

1. Make an isometric drawing of the chalk box in Figure 15 on isometric grid paper. Use a
scale of 1:4.
• Show hidden lines.
• Show dimensions.
• Show the scale.

2. Make an isometric drawing of the piano on isometric grid paper. Use a scale of 1:25.
• Show hidden lines.
• Show dimensions.
• Show the scale.

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 ARTISTIC DRAWING

DOUBLE VANISHING PERSPECTIVE DRAWING

You were introduced to single vanishing point perspective in Grade 7. You will now go a bit
further and look at double vanishing point perspective. Perspective views are often used by
artists to sketch an object to try to represent what the human eye really sees. If you stand
looking out over the ocean, a big dam or a flat land area, you will see a horizontal line where the
sky and water or land meet. This is known as the horizon. To make a perspective drawing, you
need to think of where the horizon line could be on your drawing. In Grade 7, you learnt how to
draw a box in single vanishing point perspective, as shown in Figure 3 below.

In a double vanishing point perspective drawing there are two vanishing points on the horizon
line. In Figure 2, there is a double vanishing point perspective drawing of a box.

1. To make a double vanishing point perspective drawing of a box, start by drawing a

horizon line and one vertical edge of the box as shown below.
2. Then draw construction lines from the top and bottom of the vertical edge to two
vanishing points on the horizon line.
3. Once you have done this, you have to mark off another edge of the block on the
construction lines as indicated in Figure 5 at A and B.
4. From points A and B, draw construction lines to vanishing point 2.

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 )

5. Now mark off another edge of the block on the construction lines going to vanishing point
2 at C and D as in Figure 6.
6. Draw construction lines from points C and D to vanishing point 1.
7. Make your own double vanishing point perspective drawing of a block. Draw in your solid
lines, as indicated on the block drawing in Figure 3.

USING SHADING AND TEXTURE

Make drawings look more realistic using shading and texture when you draw a picture of an
object, you can use perspective to make the picture look more life-like or real. When you’ve
drawn your object in perspective, you can make it look even better by using shading. Shading is
a way of showing that something is a three-dimensional shape, instead of a two-dimensional
shape. Compare Figures 10a and 10b, as an example.

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The basic principle of shading is light and shadow, as you can see in Figure 11. The position of
a light source relative to an object determines which parts of an object are lighter and which
parts darker.

There are a number of techniques that you can use to shade an object, regardless of the
drawing tool you are using, such as a pen, pencil, coloured pencil, crayon, charcoal, brush or
ink.

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DRAWING EXERCISE

1. Create 5 different shades using one of the shading

techniques you’ve learnt about.

2. Figure 21 is a line drawing showing a tree, a house

and a car. It was drawn by combining different basic
shapes. Make a copy of this drawing and shade it in.
You can use any of the shading techniques you’ve
learnt about in this chapter.

ACTIVITY 2 & 3

QUESTIONS TO COMPLETE (Homework/ classwork)

INSTRUCTION: Draw the front and side view of the object in first orthographic projection.
Make use of different line types and indicate the dimensions.

40
20
30

10

20

60

Each figure below shows a 3D object in the Left Box, where a letter A shows the direction in
which the viewer looks to see the FRONT VIEW of the object.

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2.1 Identify the FRONT VIEW from the right box.

2.2

3. Each figure below shows a 3D object in the Left Box, where a letter B shows the direction
in which the viewer looks to see the TOP VIEW of the object.

3.1 Identify the TOP VIEW from the right box.

3.2

Types of Shading
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There are several stages to, and types of shading. Let’s start with a simple circle.
1. The first type of shading only utilize one shade, and that is the dark. The shadows are really
the only thing you are drawing.

2. The next types we will talk about is hatching and cross hatching. Hatching is a technique
used in mediums such as ink to give the feel of shadow with lines. Cross hatching uses lines
that cross each other. The third shade gives a good feel of shadow, and still with only one tone
of color.

3. The next type of shading is a technique for shading that uses many small dots at varying
distance to create the feel of shading. This technique is time consuming, but it creates such a
unique texture that even when more advanced shading is developed, this method can still be
the most effective way to shade textured surfaces such as fur or cloth.

4. The last method of shading, and the most difficult to master with pyrography, is “smooth
shading”. It is the most realistic shading effect, and will look the best on smooth surfaces like
skin.

Instruction: Make use of the various shadowing techniques to shadow circles

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