SEISMIC PROTECTIVE Conventional Construction

SYSTEMS: Practice assumes Fixed Base

SEISMIC ISOLATION
Structures
• The Dynamic Characteristics of Fixed Base
Structures are determined by the general
characteristics of the structural system
• The Designer can only slightly adjust those
Dynamic Characteristics
• As a matter of fact, most common Building
Structures have unfavorable Dynamic
Characteristics that result in increased Seismic
Response
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Earthquake Performance of
Fixed Base Structures
• Conventional Fixed Base Structures can not be
realistically designed to remain elastic in large
seismic events (more so in regions of high
seismicity)

• Common practice is to design them so that they

experience damage in a controlled manner and If the flexible pads are properly chosen, the forces
have large inelastic displacements potential induced by ground shaking can be a few times smaller
than that experienced by the building built directly on
3 ground, namely a fixed base building (Figure c). 4

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Building resting on frictionless rollers. When the ground

shakes, the rollers freely roll, but the building above does
not move. Thus, no force is transferred to the building due
to shaking of the ground; simply, the building does not If the same building
experience the earthquake. is rested on flexible
pads that offer
resistance against
lateral movements
(Figure b), then some
effect of the ground
shaking will be
transferred to the
building above.

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 • The flexible pads are called base-isolators, whereas
the structures protected by means of these devices BASE ISOLATION
are called base-isolated buildings. Aseismic Design Philosophy
Decouple the Superstructure from
• The main feature of the base isolation technology : Ground with or without Flexible
Mounting
o Introduces flexibility in the structure. : a robust
medium-rise masonry or reinforced concrete Period of the total System is
building becomes extremely flexible. Elongated
o The isolators are often designed to absorb energy A Damper Energy Dissipating Device
and thus add damping to the system. This helps in provided at the Base Mountings.
further reducing the seismic response of the Rigid under Wind or Minor
building. Earthquake

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Need of Seismic Isolation Systems

• Building is located in high seismic intensity zone

• Building should be operational in post earthquake
period such as hospital, school, water tank etc.
• Limitations exist with lateral force restraining
system or due to construction scheme
• Existing structure is unsafe.
• Minimise damage to primary and secondary
structural members
• Cost economics of the structure with and without
isolators.
Fixed base building Base-isolated building
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Objectives of Seismic Isolation Advantages of Base Isolation

Systems Reduced floor Acceleration and Inter-storey Drift
Less (or no) Damage to Structural Members
Enhance performance of structures at all
hazard levels by: Better Protection of Secondary Systems
Prediction of Response is more Reliable and Economical.

 Minimizing interruption of use of facility

(e.g., Immediate Occupancy Performance
Level)
 Reducing damaging deformations in
structural and nonstructural components
 Reducing acceleration response to minimize
contentsrelated damage Non-isolated Base-isolated
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 Configuration of Building Structure Characteristics of Well-Designed
with Base Isolation System Seismic Isolation Systems

• Flexibility to increase period of vibration

and thus reduce force response
• Energy dissipation to control the isolation
system displacement
• Rigidity under low load levels such as wind
and minor earthquakes

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SEISMIC BASE ISOLATION Effect of Seismic Isolation

(Acceleration Response Spectrum
mN xN
Period shift
Perspective)
kN
• Increase Period of Vibration of Structure to
Acceleration

Increasing
damping Reduce Base Shear
m2 x2

k2

m1 x1
Displacement

Increasing
k1 damping

mb
Base isolator
&x&g
Period

Figure 3.2 Concept of base isolation. 15 16

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Effect of Seismic Isolation Effect of Soil Conditions on

Displacement Response Spectrum
Perspective)
Isolated Structure Response
• Increase of period increases displacement
demand (now concentrated at base)

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 Applicability of Base Isolation Applicability of Base Isolation
Systems Systems
• MOST EFFECTIVE LEAST EFFECTIVE
- Structure on Stiff Soil - Structure on Soft Soil
- Buildings of low to medium height (H/L <1) and
unusually heavy - Structure with High Fundamental Period (High-
- Structure with Low Fundamental Period (Low-Rise Rise Building)
Building)
- Contents of building sensitive to high frequency
vibration
- The site permits horizontal displacements at the base
of the order of 200 mm or more.
- Lateral loads due to wind are less than approximately
10% of the weight of the structure. 19 20

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Base Isolation in Buildings Base Isolation in Buildings

Isolator Components Between the Foundation and

Superstructure

An Isolation Interface is formed

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Base Isolation in Buildings How exactly does Base Isolation

Work?
Most types of Isolators
exhibit nonlinear behavior

• Isolators have large

deformation potential
allowing for large drift
on the Isolation
Interface
Lengthening of the Structure’s Period and
increased Damping that result in a large scale
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decrease of the Seismic Response 24

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 Force – Displacement Response of Base Isolated
Relationship at the Isolation Buildings versus Fixed Base
Interface Response

Reduced
Superstructure
Deformations
for Base
Isolated
Structure
actual hysteretic behavior viscoelastic idealization

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Drift on Isolation Interface 26

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Most Common Types of Isolation BASE ISOLATION SYSTEMS

Components (Isolators) LRB System
NZ System
P-F System
Isolation Devices
R-FBI System
Elastomeric Isolators Sliding Isolators

Natural Rubber Bearings Resilient Friction System

EDF System
Low-Damping Rubber Bearings Friction Pendulum System S-RF System
Lead-Plug Bearings Friction Pendulum System (FPS)
High Damping Rubber Bearing
High-Damping Rubber Bearings

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Elastomeric bearings

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 Sliding bearings Sliding Isolators
– Friction Pendulum System

Superstructure

Foundation

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Friction Pendulum System

110

12

30
Steel Plate 36

Rubber 6
1.5

12

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Response of a five-story isolated by FPS system

Response of five-story building isolated by LRB system
1.5
1.5
Fixed base
Fixed base 1.0 Isolated
1.0 Isolated
Top floor acceleration (g)

0.5
Top floor acceleration (g)

0.5

0.0
0.0

-0.5
-0.5

-1.0
-1.0

-1.5
-1.5
10
10

5
5
xb (cm)

0
xb (cm)

-5
-5

-10
-10

-15
-15 0 5 10 15 20
0 5 10 15 20 Tim e (sec)
Time (sec)
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 Location: Rancho Cucamonga
California. Location: 1 k.m. SW of
Isolator :HDR Pelabuhan
Engineers: Taylor & Gaines; Building : 4-Storeyed
Reid & Tarics. MR RCC.
Year :1985 Isolator : 16 HDR
Manufacturer: MRPRA,
Figure 7.2 Foothill Communities Law and Justice Center, UK
Rancho Cucamonga,California (photo by I.D. Aiken).

First Implementation of Seismic Isolation

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Figure 7.1 Demonstration building in Indonesia (1994) 38

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Location: East Los Angeles

Location: Los Angeles, California.
California. Isolator :HDR
Isolator : LRB Engineers: Fluor-Daniel
Engineers: KPFF Year :1990
Year :1991

Figure 7.3 University of Southern California, University Hospital Figure 7.4 Fire Command and Control facility, Los Angeles, California
(Photo by P.W. Clark). (Naeimand Kelly 1999).

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Location: Sendai,
Miyako Provience SAN FRANCISCO CITY HALL
Isolator :HDR
Year :1990

Figure 7.9 Tohoku Electric Power Company, Japan (Kelly, 1997).

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 San Francisco City Hall San Francisco City Hall
• Built in 1915
• Today recognized as  The original design of the building incorporates
one of the most
notable examples of
a “soft story” approach at the main floor,
classical architecture intended to dissipate energy
in the U.S.
• Nearly 300 feet tall  This alongside other discontinuities in the
• Steel Frame with structural system make the dynamic
concrete slabs characteristics of the building unfavorable
• Spread interior
footings – Strip  The Building was severely damaged during the
perimeter foundation 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake
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Oakland City Hall Oakland City Hall

• First high-rise • Building was severely damaged during the 1989
government office Loma Prieta earthquake
building in the United
States • Building is listed on the historic register –
• Tallest Building on the
Retrofit had to preserve the interior architecture
West Coast at the time of and the historic fabric of the building
its construction in 1914 - • Both conventional fixed-base and base isolation
324 feet tall retrofit concepts were studied
• Riveted Steel Frame with
• The most economical and effective method was
infill masonry walls of
brick, granite and 45 determined to be base isolation 46

terracotta
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Oakland City Hall Oakland City Hall

Earthquake Response
Critical Construction Issues:
Isolation
• Temporary lateral bracing during construction
System:
period to safeguard against possible earthquake
• 111 rubber occurrence
isolation
bearings • Symmetric work sequence was important to reduce
the possibility of torsional response in the event of
• 36 of them with
lead cores an earthquake
• Vertical column displacement during jacking was
limited to around 0.10 inches to prevent damage to
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Fixed Base Base Isolated superstructure finishes

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 San Francisco City Hall San Francisco City Hall

Four Retrofit Strategies were considered

Base Isolation

Fixed Base / Concrete Shear Walls

Fixed Base / Steel Braced Frames

Fixed Base / Steel Moment Frames

Flexible Story

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San Francisco City Hall San Francisco City Hall

• Based on the results of the analysis, the
Base Isolation Scheme was selected as
best meeting the retrofit objectives and
providing the most favorable
performance for the least relative cost
Base Isolation is considered a particularly
effective strategy when applied to massive (and
rather stiff) structures
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Base Isolation in India

• In India, base isolation technique was first

demonstrated after the 1993 Killari (Maharashtra)
Earthquake [EERI, 1999]. Two single storey
buildings (one school building and another
shopping complex building) in newly relocated
Killari town were built with rubber base isolators
resting on hard ground. Both were brick masonry
buildings with concrete roof.

• After the 2001 Bhuj (Gujarat) earthquake, the

four-storey Bhuj Hospital building was built with
base isolation technique (Figure 2).
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 DAMAGE OF BRIDGES DURING EARTHQUAKES
SEISMIC ISOLATION OF BRIDGES

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1.0
Non-isolated Isolated
Deck acceleration (g)

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0
0.4
Pier base shear/W

Non-isolated Isolated
0.2

0.0

-0.2

-0.4 W = Weight of bridge deck

Bearing displacement (cm)

10 Abutment Pier
The American River Bridge & installed friction pendulum bearing
0

-10

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (sec) 57 58
Figure 8.2 Time variation of bridge response in longitudinal direction to El-Centro, 1940 excitation.

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Thjorsa Bridge with Elastomeric seismic isolation bearings

(Ice land) Tuned mass damper, Huis Ten Bosch tower, Nagasaki

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 Damper Connected Buildings
CONCLUDING REMARKS
m1,n Earthquakes are not predictable
c1,n
k1,n
m1,n-1 Construct Earthquake-Resistant
k1,n-1
c1,n-1
Structures
m1,i kd m2,m
c1,i
cd
c2,m It is possible to evaluate the earthquake
forces acting on the structure.
k1,i k2,m

m1,3 kd m2,3

k1,3
c1,3
cd
c2,3 Design the structure to resist the above
k2,3
m1,2
kd m2,2 loads for safety against Earthquakes.
c1,2 c2,2
cd
k1,2
m1,1
kd m2,1
k2,2
 Base isolation can also be used for
k1,1
c1,1
cd
c2,1
k2,1
retrofitting of structure.
&x&g
Building A Building B
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