Course Contents Lecture Plan for Module 2
Module Lecture Topic Reference Models of the flow
1 1 Introduction and Philosophy of Computational Fluid Dynamics TB Ch 1
Substantial derivatives
2 2-3 Governing Equations of Fluid Dynamics TB Ch 2
3 4-5 Mathematical Behavior of Partial Differential Equations TB Ch 3
Divergence of velocity
4 6-7 Basic Aspects of Discretization TB Ch 4 Continuity equation
5 8 Grids with Appropriate Transformations TB Ch 5 Momentum equation Lecture-2
6 9-10 Some Simple CFD Techniques: TB Ch 6
Energy equation
7 11-12 Numerical Solutions of Quasi-One-Dimensional Nozzle Flows TB Ch 7
8 13-14 Incompressible Couette Flow: Numerical Solutions by an Implicit TB Ch 9 Boundary conditions
Method and Pressure Correction Method
Conservative v/s Non-conservative
9 15-16 Supersonic Flow over a Flat Plate: Numerical TB Ch 10
form of equation Lecture-3
Solution by Solving the Complete Navier-Stokes Equations
Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 3 Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 4
Energy Conservation Equations Energy Conservation Rate of Work
Done by Body Force
Physics: Energy is Conserved Rate of work done by body
force on a fluid element
moving at a velocity
Rate of work
Rate of change Net heat done on the Rate of work = Force
of energy flux into fluid element Distance/Time
inside Fluid element due to surface
Element and body force Rate of work = Force Velocity
Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 5 Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 6
Energy Conservation Rate of Work Energy Conservation Rate of Work
Done by Pressure Force Done by Shear Stress
Rate of work = (Pressure Area) Velocity
Rate of work done by Shear
stress on a fluid element
Rate of work along x-direction moving at a velocity
Rate of work = Force
Distance/Time
Pressure Area
Pressure
Velocity at Velocity at
Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 7 Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 8
Energy Conservation Rate of Work Energy Conservation Rate of Work
Done by Shear Stress Done by All Surface and Body Forces
Rate of work = (Shear Stress Area)
Velocity
Rate of work along x-direction
Area Rate of work done by Surface Rate of work done
Shear stress Shear stress
Velocity at Velocity at Forces (Pressure and Shear Stress) by Body Force
Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 9 Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 10
Energy Conservation Net Heat Flux Energy Conservation Net Heat Flux
into Fluid Element into Fluid Element
Heat transferred by conduction
along x-direction (Heat flux Area)
Volumetric Heat Transferred
Net heat
Heating of by Thermal
flux into
Fluid conduction into
Fluid
Element Fluid Element
element
Area
Volumetric heating of element Conduction Conduction heat
heat flux at flux at
Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 11 Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 12
Energy Conservation Net Heat Flux Energy Conservation Net Heat Flux
into Fluid Element into Fluid Element
Conduction heat flux
Net Heat Flux along all direction
(Volumetric heating Conduction
heat flux)
is thermal conductivity
Conduction
Volumetric heat flux
heating
Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 13 Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 14
Energy Conservation Net Heat Flux Rate of Change of Energy inside the
into Fluid Element Fluid Element
Net Heat Flux along all direction Fluid element has
(Volumetric heating Conduction
heat flux) Internal energy
Kinetic energy
Internal energy
Kinetic energy
Volumetric heating
Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 15 Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 16
Conservation of Energy Equation Conservation of Energy Equation
Momentum equations are:
Final form of conservation equation of Energy
A 1
Eq(1) u, Eq(2) v, and Eq(3) w
Can we write the Substantial Derivative in
RHS only in terms of internal energy (e) ??
&
Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 17 Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 18
Conservation of Energy Equation Conservation of Energy Equation
Momentum Conservation equation Eq.(1) + Eq.(2) + Eq.(3)
2 B
1
3
2
Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 19 Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 20
Conservation of Energy Equation Conservation of Energy Equation
Subtract (B) from (A) Subtract (B) from (A) to eliminate
Conservation equation in
terms of internal energy ( )
Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 21 Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 22
Conservation of Energy Equation (Non- Conservation of Energy Equation
Conservative Form) (Conservative Form)
Express shear stress and normal stress in Definition of Substantial Derivative
terms of velocity gradients and viscosity
Non-conservative form of energy equation
Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 23 Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 24
Conservation of Energy Equation Conservation of Energy Equation
(Conservative Form) (Conservative Form)
is due to continuity
equation
Conservative form of energy
Non-conservative form of energy equation
equation
Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 25 Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 26
Conservation of Energy Equation Navier Stokes Equations Conservation
(Conservative Form) of Mass
Non-Conservative
Conservative
Conservation of Mass
(Continuity equation)
Transient 3-D flow
Conservative form of energy equation
Viscous dissipation important for Viscous
Highly viscous flow dissipation
High speed flows Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 27 Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 28
Navier Stokes Equations Conservation Navier Stokes Equations Conservation
of Momentum of Energy
Conservative form Non-conservative form Conservative form
Non-conservative form
Conservation of Momentum Conservation of Energy Conservation of Energy
Conservation of Momentum
Transient 3-D flow Transient 3-D flow Transient 3-D flow
Transient 3-D flow
Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 29 Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 30
Euler Equations Inviscid Flow Euler Equations Conservation of Mass
Effect of viscosity is small
Non-Conservative Form
Applicable for high speed flows
Neglect viscous terms
Neglect conduction terms
Conservative Form
Neglect Normal & Shear stress terms
Neglect heat flux terms
Navier Equations remain same
Euler
Stokes
Inviscid flow
Equation As viscosity is not present
Equation
assumption in Continuity equation
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Euler Equations Conservation of Euler Equations Conservation of
Momentum Momentum
Non-Conservative Conservative
Non-conservative form Conservative form Shear & Normal stress terms dropped
Throw out terms involving Throw out terms involving Friction effects not included
stresses (Normal & shear stress) stresses (Normal & shear stress)
Velocity at wall is non-zero
Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 33 Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 34
Navier Stokes Equations Conservation Euler Equations Conservation of Energy
of Energy
Non-Conservative Form
Conservative Form
Non-conservative form Conservative form
Conservation of Energy Conservation of Energy
Shear stress & normal stress terms dropped
Transient 3-D flow Transient 3-D flow
Conduction terms dropped
Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 35 Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 36
Navier Stokes or Euler Equations Navier Stokes or Euler Equations
Observations Observations
Equations are Partial Difference between Conservative
Differential Equations (PDE) in and Non-Conservative forms is
space ( ) and time (t) only in LHS
Equations are coupled same RHS remains same
variables appear in all Normal stress & Shear stress
equations terms are function of velocity
Complex equations Finding gradient, e.g.
an exact solution is difficult if
not impossible
For most cases, exact analytical
solution does not exists
Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 37 Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 38
Navier Stokes or Euler Equations Navier Stokes or Euler Equations
Observations Observations
Additional equation for closure
Navier Stokes equation in 3D has Thermodynamic relationship
6 unknowns ( ) to relate internal energy
We have 5 equations (Continuity and temperature
+ 3 Momentum + 1 Energy Equation of state to relate , ,
equation )
We need additional equation for
closure
6 Unknowns:
6 Eqtn: 1 Continuity + 3 Momentum
+ 1 Energy + 1 Equation of State
Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 39 Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 40
Boundary Conditions Boundary Conditions Viscous Flows
If equations are same, the solutions are (No Slip)
different for different situations, due to
(Constant wall temperature)
Boundary conditions
Initial conditions
Boundary
Navier Stokes Conditions (No Slip)
and/or Solution
Equation Initial ((Constant wall heat flux)
Conditions
Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 41 Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 42
Boundary Conditions Viscous Flows Boundary Conditions Inviscid Flow
(No Slip)
No viscosity and hence no
(Adiabatic wall) friction
Flow does not stick to wall
(No Slip) Velocity perpendicular to
wall is Zero
Velocity at wall surface is
(Convective wall) tangential to the surface
Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 43 Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 44
Conservative or Non-Conservative Form General Conservative Form
Which One is Preferred
General Form:
Mathematically, both forms are
equivalent
No preference from a
fundamental perspective
Conservative form is preferred
in CFD due to programming
convenience
Governing equation can be
expressed in a general form
Solution Vector
Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 45 Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 46
General Conservative Form General Conservative Form
General Form: General Form:
Flux Vector Flux Vector
Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 47 Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 48
General Conservative Form General Conservative Form How Do
We Solve
General Form: Solution:
Flux Vector Source Term Vector
Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 49 Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 50
General Conservative Form How Do Conservative or Non-Conservative Form
We Solve Which One is Preferred
From Solution Vector (U), For shocks, Conservative
calculate the following: form is preferred
o Non-Conservative form
Numerical errors
Instability, etc.
o Conservative form
Captures shock wave
accurately Discontinuity with
very large gradient
Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 51 Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 52
Conservative or Non-Conservative Form Conservative or Non-Conservative Form
Which One is Preferred Which One is Preferred
As a general rule Shock Wave
Smooth solution Non- 1 2
conservative form works
well
Discontinuous solution
Conservative form is
is Discontinuous
preferred
For example, Shocks
is Continuous
Subsonic-Supersonic Flow through a Convergent-Divergent Nozzle
Simulated in Ansys-Fluent Software
Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 53 Computational Fluid Dynamics, DE ZG515, BITS Pilani Slide 54