Module 4

· Define Array. Apply nested structure.

Definition of Array in C:
An array in C is a collection of elements of the same data type,
stored in contiguous memory locations. Arrays are used to store
multiple values in a single variable.
Syntax:
data_type array_name[size];
Nested Structure with Array Example:
A nested structure means a structure inside another structure. We
can use arrays within such structures.
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
struct Student {
char name[50];
int marks[3]; // Array inside structure
};
int main() {
struct Student s1 = {"John", {85, 90, 78}};
printf("Name: %s\n", [Link]);
printf("Marks: %d, %d, %d\n", [Link][0], [Link][1],
[Link][2]);
return 0;
}

· Write a program to print the sum of any 10 natural

numbers entered using the keyboard.
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int numbers[10], sum = 0;
printf("Enter 10 natural numbers:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
scanf("%d", &numbers[i]);
sum += numbers[i];
}
printf("Sum of the entered numbers = %d\n", sum);
return 0;
}

· W.A.P. (Write A Program) to find the reverse of a

string without using standard library functions.
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
char str[100], temp;
int i, length = 0;
printf("Enter a string: ");
gets(str); // Note: gets() is unsafe, use fgets() in real projects
 // Find the length of the string manually
while (str[length] != '\0') {
length++;
}
// Reverse the string in-place
for (i = 0; i < length / 2; i++) {
temp = str[i];
str[i] = str[length - 1 - i];
str[length - 1 - i] = temp;
}
printf("Reversed string: %s\n", str);
return 0;
}

· W.A.P. for the transpose of a matrix.

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int matrix[10][10], transpose[10][10];
int rows, cols;
// Input rows and columns
printf("Enter number of rows and columns: ");
scanf("%d %d", &rows, &cols);
// Input matrix elements
printf("Enter elements of the matrix:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
 for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
scanf("%d", &matrix[i][j]);
}
}
// Find transpose
for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
transpose[j][i] = matrix[i][j];
}
}
// Print transpose
printf("Transpose of the matrix:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < cols; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < rows; j++) {
printf("%d ", transpose[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
}

· W.A.P. for the addition of two matrices.

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int matrix1[10][10], matrix2[10][10], sum[10][10];
int rows, cols;
// Input rows and columns
printf("Enter number of rows and columns: ");
scanf("%d %d", &rows, &cols);
// Input elements of first matrix
printf("Enter elements of first matrix:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
scanf("%d", &matrix1[i][j]);
}
}
// Input elements of second matrix
printf("Enter elements of second matrix:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
scanf("%d", &matrix2[i][j]);
}
}
// Add the matrices
for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
sum[i][j] = matrix1[i][j] + matrix2[i][j];
}
 }

· W.A.P. for matrix multiplication.

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int matrix1[10][10], matrix2[10][10], product[10][10];
int rows1, cols1, rows2, cols2;

// Input size of first matrix

printf("Enter rows and columns of first matrix: ");
scanf("%d %d", &rows1, &cols1);

// Input size of second matrix

printf("Enter rows and columns of second matrix: ");
scanf("%d %d", &rows2, &cols2);

// Check if multiplication is possible

if (cols1 != rows2) {
printf("Matrix multiplication not possible. Columns of first
matrix must equal rows of second matrix.\n");
return 0;
}
// Input elements of first matrix
printf("Enter elements of first matrix:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < rows1; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < cols1; j++) {
scanf("%d", &matrix1[i][j]);
}
}

// Input elements of second matrix

printf("Enter elements of second matrix:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < rows2; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < cols2; j++) {
scanf("%d", &matrix2[i][j]);
}
}

// Initialize product matrix with 0

for (int i = 0; i < rows1; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < cols2; j++) {
product[i][j] = 0;
}
}

// Matrix multiplication logic

 for (int i = 0; i < rows1; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < cols2; j++) {
for (int k = 0; k < cols1; k++) {
product[i][j] += matrix1[i][k] * matrix2[k][j];
}
}
}

// Print the product matrix

printf("Product of the matrices:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < rows1; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < cols2; j++) {
printf("%d ", product[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}

return 0;
}

· W.A.P. for sorting an array.

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int arr[100], n, temp;
// Input size of array
printf("Enter number of elements: ");
scanf("%d", &n);

// Input array elements

printf("Enter %d elements:\n", n);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
scanf("%d", &arr[i]);
}

// Bubble Sort
for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < n - 1 - i; j++) {
if (arr[j] > arr[j + 1]) {
// Swap elements
temp = arr[j];
arr[j] = arr[j + 1];
arr[j + 1] = temp;
}
}
}

// Print sorted array

 printf("Sorted array in ascending order:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
printf("%d ", arr[i]);
}

return 0;
}

· Explain any five string functions in C.

✅ Five String Functions in C:
1. strlen()
o Purpose: Returns the length of a string (excluding the
null character \0).
o Syntax: int len = strlen(str);
o Example:
char str[] = "Hello";
int len = strlen(str); // len = 5
2. strcpy()
o Purpose: Copies one string into another.
o Syntax: strcpy(destination, source);
o Example:
char src[] = "World";
char dest[10];
strcpy(dest, src); // dest now contains "World"
3. strcat()
 o Purpose: Appends (concatenates) one string at the end
of another.
o Syntax: strcat(destination, source);
o Example:
char str1[20] = "Hello ";
char str2[] = "World";
strcat(str1, str2); // str1 becomes "Hello World"
4. strcmp()
o Purpose: Compares two strings.
o Returns:
▪ 0 if both strings are equal,
▪ < 0 if first string is less,
▪ > 0 if first string is greater.
o Syntax: int result = strcmp(str1, str2);
o Example:
strcmp("apple", "banana"); // returns a negative value
5. strrev() (Note: Not part of standard C, but available in some
compilers like Turbo C)
o Purpose: Reverses a string.
o Syntax: strrev(str);
o Example:
char str[] = "CProgramming";
strrev(str); // str becomes "gnimmargorPC"
· W.A.P. to check if the entered string is a palindrome
or not.
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
char str[100];
int start = 0, end = 0, isPalindrome = 1;
// Input the string
printf("Enter a string: ");
scanf("%s", str); // Reads string without spaces
// Find length manually
while (str[end] != '\0') {
end++;
}
end--; // Move to the last character index
// Check palindrome
while (start < end) {
if (str[start] != str[end]) {
isPalindrome = 0;
break;
}
start++;
end--;
}
// Print result
 if (isPalindrome)
printf("The string is a palindrome.\n");
else
printf("The string is not a palindrome.\n");
return 0;
}

· Write a program to count the number of digits,

alphabets, and special characters in an input string.
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
char str[100];
int i = 0, digits = 0, alphabets = 0, specialChars = 0;
// Input the string
printf("Enter a string: ");
gets(str); // Note: Use fgets() in real-world code to
avoid buffer overflow
// Loop through each character
while (str[i] != '\0') {
if ((str[i] >= '0') && (str[i] <= '9')) {
digits++;
} else if ((str[i] >= 'A' && str[i] <= 'Z') ||
 (str[i] >= 'a' && str[i] <= 'z')) {
alphabets++;
} else {
specialChars++;
}
i++;
}
// Display results
printf("Alphabets: %d\n", alphabets);
printf("Digits: %d\n", digits);
printf("Special Characters: %d\n", specialChars);
return 0;
}