Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region VIII
Leyte Division

Palo National High School - Senior High School

Palo, Leyte

Name: Gr.
Level/Track/Stra
nd
Section: Date:
Learning identify the geographic, linguistic, and ethnic dimensions of Philippine
Competenc literary history from precolonial to the contemporary (EN12Lit-Ia-21)
y:
References:  Philippine Literature- History and Anthology by Dominador
Pagliawan
 21st Century Philippine and World Literature by Jaime Gutierrez- Ang
 [Link]

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET in

21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

 Identify Filipino writers and their respective literary works published during the Period of
Enlightenment

Period of Enlightenment (1872-1898)

Historical Background

After 300 years of passivity under Spanish rule, the Filipino spirit reawakened
when the 3 priests Gomez, Burgos and Zamora were guillotined without sufficient evidence
of guilt. This occurred on the 17th of February. This was buttressed with the spirit of
liberalism when the Philippines opened its doors to world trade and with the coming of a
liberal leader in the person of Governor Carlos Maria de la Torre. The Spaniards were
unable to suppress the tide of rebellion among the - Filipinos. The once religious spirit
transformed itself into one of nationalism and the Filipinos demanded changes in the
government and in the church.

A. The Propaganda Movement (1872-1896)

This movement was spearheaded mostly by the intellectual middle-class like

Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar; Graciano Lopez Jaena, Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce, Jose Ma.
Panganiban, and Pedro Paterno. The objectives of this movement were to seek reforms and
changes like the following:

1. To get equal treatment for the Filipinos and the Spaniards under the law.
2. To make the Philippines a colony of Spain.
3. To restore Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes.
4. To Filipinize the parishes.
5. To give the Filipinos freedom of speech, of the press, assembly and for redress of
grievances.

B. Highlights of the Propaganda Movement

There were three principal leaders of the Propaganda movement. They were
Jose P. Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar and Graciano Lopez Jaena. Here are highlights about them
and what they have done for our country.

DR. JOSE P. RIZAL

 Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda was born on June 19, 1861 in
Calamba, Laguna. His first teacher was his mother Teodora Alonozo. He studied at the
Ateneo de Manila, started medicine at UST and finished at the Universidad Central of
Madrid. He also studied at the University of Berlin, Leipzig and Heidelberg.

He died by musketry in the hands of the Spaniards on December 30, 1896 on

charges of sedition and rebellion against the Spaniards. His pen-name was Laong Laan and
Di asalang. His books and writings were:
1. NOLI ME TANGERE. This was the novel that gave spirit to the propaganda
movement and paved the way to the revolution against Spain. In this book, he
courageously exposed the evils in the Spanish-run government in the
Philippines. The Spaniards prohibited the reading of this novel but a lot of
translations were able to enter stealthily in the country even if it means death
to those caught in possession of them. The NOLI gave Philippine literature the
immortal characters Maria Clara, Juan Crisostomo Ibarra, Elias, Sisa, Pilosofong
Tasio, Doäa Victorina, Kapitana Maria, Basilio and Crispin. Rizal had a powerful
pen in the delineation of these characters.

2. EL FILIBUSTERISMO. This is a sequel to the NOLI. While the NOLI exposed

the evils in society, the FILI exposed those in the government and in the
church. However, the NOLI has been dubbed the novel of society while that of
FILI is that of Politics.

3. MI ULTIMO ADIOS (My Last Farewell). This was a poem by Rizal while he
was incarcerated at Fort Santiago and is one that can compare favorably with
the best in the world. It was only after his death when his name was affixed to
the poem.

4. ME PIDEN VERSOS (You asked Me for Verses); 1882 and A LAS FLORES DE
HEIDELBERG (To the Flowers of Heidelberg). Two poems manifesting Rizal's
unusual depth of emotion.
5. NOTAS A LA OBRA SUCESOS DE LAS FILIPINAS FOR EL DR. ANTONIO DE
MORGA (Notes on Philippine Events by Dr. Antonio de Morga): 1889

MARCELO H. DEL PILAR

Marcelo H. del Pilar is popularly known for his pen name of Plaridel, Pupdoh,
Piping Dilat and Dolores Manapat. He was born at Cupang, San Nicolas, Bulacan on August
30, 1850. His parents were Julian H. del Pilar, noted Filipino writer and Biasa Gatmaita. His
brother was the priest Fr. Toribio del Pilar who was banished to Marianas in 1872. Because
there were many children in the family, Marcelo gave up his share of his inheritance for his
other brothers and sisters. Marcelo started schooling at the school of Mr. Flores and then
transferred to that of San Jose before UST. His last year in law school was interrupted for 8
years after he had quarrel with the parish priest during a baptism at San Miguel, Manila in
1880.
He established the Diariong Tagalog in 1883 where he exposed the evils of
the Spanish government in the Philippines and in order to avoid the false accusations
hurled at him by the priests. To avoid banishment, he was forced to travel to Spain in
1888.

Upon his arrival in Spain, he replaced Graciano Lopez Jaena as editor of LA

SOLIDARIDAD, a paper which became the vehicle thru which reforms in the government
could be worked out. This did not last long for he got sick and even to reach Hong Kong
from where he could arouse his countrymen. He died of tuberculosis in Spain but before
his death, he asked his companions to tell his wife and children that he was sorry he
wasn't able to bid them goodbye; to tell others about the fate of our countrymen and to
continue helping the country.

Writings of Marcelo H. del Pilar:

1. PAG-IBIG SA TINUBUANG LUPA (Love of Country). Translated from the

Spanish AMOR PATRIA by Rizal, published on August 20, 1882, in
Diariong Tagalog.

2. KAIINGAT KAYO (Be Careful). A humorous and sarcastic dig in answer to

Fr. Jose Rodriquez in the novel NOLI of Rizal, published in Barcelona in
1888. He used Dolores Manapat as pen-name here.

3. DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN (Prayers and Jokes). Similar to a cathecism but

sarcastically done against the parish priests, published in Barcelona in
1888. Because of this, del Pilar was called "filibuster." This was done in
admirable tone of supplication and excellent use of Tagalog.

4. ANG CADAQUILAAN NG DIOS (God's Goodness). Published in Barcelona, it

was also like a cathecism sarcastically aimed against the parish priests
 but also contains a philosophy of the power and intelligence of God and
an appreciation for and love for nature.

5. SAGOT SA ESPANYA SA HIBIK NG PILIPINAS (Answer to Spain on the Plea

of the Filipinos). A poem pleading for change from Spain but that Spain is
already old and weak to grant any aid to the Philippines. This poem is in
answer to that of Hermenigildo Flores' Hibik sa Pilipinas (A Plea from the
Philippines).

GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA (1856-1896)

A most notable hero and genius of the Philippines, Graciano Lopez Jaena was
born on December 18, 1856 and died on January 20, 1896. The pride of Jaro, Iloilo, he won
the admiration of the Spaniards and Europeans, He is a known writer and orator in the
Philippines. He wrote 100 speeches which were published by Remigio Garcia, former
bookstore owner in Manila Filatica and which are still read up to now by modern Filipinos.
Lopez Jaena left the Philippines in 1887 with the help of Don Claudio Lopez, a
rich uncle, in order to escape punishment form his enemies and arrived at Valencia, the
center of the Republican movement of the Spaniards. He gained the acquaintance of the
high officials like Piy Margall, Morayta, Moret, Castelar, and Salmeron.
From Valencia, he moved to Barcelona where he established the first
magazine LA SOLIDARIDAD. This later became the official voice of the Association Hispano
de Filipinas (a Filipino-Spanish Association) composed of Filipinos and Spaniards who
worked for reforms in the Philippines. Because of this, Jaena successfully showed the
Spaniards and the people of the world how a newspaperman can introduce changes in law
and reforms towards a better life and progress. Though he didn't become a professor,
Jaena was also a teacher in a sense to his friends and relatives in the Philippines.
Like Antonio Maria Regidor, Tomas G. del Rosario and Felipe Calderon, he
stood for the separation of church and state, for free education, better government and
schools, freedom of worship and for an independent and free University.

Graciano Lopez Jaena died in a charity hospital in Barcelona on January 20,

1896, eleven months before his best friend Rizal was shot at the Luneta on December 30,
1896.

The Works of Graciano Lopez Jaena:

1. ANG FRAY BOTOD (Friar Botod). one of his works written in Jaro, Iloilo in
1876, six years after the Cavite Revolt attacking the friars in the
Philippines. He exposed how some of the friars were greedy, ambitious
and immoral.

2. LA HIJA DEL FRAILE (The Child of the Friar) and EVERYTING IS HAMBUG
(Everything is mere show). Here Jaena explains the tragedy of marrying a
Spaniard.

3. SA MGA PILIPINO...1891... A speech which aimed to improve the condition

of the Filipinos to become free and progressive.

4. TALUMPATING PAGUNITA KAY KOLUMBUS (An Oration to Commemorate

Columbus). A speech he delivered in Madrid on the 39 th anniversary of
the discovery of America.

ANTONIO LUNA

Antonio Luna was a pharmacist who was banished by the Spaniards to Spain.
He joined the Propaganda Movement and contributed his writings to LA SOLIDARIDAD. Most
of his works dealt with Filipino customs and others were accusations about how the
Spaniards ran the government. His pen name was Tagailog. He died at the age of 33 in June
1899. He was put to death by the soldiers of Aguinaldo because of his instant rise to fame
which became a threat to Aguinaldo.

Some of his works are:

1. NOCHE BUENA (Christmas Eve). It pictured true Filipino life.

2. SE DEVIERTEN (How They Diverted Themselves). A dig at a dance of the

Spaniards where the people were very crowded.

3. LA TERTULIA FILIPINA (A Filipino Conference or Feast). Depicts a Filipino

custom which he believed was much better than the Spanish.

MARIANO PONCE

Mariano Ponce became an editor-in-chief, biographer and researcher of the

Propaganda Movement. He used Tikbalang, Kalipulako, and Naning as pennames. The
common themes of his works were the values of education, He also wrote about how the
Filipinos were oppressed by the foreigners and of the problems of his countrymen. Among
his writings were:

1. MGA ALAMAT NG BULACAN (Legend of Bulacan). Contains legends, and

folklores of his native town.

2. PAGPUGOT KAY LONGINOS (The Beheading of Longinos). A play shown at

the plaza of Malolos, Bulacan.

ANDRES BONIFACIO

Andres Bonifacio is best known as the Father of Filipino Democracy, but more
than others, as the Father of the Katipunan because he led in establishing the Kataas-
taasan, Kagalang-galangan, Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK). Andres Bonifacio
came from a poor family and it is said that what he learned he got from the school of
experience. He was a voracious reader and among those he loved to read which aroused
his revolutionary spirit were the NOLI and the FILI of Rizal.
He joined the La Liga Filipina founded by Rizal in 1892. He established the
Katipunan which triggered the spirit of freedom especially when Rizal was banished to
Dapitan, Mindanao. Bonifacio is better known as the great Revolutionary rather than a
writer but he also wrote things which paved the way for the revolution and which also
became part of our literature. Among his works were:

1. ANG DAPAT MABATID NG MGA TAGALOG (What the Tagalogs Should

Know).

2. KATUNGKULANG GAGAWIN NG MGA ANAK NG BAYAN (Obligations of Our

Countrymen). This is an outline of obligations just like the 10
commandments of God.

Writers during this period had shown their nationalism through their writings as
result Spanish Government suppression.

Activity A.

Directions: On a separate sheet of paper, answer the following questions:

1. What novel gave spirit to the propaganda movement and paved the way to the
revolution against Spain?
2. Who wrote “Ang Fray Botod” which exposed that some of the friars were greedy,
ambitious and immoral?
3. The three principal leaders of the propaganda movement were Rizal, del Pilar
and ____________.
4. He is known for his pen name “PLARIDEL” and write the poem “Pag-ibig sa
Tinubuang Lupa”.
5. What are the pen-names of Jose Rizal?
6. Who was the first editor-in-chief of La Solidaridad?
7. This was a poem by Rizal while he was incarcerated at Fort Santiago and is one
that can compare favorably with the best in the world
8. The NOLI has been dubbed the novel of society while that of FILI is _______.
9. What was stablished by Marcelo H. Del Pilar where he exposed the evils of the
Spanish government in the Philippines and in order to avoid the false
accusations hurled at him by the priests.?
10. He was a pharmacist who was banished by the Spaniards to Spain. He joined the
Propaganda Movement and contributed his writings to LA SOLIDARIDAD.
11. He established the Katipunan which triggered the spirit of freedom especially
when Rizal was banished to Dapitan, Mindanao.
12. He died by musketry in the hands of the Spaniards on December 30, 1896 on
charges of sedition and rebellion against the Spaniards.
13. It is one of his works written by Graciano Lopez Jaena in Jaro, Iloilo in 1876, six
years after the Cavite Revolt attacking the friars in the Philippines. He exposed
how some of the friars were greedy, ambitious and immoral.
 14. What work of Del Pilar is equated to a cathecism sarcastically aimed against the
parish priests but also contains a philosophy of the power and intelligence of God
and an appreciation for and love for nature.
15. What were the charges of the Spanish Government to Rizal which resulted to his
execution?

ACTIVITY B:

Directions: On the space provided, write your thoughts about Rizal, Jaena and del Pilar.
Then compose
an essay about them and their published works.

Activity C.

Directions: On a separate sheet of paper, fill-out the following graphic organizer with the
information
being asked.

Period of
Enlightenment

3 Historical information Dominant theme of writing

and genre/s

3 Examples of Literary
pieces

Rubric:

For Activity B:

Organization Content Unity of Total

ideas
 2.5 5 10
2.5

For Activity C:

Accuracy of
Conciseness Total
info.
5 (each
2 3
circle)

Prepared by:

Subject Teachers Track/ Contact numbers Email address

Strand
Nanette S. Pedrosa ABM 09087756449/09559115731 tacuranga@[Link]
m
John Cristopher C. TVL-EIM 09061180258/09638125782 johncrisparado@gmail.
Parado com