WORKING RULE FOR INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

TYPES OF INTEGRALS WORKING RULE

𝟏 𝟏
2 𝒅𝒙 𝑶𝑹 2 𝒅𝒙
𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 <𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 In the denominator – Completing the square , and

𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 , 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒚𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒂𝒍𝒔 use standard results

𝒑𝒙 + 𝒒 𝒑𝒙 + 𝒒 Replace px+q using the method

2 𝒅𝒙 𝑶𝑹 2 𝒅𝒙
𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 <𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 𝒅
Px+q = A a b𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄cd + 𝑩
𝒅𝒙

Find A and B by equating coefficients of x and

Numerator linear polynomial , denominator constant term

quadraticpolynomial
𝟏 𝟏 Divide numerator and denominator by 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 .
2 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝑶𝑹 2 𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒃𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒃 Change 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 , if any, in the denominator by
𝟏
OR ∫
𝒂&𝒃𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙&𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 , …………. 1+𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙 and substitute tan x = u
𝟏 𝟏
2 𝒅𝒙 𝑶𝑹 2 𝒅𝒙
𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒃 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒂 + 𝒃 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝟏 𝟏3𝒕𝟐
𝑶𝑹 ∫ 𝒂&𝒃 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙&𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 , …………… 𝒙 𝟐𝒅𝒕
𝐭𝐚𝐧 v𝟐w = 𝒕 ,dx = 𝟏&𝒕𝟐 , 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 = , 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 =
𝟐𝒕
𝟏&𝒕𝟐 𝟏&𝒕𝟐

Replace Numerator by

Numerator = A(derivative of
𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒃 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
2 𝒅𝒙 denominator)+B(denominator)
𝒄 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒅 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
Find A and B by equating coefficients of sinx

and cosx

First function ×integral of second function –

∫ 𝒅𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒊𝒓𝒔𝒕 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 × integral of

second function

[ select first function as the function which comes

Integration by parts(Products rule)
first in the word ILATE ]

I – Inverse trigonometric function ,

L – log function ,
 A- Algebraic function ,

T – Trigonometric function ,

E- exponential function

Express the integral as the sum of two integrals

∫ 𝒆𝒙 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒆𝒙 𝒇4 (𝒙)𝒅𝒙 , Evaluate the first

integral using integration by parts , the second

Integrals of the form ∫ 𝒆𝒙 {𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒇4 (𝒙)}𝒅𝒙
integral will cancel

Ans : 𝒆𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝑪

Keep the coeffi cient of 𝒙 𝒊𝒏 𝒆𝒙 as 1

Integrals of the form Let I = ∫ 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒃𝒙 𝒅𝒙 , evaluate using

∫ 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒃𝒙 𝒅𝒙 OR ∫ 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒃𝒙 𝒅𝒙 integration by parts . F
Integrals of the form
Completing the square and use standard results
2 <𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 𝒅𝒙

Replace ( px+q ) , using the method

Integrals of the form 𝒅
Px+q = A
𝒅𝒙
b𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄c + 𝑩 ,
2(𝒑𝒙 + 𝒒) <𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 𝒅𝒙 Find A and B ,by equating coefficients of x and
constant term
(1) Denominator is expressible as a product of
DISTINCT linear factors ;
Method of partial fraction
𝟏 𝑨 𝑩
= +
(𝒙 + 𝒂)(𝒙 + 𝒃) (𝒙 + 𝒂) (𝒙 + 𝒃)
(2) Denominator contains some REPEATING
linear factors
Integration of rational algebraic functions

By using PARTIAL FRACTIONS

Method of partial fraction
𝟏
(𝒙 + 𝒂)(𝒙 + 𝒃)𝟐
𝑨 𝑩
= +
(𝒙 + 𝒂) (𝒙 + 𝒃)
𝑪
+
(𝒙 + 𝒃)𝟐
 (3) Denominator contains IRREDUCIBLE
QUADRATIC FACTORS
Method of partial fraction
𝟏 𝑨 𝑩𝒙 + 𝑪
= + 𝟐
(𝒙 + 𝒂)(𝒙 + 𝒃) (𝒙 + 𝒂) (𝒙 + 𝒃)
𝟐

(4) Rational function contains only EVEN

POWERS OF X
Method of partial fraction
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂 𝒚+𝒂
=
(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒄) (𝒚 + 𝒃)(𝒚 + 𝒄)
𝑨 𝑩
= +
(𝒚 + 𝒃) (𝒚 + 𝒄)
After partial fraction replace y by 𝒙𝟐 and
then integrate with respect to x .

(1) Express numerator in the form 𝒙𝟐 ± 𝟏

Integrals of the form (2) Divide numerator and denominator by 𝒙𝟐
𝒙𝟐 &𝟏 𝒙𝟐 3𝟏 (3) Express the denominator in the form
∫ 𝒙𝟒 &𝝀𝒙𝟐 &𝟏 𝒅𝒙 OR ∫ 𝑿𝟒 &𝝀𝒙𝟐 &𝟏 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 𝟐
OR ∫ 𝟒 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 v𝒙 ± w ± 𝒌𝟐
𝒙
𝒙 &𝝀𝒙 &𝟏
𝟏
(4) Put 𝒙 ± = 𝒖
𝒙

NOTE :In integration the integrand is an algebraic expression , keep the degree of the numerator less than that
of the denominator

𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 , 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏 , 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒙 =
𝟏 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙

𝟏
𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 = (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)𝟐 , 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏 , 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩 = 𝟐 [𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 + 𝑩) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 − 𝑩)]

𝟏 𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩 = 𝟐 [𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 + 𝑩) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 − 𝑩)] , 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩 = 𝟐 [𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 + 𝑩) − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 − 𝑩)] .