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Basic Hardware Notes

The document provides an overview of basic PC hardware components, including the CPU, RAM, ROM, motherboard, and various storage devices. It explains the functions and specifications of these components, such as the importance of heat sinks, types of RAM, and the role of BIOS in system booting. Additionally, it covers the differences between storage types like HDDs and SSDs, as well as the significance of power supply units (SMPS) in computer systems.

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harikadevada03
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67 views29 pages

Basic Hardware Notes

The document provides an overview of basic PC hardware components, including the CPU, RAM, ROM, motherboard, and various storage devices. It explains the functions and specifications of these components, such as the importance of heat sinks, types of RAM, and the role of BIOS in system booting. Additionally, it covers the differences between storage types like HDDs and SSDs, as well as the significance of power supply units (SMPS) in computer systems.

Uploaded by

harikadevada03
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
Basic Hardware PC Components Inside the Cabinet eta ive —| on + CPU Central Processing Unit — Processor = + RAM - Random Access Memory + ROM-Read Only Memory ~BIOS/UEFI Chip + MB ~ MotherBoard — PCB Circuit board — Connects all Component + HDD Hard Disk , SSD- Solid State Devices + CD/DVD + SMPS — Switched Mode Power Supply = Mains AC(220V 50Hz) — DC (+=12v, +-5v, +3.3v,GND) Floppy Disk — not available Outside of Cabinet + Keyboard + Mouse — pointer + Monitor — output - Display + Printer - converts soft copy to hard copy + Scanner — Converts hard copy to soft copy + Touch Pads + Touch Screen + Mic and Speaks + Card Readers + Bluetooth devices + External HDD + Joystick -game controller Processors Itis the Brain of the Computer Itis a Semiconductor Device It Contains the Complete CPU (Central Processing Unit) in a Single Chip It Performs Arithmetic and Logical Functions Manufactures Less. Intel — pentium , dual core, i3 iS i7., Xeon AMD - ryzen, athlon Via Motorola Mediatek - Dimensity 8200, Helio Qualcomm - SnapDragon Samsung - Exynos Processor Specifications Speed (Measured in Hz {Hertz}) Width/Arch (Measured in Bits: 16bits,32bits or 64bits FSB Speed(Front Side Bus)(Measured in Hz) - RAM model, clock speed Cache Memory _ (measured in Kbytes/Mbytes) — L3 cache memory No of Cores per Processor No of Threads(Logical processors) per Processor Virtualization Technology — Enabled — Intel — VT-x, AMD - AMD-V + Instruction set - is 32 bit in 32bit processor and 64 bit in 64 bit processor + 64 bit processors support virtualization technology, you can create virtual machines in your computer, and can work with docker engines. + The 64 bit processor supports higher RAM capacity. So you can run big or complex application with require more RAM capacity + 32bit — x86, 13861586 + G4bit - x86_64, x64, amd64, Wine4 + System Arch type - 32bit or 64bit — noarch + Processor - Operating System — Device Drivers - Applications 32 bit 32 bit 32 bit 32 bit / 16 bit(WoW32) 64 bit 64 bit 64 bit 64 bit / 32 bit(WoW64) Aheat sink is a piece of metal that sits on top of a computer chip such as a CPU and draws power away from components by letting it rise through a series of fins By themselves, heat sinks are passive, meaning they have no moving parts, If heat sink fan stop working or heat sink not sit on CPU properly -CPU will get overheated -to prevent from damage(burn) system restarts it-self If your system restart it-self again and again -possible CPU overheated Check Heat Sink and Heat Paste(Thermal Paste), Fan Dust in Heat Sink - clean the dust RAM and ROM Primary Memory - RAM and ROM + RAM ROM + Random Access Memory Read Only Memory + Temporary Permanent + Volatile memory Nonvolatile memory -NV + When power off — data lost Data available even power is off Ex. hdd, SSD, PENDRIVE, SD CARD = Can changeable add/removelreplace fixed CHIP on MB RAM (Random Access Memory) ~ Main memory / Physical memory + Primary Storage for the CPU + Integrated Circuits are used to Temporarily Store Programs, Instructions and Data + Itis a Volatile Memory (Requires Power to Store the Data). RAM Static RAM Dynamic RAM SRAM DRAMECC EDO VRAM -CACHE MEMORY SDRAM ~build inside of cpu DDR-SDRAM DDR2 DDR3 DDR4 DDRS - Intel 12" gen i3,i5,i7 RAM Specifics + Size : MG, GB, TB , ex. 4GB, 8GB, 16GB + Speed —MHz ex. 1333MHz, 1600MHz, + Model: DDR3, DDRé4., + Voltage Level To upgrade/ replace RAM + Check CPU Model Specification — Support - Size, Speed, Memory Types + Check Motherboard Specification — No of RAM Slots, Memory Type + Voltage levels — L /H- 1.5v, 3v + Matches to old RAM + Frequency Matches Type of Package DIP SIMM - Single In-line Memory Module DIMM - Dual In-line Memory Module — Desktop RIMM — Rambus In-Line Memory Module SO-DIMM — Small Outline DIMM (Laptop, Mini PC) Types of Dynamic RAM SD-RAM (Synchronous Dynamic) 168 Pins DDR-RAM (Double Data Rate) 184 Pins DDR2-RAM (Double Data Rate) 240 Pins DDR3-RAM (Double Data Rate) 240 Pins Start PC - Press Power button - — Nothing on Monitor(Blank Screen) , Continues Beep Sound, Power LED Blink, KeyBoard LED not Blink., Mostly RAM loose connection, RAM Failure, Dust on RAM & RAM Slots Disconnect Power Card connection, open Cabinet, Remove RAM, clean RAM Edged with Eraser, Clean Dust on RAM & RAM Slots Connect RAM and start PC, verify Cross verify with other PC's Input ey boars R ——— mt CONTROLLER, M ouput onitor NORTH soum BRIDGE BRIDGE ache Memory Level 1—inst + data siorage Level 2 oD Level 3 ROM (Read Only Memory) Integrated Circuits that are Used to Permanently Store Start-Up (Boot) Instructions and Other Critical Information + Types of ROM PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory) EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) + EEPROM - Rewritable ROM chip fixed, ROM has a program called BIOS (firmware) ROM chip also called as BIOS Chip BIOS (Basic Input Output System) During the Boot up it Performs POST (Power On Self Test) Recognizes the Hardware Devices Locates and Loads the Operating System It Helps the Operating System to Access the Hardware Devices BIOS — Firmware UEFI -Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (New version of BIOS) BIOS — Legacy Support MBR —limited HDD partitions- 4 Primary or 3P+1Extend(Logical) The partition size is up to 2TB UEFI - features Secure Boot Support GPT(GUID Partition Table) - More HDD partitions(128) and more than 2TB of disk partition size(up to 18EB) BIOS Chip Manufacturers AMIBIOS AWARD. PHOENIX Firmware is software that provides basic machine instructions that allow the hardware to function and communicate with other software running on a device. Firmware provides low-level control for a device's hardware. BIOS contains Hardware Information; we can check or change some Hardware setting through BIOS Setting How to go BIOS setting : + Press Power Button press BIOS Key to goto BIOS Setup + BIOS Keys - DELETE, F2, F10, F12, F11, F9 + Fn+BIOS key + [Link]+F2 + Date and Time + Set Password* + Enable/Disable Hardware feature — Virtualization technology + Change Boot Priority + Save and Exit— F410 + *bios password is different from OS password Check System Configuration — CPU, RAM, HDD/SSD. re emt ry ra 30:52), [Sv 6: 107/05/20211 007 Inspiron 5537 intel Coren) 17-4500u cpu 1. 80GH2 40651 0032 Ko 0256 KB 4096 KB woc 100068 HL-DI-ST_ DVD+/-RW GUOON expands or collapses devices with at or- expands all <> and <> moves the device up or down. n> Nay move renovable device between Hard Disk or Renavable Disk Renove a device that is not installed. ia = Enter CMOS Battery + Battery which Powers BIOS Memory is called as CMOS Battery + CMOS Battery made by Li, 3V + Ifyou remove the battery BIOS setting goes to Factory defaults BIOS stores temporary data Date and Time BIOS Passwords BIOS settings / Configuration Boot Priority When System Tum off data lost, to keep data we use CMOS battery CMOS: A complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) is the semiconductor technology used in most of today's integrated circuits (ICs), also known as chips or microchips. CMOS transistors are based on metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) technology, ir Cn CMOS Checksum Error/Bad eee ea When system is Power ON on the i aa iE ee eae Itis showing CMOS Checksum Error NOS Checksum Speen BIOS firmware issue CMOS Battery(Li 3v) - low/no power CMOS Battery removed and reinserted Every time system starts if you got this Error - means Battery low/no power So then change Battery 1. If cpu is getting overheated - system restarts itself to prevent cpu damage/burn 2. If RAM failed, loose connection, dust on edges, dust ram slots causes POST failure(blank/black screen) 3. If CMOS Battery lowino power, resets bios settings to factory default and shows CMOS Checksum error/bad Motherboard: + Itis the Main Circuit Board + It Controls all the Physical Devices and Components that are Connected Directly or Indirectly + CPU, RAM, Hard-Disk, Expansion Cards are Connected to it + Motherboard Comes in Different form-factors. Components on the Motherboard AGP Slot Processor Slot / Socket HOS Battery Slot lots (x5) Northridge Memory Slots Expansion Slots VO Ports Chipsets IDE / SATA Connectors Floppy Drive Connector CMOS Battery Power Supply Connector ~~ Heat Sink Front Panel Connector ‘Aud ek / VIA VIEI2A2 5/2 Mouse Parallel Port ual 10/200 Channel ‘Connector Connector Etrnet C97 Codec VGA Display COM Port USB Ports Connector Back Panel Connector + PS/2 (Personal System v2) Sl Used to Connect Keyboard and Mouse + USB (Universal Serial Bus) Used to Connect Various USB Enabled Devices (WebCam, PenDrive, External Hard Disk, Modem, etc) + VGA (Visual Graphic Adapter) (15-pin female) Used to Connect Display Devices like LCD, Monitor, Projector, etc = Serial Port (9-pin male) - RS232 Sap Used to Connect PC to Modems ,also Called as Com Port + LAN Port Used to Connect PC to the Local Area Networks HDMI Port — Video and Audio — LED Ty, Projector SMPS (Switch Mode Power Supply) Types + AT (Advanced Technology) (6pins + 6pins) + ATX (AT Extended) (20pins) New type: + ATX—24pin 4pin Or 6pin or 8pin — for cpu Mains Power Supply is 220-230V AC 50Hz Sign wave System components require DC Power supply SMPS converts AC to DC Power supply DC +12V,-12V,+5V,+3.3V, GND(COM) Choose SMPS , based on system power consumes Ex. the total power requirement by the system is 300W or 300VA, so choose little more than 300W SMPS like 350W-400W-450W Ifyou don’t provide enough power supply to the system, the system may restart again and again. 1, If SMPS not providing required power supply to the system, the system may restart again and again Secondary Storage Devices: + Magnetic Storage Devices Hard disk Floppy disk Zip drive Tape drive + Optical Storage Devices Compact Disc (CD) Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) Blu Ray Disc (BRD) + NAND Storage SSD, SD CARDS, PEN DRIVE, eMMC Floppy Disk -3 1/2- 1.44MB Zip Disk - 100MB, 250MB., Tape Drive -DDS/DAT still we are using , Cheaper Backup solution, 40G,80G, 160G,320G., CD —- 700 MB(600-650MB) DVD — 4.7 GB, 8 or 8.5 GB Blu Ray - 25GB, 50GB *SCSI - Small Computer System Interface - SCS! Disk/CDROM/Printer/Scanner SAS - Serial Attached SCSI (Disk) Store Operating System, Application, Data- music, video, documents + Internal HDD (PATA/SATA) + SSD (Solid State Devices) NAND — NVMe - M.2,, SATA + eMMC - Mobile - mini laptops + To store data externally - USB Pendrive, USB External HDD, SD Cards Hard Disk + Uses Magnetic Media for Storing Data + Non-Volatile Permanent Storage Device + Mass Storage Device + Interfaces Used IDE / EIDE -PATA SATA + ATA—Advanced Technology Attachment + PATA= Parallel ATA ~40pin - ribbon + SATA-Serial ATA 7 pin — single wire + SATAis faster than PATA + SATAII|- 6Gbps IDE/PATA hard disk ‘The damaged dk inthe ‘tied gest there SATA Hard Disk Internal HDD - 3.5in, 2.5in 3.5in — Desktops 2.5in — Laptops, Mini PC External HDD - Backup, Storage Data (which not required to be in PC) (320GB, 1TB, 2TB) - transfer heavy data ssD SSD - Solid State Drive -NAND memory -data stores in chips -HDD data stores in Platter -Nonvolatile -light weight - carry easily -easy transport -less power consumption -small size -high speed -read and write, transmission -Suitable for Operating system and Application - faster booting, faster app loading -Not suitable for storing regular data - we can store but SSD is costly -costly -compare 1TB HDD — 1TB SSD NAND SATA SSD -connecting to SATA interface on MB -Read and Write speeds up to 540MB/s and 500MB/s NAND NVMe M.2 SSD -faster than SATA SSD Pret -costly -Inserting into motherboard like RAM or CPU -reads or writes up to 2400MB/s - 1900MB/s -P2 - Impressive read/write speeds up to 5000/4200MB/s1 —-P3 System Configuration - PC Configuration - Laptop Configuration What is your system configuration How to check system configuration Mobile configuration Android and |0S(iPhone) differences Windows 10/11 and Apple MACBooks What is your system configuration CPU:InteV/AMD, i3,5,., ryzen 3 5, gen , model, clock speed, Cache Memory, no. of core, no. of logical processor(treads), 32bit or 64bit RAM: size GB, Model -DDR4,DDRS., clock speed, Storage: HDD/SSD Size, type OS: windows 10/11 Home/Pro/Ent, Ubuntu, ., GPU: size , model Why: Install an application, Solidworks, AutoCAD, Games, VirtualMachines How many applications, service, Browser., we can run at a time Minimum or Recommended requirement to install Hardware - cpu, ram, hdd disk space os- Bit - 32bit or 64 bit Support Application/ Prerequisite - .net, jre, oracle DB , Stream., To run application , smoothly How to check System configuration MSINFO32 — System Information DXDIAG — DirectX Diagnostic Tool About Your PC or Start/Win - Settings - System - About ‘Task Manager CMD- [Link] Tools - CPU-Z, Speccy ., MSINFO32 - System Information RUN/Search - msinfo32 DXDIAG - DirectX Diagnostic Tool Run/Search - dxdiag —— Start/Win « Settings - System - About or Search - About Your PC sone J @ Home About ~~ [Fndessing 5] Your PC is monitored and protected. = Se detain Widow Scity en Device specifications Deveenane ——OESKTOP me Sos Full deiceratse USK Petes eoreee eee Jerr tC MU @ tHe 20 oho aM 1608 (15.8 GR sb) 2 ea ae Devel RS nee SREY Betas Frode Sean Nétentype SLR oputiog ten x be rccor 2 ened toch Nope oihnp sate for i poy = S996 — % tole Fearn Fat tasting Windows specifications 1B rojetng tots PC Eton Windom 10 2X sre xpnences Inlet stuido eet Cipetone Windows etre xan Pack ee) 8 Clow Task Manager Right click on Taskbar -select Task Manager Run/emd - taskmgr Ctrltalt+delete - task manager Ctrl+shifttesc Disk 0:0) OOOO! i Tools - Speccy My System Configuration: CPU: Intel i5-10210U ,1.60GHz, 4 core & 8 treads (4c/8t), 6MB cache RAM: 16GB, DDR4, 2666MHz Storage: 500GB SSD OS: Windows 10 Pro GPU: Intel UHD - 128MB MBR and GPT - Partition Styles ee oe en iL fe z — + When a fresh/new disk drive connected system ask for initialize as MBR type or GPT type + When we install OS in fresh PC/System — OS and MotherBoard are BIOS firmware — Disk initialize as MBR + MotherBoard — UEFI firmware and OS is latest (uefi support) — Disk initialize as GPT MBR: Master Boot Record 4 Primary partitions 3 Primary partitions and 1 extended partitions + 1 extended -multiple no of logical drives + Partition Size support — up to 2TB GPT:GUID Partition Table + 128 Primary partitions + No extended- no logical drives + Partition Size : more than 2TB, Up to 18EB @ Boot Process: Setup by setup process of loading OS by the computer ote) eon Eee) es i LL] Ceres Ber eed end Siu east Power On the system/computer 1. POST - Power On Self Test - System test it self to make sure all primary components(GPU,RAM,on MB Chipset..) are working or not 2. Search for Bootable Device based on BIOS boot priority 3. Find Bootloader in Bootable Device, Bootloader Win-bootmgr, Linux-GRUB2 4. Load Bootloader, Bootloader will tell where is OS and How to load OS 5, Load OS, Once OS is Loaded it Displays Login Screen - login to system 6. Startup App, Services starts, so user can start use the system

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