11.a (i) Solve for V1 and V2, using nodal method for the circuit in the Figure.

V = 100 Volts. (8)

Ans: There are only two principal nodes. One of them is taken as reference. At the other one (node
1) applying KCL, we get

V1-V / j2 + V1 / 2-j7 + V1 / 4+j5 = 0

=> V1 [1/j2 + ½-j7 + ¼+j5 ] = V/j2

= 100/j2

= 50 ∠ -90o

=>V1 [-j0.5 + 2+ j7/53 + 4 - j5/41] =50 ∠ -90o

⇒ V1 [-j0.5 + 0.1353 + j0.01 ] = 50 ∠ -90°

⇒ V1 50 ∠ -90o / 0.1353 - j0.49

= 50 ∠ -90o / 0.5083 ∠ -15o

V2 = V1 × 4 / 4 + j5

= 98.36 ∠ -15° × 4 / 6.4 ∠ 51.3°

= 61.5 ∠ -66.3° volts

(ii) Using mesh analysis, find current through 4Ω resistor in the figure. (8)

Ans: Let the loop currents be as shown in the Figure. Then the current through

4Ω= I1 - I2
By inspection,

= 11 (20) + 4 (140) - 5 (-40)

= 980

I1 = Δ1 / Δ, I2 = Δ2/Δ

I1 - I2 = Δ1 - Δ2 / Δ

= 1780-980 / 472

= 1.7 A
Current through 4Ω = 1.7 A

(OR)

11. (b) Using nodal analysis find the power dissipated in the 6Ω resistor of the circuit shown.

Ans: Let the nodes be numbered as shown.

By inspection,

= 2.33 (1.574) + (-1.54) - (1.34)

= 0.787
= 6.67 (1.34) - 5 (-1.396)

= 15.92

V2 = Δ2 / Δ = 21.23 / 0.787 = 26.98 V

V3 = Δ3 / Δ = 15.92 / 0.787

= 20.23 V

Voltage across 6 Ω = V2 - V3

= 6.75 V

V6 = 6.75 volts

Power loss in 6 Ω = (V6)2 / 6

= (6.75)2 / 6

= 7.6 W

12. (a) Find the Thevenin's equivalent circuit at (a, b). (16)
Solution: By applying delta-Star Transformation the circuit modified as

Again the circuit reduced by resistance series connection technique.

Rth = 1.67 || 9.167 + 7.67

= 9.08 Ω

To find Vth:
Apply KVL in loop (1),

50 - 1.67 i - 9.167 i = 0

50 = 10.833 i

i = 50 / 10.833 = 4.62 A

Vth = i × R

= 4.62 × 9.167

= 42.35 V

Thevenin's equivalent circuit

(OR)

12.(b)For the circuit diagram shown in Fig., Find the current flowing through the 10 Ω resistor. (16)
By applying Δ - Y transformation the circuit modified as

Again the circuit reduced as,

V = 40 V

I = 40 / 12 = 3.33 A

Current through 10 Ω resistor is 3.33 A.

13. (a) For the parallel circuit shown in Fig. find the Resonance frequency, f.

(16)

Solution:

Consider the parallel resonant circuit shown in Fig. excited by a sinusoidal source of variable

frequency. Let be the total admittance see by the source.

Let us separate the real and imaginary part by multiplying the numerator and denominator of each
term by the conjugate of the denominator.
At resonant frequency ωr, the circuit behave as purely resistive circuit and so the imaginary part of
the admittance is zero.

At ω = ωr;

On cross multiplying the above equation, we get

Angular Frequency of resonance

ωr = 1/ √LC √L-CR12/ L – CR22

Frequency of resonance,

fr = ωr / 2π

The admittance at resonance

Dynamic resistance Rdy = 1 / Yr

Resonance at all Frequencies

The parameter R1, R2, L and C of the parallel resonant circuit shown in the Fig. can be chosen such
that the circuit behave as purely resistive circuit at all frequencies. Hence the circuit will be in
resonance at all frequencies.

From Equation
 We can say that when R1 = R2 = L / C , the imaginary part of the admittance will be zero for all
frequency and the circuit will behave as resistive circuit at all frequencies (i.e.,) resonate at all
frequencies.

[OR]

13 b C1 in the figure has an initial charge of q0= 12 × 10-4 coulombs while C2 has no initial charge.
The switch is closed at t = 0. Find the current transient.

(16)

Ans :

Initial voltage across C1 = Vo = q0 / C1

= 12 × 10-4 / 12 × 10-6 = 100 volts

After closing the switch the circuit is drawn in S-domain as below.

= 2 / s+ 5000

i(t) = L-11(s)

=2e-5000t

15. (a) Explain the single tuned and double tuned circuit.

Tuned circuits are classified as:

(i) Single tuned circuits

(ii) Double tuned circuits

Single Tuned Circuit

Consider the single tuned circuit as shown in the Fig. It consists of coil 1 on the primary side and a
tank circuit on the secondary side. The tank circuit consists of coil 2 and a capacitor. The coil 1 and
the resonant circuit are inductively coupled. The coil 1 is excited by a source voltage Vi and the
output is taken across the capacitor C2. Let the source resistance be R2, R1 and L1 are resistance and
inductance of coil 1, R2 and L2 are resistance and inductance of coil 2. The mutual inductance
between coil 1 and coil 2 is given by

M = K√ L1 L2

Double Tuned Circuits

The double tuned circuits involve two resonant circuits. One on the primary side and other on the
secondary side. On the primary side the resonant circuit consists of a coil with resistance R1 and
inductance L1 in series with capacitor C1. The input voltage source V1 with source resistance RS is
connected with the resonant circuit. On the secondary side the resonant circuit consists of coil 2
with resistance R2 and inductance L2 in series with capacitance C2. Both resonant circuits are
inductively coupled with mutual inductance M.

If the coupled coefficient is K, then the mutual inductance

M = K√ L1L2
In analyzing the above circuit we assume that the primary and secondary circuits have the same
resonant frequency given by

ωr = 1/√L1C1 = 1/√L2 C2

(OR)

15. (b) Derive the formula for mutual inductance in terms of coefficient of coupling and self
inductance.

The coefficient of coupling can be defined for two coils linked by magnetic flux. It is a measure of flux
linkages between two coils. The coefficient of coupling is defined as the function of the total
produced by one coil linking another and it is denoted by 'K'.

Let ϕ1 =Flux produced by coil 1

ϕ2 = Flux produced by coil 2

ϕ12= Flux produced by coil 1 linking coil 2

ϕ21= Flux produced by coil 2 linking coil 1

Now coefficient of coupling K = ϕ12/ϕ1 = ϕ21 /ϕ2

When K = 1, all the flux produced by one coil links the other coil and the coils are said to be tightly
coupled or closely coupled coils. On the other hand when K = 0, the flux produced by one coil does
not link the other coil and the coils are said to be magnetically isolated. When the value of K is very
low the coils are said to be loosely coupled.

When

ϕ12 / Φι ≠ ϕ21 / ϕ2 then K1 = ϕ12 / Φ1 K2 = ϕ21 / ϕշ

Now K = √K1 K2

An expression relating the coefficient of coupling with self and mutual inductance can be obtained as
shown below.

On multiplying the equations

M12 × M21 = N2ϕ12 / i1 × N1ϕ21 / i2

From equations

M12 = M21 = M, ϕ12= K ϕ1 and ϕ2 = Kϕ2

Now Coefficient of coupling, K = M / √L1 L2

Mutual inductance, M = K√ L1 L2

The equation can be used to find the coefficient of coupling in terms of self and mutual inductance.
The equation can be used to find mutual inductance in terms of coefficient of coupling and self
inductances.

11. (a) (i) Use nodal voltage method and hence find the power dissipated in the 10 ohms resistor
on the circuit shown in figure. (8)

Solution: Taking the node 4 as reference, and converting the voltage source into current source, the
above network is re-drawn as below:
The power dissipated in 10 Ω =( V10)2/10 , (formula is power = V2 /R)

V10 = V2 - V4 = V2-0 = V2

By inspection, we get
= -25 (0.575 × (-0.2)) = 2.875

V2 = Δ2/ Δ = 2.875/ 0.119 = 24.16 volts

Therefore, the potential difference across 10 ohms = V10

= 24.16 volts

Power dissipated in 10 Ω = (24.16)2/10

= 58.4 Watts

11. (a) (ii) What is the voltage across A and B in the circuit shown in Fig..
Solution:

6V source drives current in left loop, 12 volt source drives current in right loop. There is no current
flowing between C and D, as there is no closed path.

By Ohm's law, applied, we get

I1 = 6 / 6 + 4 = 0.5 A

I2 = 12 / 4 + 10 = 12/14 A

VAB = VAC + VCD + VDB

VAB = I1 (4) – 12 - I2 (4)

= 0.5 (4) – 12 - 12

= -13.43 volts

= 13.43 volts with B at negative potential

(OR)
11.(b) (i) In the network shown in figure determine V2 such that the current in the 2 + j3
impedance is zero.

Solution: The directions of the loop currents here are not given. Hence, let us assume that they are
all clockwise. Since the current through (2 + j3) is given to be zero, I2 = 0 => Δ2/ Δ = 0. Hence, the
condition

Δ2 = 0. So, by inspection

⇒ (5 + j5) (-6V2)-30 ∠ 0° (-50 j) = 0

7.07 ∠ 45 × (-6 V2) = - 1500 ∠ 90°

V2 = - 1500 ∠ 90° / -42.42 ∠ 45°

= 35.36 ∠ 45°

11 (b) (ii) In the network shown in the figure the source V1 results in a voltage V0 across the (2 -
j2)Ω impedance. Find the source V1 which corresponds to V0=50° volts. (8)
Solution: Let the loop currents be I1, I2 and I3.
11. (b) Using source transformation, replace the current source in the circuit shown below by a
voltage source and find the current delivered by the 50V voltage source. (8)

Solution: Replacing the current source by voltage source, we get the following circuit.

12. (a) (i) For the circuit shown below obtain the equivalent current source between the terminals

Solution: This problem is a parallel combination of voltage and current sources.

Step 1: Converting the voltage sources into current sources and re-drawing the circuit, the following
figure is obtained.
I1 = 6/1 = 6A; R1 =1 Ω; I2 = 2/2 = 1A; R2 =2 Ω

Step 2: The equivalent current source of the above circuit is as shown below:

I = I1 - I2 - I3 = 6-1-2 = 3A

R = R1|| R2 = R1 R2 / R1 + R2

= 1 × 2 / 1+2 = 2/3 = 0.67 Ω

12. (a) (ii) Calculate the equivalent resistance Rsh when all the resistance values are equal to 1Ω for
the circuit shown below. (8)

Solution: Converting star connection ace and bde into equivalent data connections and redrawing
the circuit, we get
Then the circuit becomes
1/3 + 1/3 + 10/21 = 24/21 = 8/7

Req = Rab = 1× 8/7 / 1 + 8/7 = 0.533 Ω

(OR)

∠
12. (b) (i) In the network shown in the figure, the voltage source 100 45°V causes current Ix in the
5.2 branch. Find Ix and then verify the reciprocity theorem for this circuit.

Solution: Step 1: It is required to find the value of Ix. Let us apply loop current method. If the loop
currents are taken to be I1, I2 and I3 as shown, then Ix = I3.
For the above circuit, by inspection, we can write that

I3 =Δ3/Δ = 2500 ∠ 45° / 1125-j250

= 2500 ∠45o / 1152.44 ∠ -12.53

= 2.169 ∠ 57.53°A

ix= 2.169 ∠ 57. 53o A

Step 2: Now connect the voltage source in the branch in which the current is Ix i.e., in 5Ω branch and
connect an a.c. ammeter in the branch where the voltage source was connected earlier as shown
below. If ammeter is not available, short the terminals A and B.
If the current through AB is same as the value of Ix in the step 1, we can say that the reciprocity
theorem is verified. To calculate the current let us again prefer loop current method to other
methods. By inspection.

I1 = Δ1/Δ = 2500 ∠ 45° / 1152.44 ∠ -12.53o

=2.169 ∠ 57. 53o A

I1 = IAB = Ix

Hence the reciprocity theorem is verified.

12. (b) (ii) Find the current through various branches of the circuit shown below, by employing
superposition theorem. (8)
Step 1: Allow only voltage source to act. Open circuit the current source.

Step 2: Allow only current source to act. Short circuit the voltage source.
Step 3:

(OR)
13. (a) (i) Derive the transient response of a series R-L circuit with DC input. Sketch the variation of
current and of the voltage across the inductor.

(a) Case 1: (a) R-L Transients: (Rise of current) (16)

Let the R - L series combination be impressed upon the d.c. voltage E by closing the switch K. Assume
that the current through the inductor before closing the switch is zero. Let K be closed at the instant
t = 0.

The equivalent circuit at t = 0+ is shown in fig. The inductor is shown as open circuit. Hence i (0-) =
i(0+) = 0.

Applying KVL to the circuit in fig. after t seconds of closing K,

we get, Ri+L di/dt = E .....(15)

Taking Laplace Transformation on both sides, we get

Steady current is the value of i(t) for t = ∞.

L/R is called time constant of the RL circuit and is denoted by T.

Hence equation (19) can be written as

I = 1 [1-e-t/T]......... (20)

The above equation shows that as t increases i increases exponentially. At t = ∞, the current reaches
steady state value I = E / R

The transient voltage eR and eL across R and L respectively, during the rise of current in the inductive
can be expressed as below:
From the above expression, we can say that the voltage across R increases exponentially from zero
to E, during rise of current.

By KVL, eR + eL = E, at any time

eL = E - eR

It shows that the voltage across L decreases with time, exponentially

[ Note: eL = -L di / dt ]

The variation of i(t) with time is graphically shown in fig. and that of e, and e, is shown in fig. .

Definition of time constant T for RL circuit

Substituting T = t in equation (20), we get

i = I (1 - e-1)

= 0.632 I

= 63.2% of I

Thus the time constant of RL series circuit is defined as the period during which the current rises to
63.2% of its final value (OR steady value).
(b) RL-Decaying Transients

Assume that the switch K is kept connected to position 1 for sufficiently longer period. Then the
current reaches steady state value given by I = E / R After this instant, let the switch be moved from
position 1 to position 2. Let this instant be taken as t’ = 0. After t' seconds of closing the switch to
position, applying KVL,

Ri+ L di / dt' = 0 ....(23)

Taking Laplace Transformation on both sides, we get

RI (s) + L [SI (s)-i (0+)] = 0 .....(24)

Here i (0+) = I = E / R

Thus i decays exponentially from I to zero, as t' increases from zero to infinity.

The variation of i (t') with t' is graphically shown in fig.

Decaying current in an R-L circuit.

eR = Ri = RI e-t/T

eR = Ee-t/T ....(26)

eR + eL = 0

⇒ eL = -eR = -Ee –t/T …. (27)

The variatiom of eR and eL ith t’ is graphically shown in fig.

13. (b) Derive the expression for the complete solution of the current response of RC series circuit
with an excitation of V cos (ωt + ϕ). Briefly explain the significance of phase angle in the solution.
(16)

Solution:
Apply KVL to get

Differentiating on both sides,

The complete solution consists of two parts. One is complementary and another is particular.

Complementary solution = iC = C e - t/RC....(3)

The particular solution, by using undetermined coefficients is

Ip = A cos (ωt + ϕ )+ B sin (ωt + ϕ)...(4)

Differentiating
15. (a) (i) Derive the relationship between self inductance, mutual inductance and coefficient of
coupling. (8)

Self Inductance

Consider a circuit through which the current changes. So, the flux linking with the circuit also
changes. According to Faraday's law of induction an e.m.f. is induced in the circuit. This e.m.f. is
equal to rate of change of flux linkage.

i.e., e = N dϕ / dt... (1)

Also e is proportional to time rate of change of current i.e., e ∞ di / dt

or e = L di / dt..... (2)

From equations (1) and (2), we can write,

L di / dt = N dϕ / dt....(3)

(or) L = N dϕ / di ......(4)

If the permeability is constant then, we can write that,

L = Nϕ / i .. (5)

L is called self inductance of the circuit.

Definition of L:

The self inductance of a coil is defined as flux linkage in that coil per 1 ampere current in the same
coil. It is also defined as the weber turns per ampere current in the coil. L is measured in Henry.

Here, N = No. of turns of the coil

Φ = Magnetic flux in webers

i = current in amperes

[Note: (i) According to Lenz's law, sign is to be given to the right hand side of the expressions shown
in equations (1) & (2).

(ii) The terms N, o and i are confined to only one coil to define 'L']

Mutual Inductance
Consider the circuit shown in fig. 8.1, the changing current i1 produces a variable flux ϕ1 in the first
coil. For the purpose of analysis, ϕ1 is divided into two components.

ϕ1 = ϕ11 + ϕ12.............(6)

Here ϕ1 is the total flux established by i1, ϕ11 = a part of ϕ1. It links with coil 1 only but not with coil 2.

ϕ12 = it is a part of ϕ1. It links with both coils 2 and 1.

As, the flux linking with coil 2 changes, an e.m.f. is induced in the coil ϕ2 and is given by

e2 = N2 dϕ12 / dt ... (7)

Also, e2 is proportional to time rate of change of i,. It is because ϕ12 is produced by i1, therefore,

e2 = M di1 / dt......(8)

From equations (7) and (8), we can write that,

M = N2 dϕ12 / di1...(9)

If the permeability is constant, the above equation becomes

M = N2 ϕ12 / i1 ..................(10)

Suppose that the second coil is connected to a voltage source. Let i2 be the current flow and ϕ2 be
the total flux.

ϕ2 = ϕ22 + ϕ21

Here, ϕ21 is a part of ϕ2 and links with coil 1. Then, the e.m.f. in the coil 1 = e1.

e1 = N1 dϕ21 / dt ... (11)

also e1 = M di2 / dt... (12)

Hence M di2/dt =N1 dϕ21 / dt

Hence M = N1 ϕ21 / i2... (13)

In equations (10 & 13) M is called mutual inductance.

Definition of M

The mutual inductance between 2 coils is defined as the weber turns in one coil per ampere current
in other coil. It is measured in henrys.
The mutual inductance is also defined as the ability of one coil to produce e.m.f. in other coil by
induction when the current in the first changes.

Coefficient of coupling (K) or coefficient of magnetic coupling (KM).

Consider the fig. the fraction of the total flux produced by coil 1 linking coil 2 is

It is called ϕ12 / ϕ1 coefficient of coupling. Thus

K = ϕ12 / ϕ1 ....(14)

Also K = ϕ21 / ϕ2... (15)

Multiplying equations (10) & (13), we get

From equation (16), we write that,

K2= M2 /L1L2 = (M/L1) (M/L2)...(18)

From the above expression, we can say that

M/L1 ,M and M/L2 are in geometric progression.

Note:

(i) The values of K depends on spacing, orientation of the coils and on the permeability of the
medium.

(ii) It is a non-negative number and is independent of the reference directions of the currents.

(iii) If the coils are at great distance apart, M is very small and hence K.

(iv) For iron-core coupled circuits, K may be as high as 0.99.

(v) For air-core coupled circuits, K varies between 0.4 and 0.8.

(vi) The maximum value of K is 1. Hence Mmax = √L1 L2.

15. (a) (ii) In the single tuned resonant circuit, the applied voltage in a primary coil Eg = 20 volts
(assume Rg=0), R1=R2=5Ω L1=L2=32µH, M=20 μH

C = (secondary side capacitance) 0.5 μF

Determine the resonant frequency and the output voltage at this frequency.

Solution:

We know ωr = 1/√L2 C

(OR)

15. (b) (i) The signal voltage in the circuit shown in Fig. is e(t) = 0.01 sin (2π × 455 × 1031) V.
What should be the value of C in order that the circuit would resonate at this signal frequency? At
this condition, find the values of I, VC, Q and bandwidth of the circuit. (10)

Solution:

e = 0.01 sin (2π × 455 × 103 t) volts

R = 0.9 Ω

= 15 μH = 15 × 10-6 H

2π f = 2π × 455 × 103

fr = f = 455 × 103 cps

At resonance:
= 8.157 ×10-9 F

= 8157 × 10-12 F

= 8157 µµF

At resonance:

I = Im = E/R

E =Em / √2 = 0.01/√2

= 7.07 × 10-3 volts

I=E/R

= 7.07 × 10-3 volts

I=E/R

= 7.07 ×10-3 / 0.9

= 7.86 × 10-3 A = 7.86 mA

VC = IXC

= -7.86 × 10-3 (1/2πfC)

BW = fr / Q = 455 × 103 / 47.65 = 9549 cps

15. (b) (ii) (RL+j20) Ω and (20-j10) are connected in parallel. Determine the value of RL for
resonance. (6)

Solution:
Let ZL = (RL+ j20)Ω

ZC = (20 – j10) Ω

Let ZT be the total impedance of these two in parallel.

Then, 1/ZT = 1/ZL = 1/ZC

1/Z = Y = admittance

YT = 1/ZL + 1/ZC

= 1/RL + j20 + 1/(20-j10)

After rationalising,

At resonance, the reactive part of YT=0

RL2 + 400 = 1000

RL2 = 600

RL = √600 = 24.5 Ω

11. (a) A voltage source of 10Ω with a resistance of 1052, an inductance of 50 mH and a capacitor
of 50 μF are connected in series. Calculate the impedance when the frequency is (i) 50 Hz, (ii) 500
Hz, (iii) Power factor at 100 Hz.

Ans:

Z = √ R2 + (XL-XC)2

XL =2π fL

XC = 1 / ωC = 1/ 2π fс

f = 50 Hz

XL = 2π × 50 × 50 × 10-3

= 15.7 Ω
(OR)

11. (b) Calculate the power delivered by the voltage source of Fig.
Solution: Let the current from the voltage source be I.

Then power delivered by the source

= V I = 50I

To find I, we shall apply loop current method as done below.

For more simplification, convert the current source into equivalent voltage source and replace the
parallel combination of 50 Ω and 12 Ω by a single resistance. Then the circuit becomes as below.

RP = 5 × 2 / 5 + 12 = 3.53 Ω

Let I1 and I2 be the loop currents as shown in the Fig. Error! Reference source not found..

Then by inspection
I1= Δ1 / Δ = 796.5 /132.5 == 5.991 = 6 A

I = I1 = 6 A

Power delivered by the source = 50 (6) = 300 W

12. (a) Find the Thevenin's equivalent circuit for the network shown in the figure at the terminals
AB.

Ans:

Step 1: Thevenin's equivalent between A and B is

Step 2: To find VTh or Voc: Let the current through 10 Ω be I1.

Voc = VAB = VTh

= I1 × (5 + j5)

I is divided into 2 parallel paths of impedances ( 5+ j5) and 10 + 5+ j5 = 15 + j5.

Current through 15 + j5 = I1

By division of current formula,

Step 3: To calculate ZTh:

From the given circuit, kill the current I to obtain the following figure.

ZTh =ZAB = (10 + 5 + j5) || (5 + j5)

= (15 + j5) (5 + j5) / 15 + j5 + 5 + j5

= 15.81 ∠ 18.43° × 7.07 ∠ 45° / 22.36 ∠ 26.6° = 5 ∠ 36.8 Ω

o

(OR)
12. (b) Verify superposition theorem for the current through (3 + j4) branch as shown in the figure.

Ans :

Step 1: Let only V1 to act. V2 is short circuited.

= 5 + 2.63 ∠ 71.4°

= 5.84 + j2.5

= 6.35 ∠ 23.2°

I1 = V1 / ZT

= 50 ∠ 90° / 6.35 ∠ 23.2°

= 7.87 ∠ 66.8°

By current division formula

I' = 7.87 ∠ 66.8° (j5) / 3 + j4 + j5 = 4.14 ∠ 85.2°

= 0.346 + j 4.13

Step 2: Let V2 source be acting, short circuit V1.

By superposition theorem,

I = I' - I"

= 0.679 + j8.27

= 8.3 ∠ 85° A

13. (a) A current of 5 A flows through a non-inductive resistance in series with a coil, when supplied
at 250 V, 50 Hz. If the voltage across the resistance is 125 V and that across the coil is 200 V,
calculate
(i) Impedance, resistance and reactance of the coil.

(ii) Total power absorbed by the coil.

(iii) Total power. Draw phasor diagram.

Ans :

ZCoil = VCoil / I = √RL2+XL2

= 200/5 = 40 Ω

ZTotal = ZT

= V/I = 250.5

= 50 Ω

R = VR /I

=125/5 = 25Ω

But,
Power absorbed by coil = I2RL

= (5)2 × 5.5

= 138 W

Total p.f. = cos ϕ = RT/ZT

= 25 + 5.5 / 50 = 0.61 lag

Total power = VI cos ϕ

= 250 × 5 × 0.61

= 763 W

Phasor diagram

OA = VR = 125

AB =VRL

BC = VXL

AC =VCoil = 200 V

OC = V = 250 V

(ii) A series circuit has R = 100Ω ; L = 50 mH and C = 100 μF and is supplied with 200 V, 50 Hz. Find

1. The impedance

2. The current

3. Power factor

4. The power

5. Voltage drops across each element

Ans: Please refer to Page 3.31 for similar type.

XL = 2π ƒ L

= 2 × 50 × 50 × 10-3

= 15.7 Ω

XL = 1 / 2π ƒ С
3. Power factor = cos ϕ = R/Z

= 100/101.3

= 0.987 lead

[Link] = VI cos ϕ

= 200 × 1.974 × 0.987

= 390 W

5. VR= I R

= 1.974 × 100

= 197.4 volts

VL = I XL

=1.974 × 15.7

= 31 volts

VC = I XC

= 1.974 × 31.8

= 62.8 volts

(OR)
13. (b) Show that the resonant frequency of a series RLC circuit is f,1/2π √LC

expression for Q factor.

Series Resonance

In a R-L-C series circuit, when the current is in phase with the applied voltage, the circuit is said to be
in resonance. Then, phase angle is zero and hence power factor is unity. The circuit acts as purely
resistive

XL - XC = 0

XL = XC

ωr L = 1/ ωrC

ωr = 1/ √LC

fr = ωr / 2π

fr = 1/ 2π √LC

fr or f0 is called resonance frequency. At resonance, in a series circuit the following main effects are
to be observed.

15. (a) The number of turns in a coil is 250. When a current of 2 A flows in this coil, the flux in the
coil is 0.3 mwb. When this current is reduced to zero in 2 ms, the voltage induced in a coil lying in
the vicinity of coil is 63.75 volts. If the coefficient of coupling between the coils is 0.75, find self-
inductance of the two coils, mutual inductance and number of turns in the second coil.

Ans: Data:

N1 = 250

I1 = 2 A

ϕ1 = 0.3 mwb = 0.3 × 10-3 wb

di1= 2 A

dt = 2 msec = 2 × 10-3 sec

eM2 = 63.75 volts

K = 0.75

Required: (a) L1 (b)L2 (c) M, (d) N2.

Substituting these values of M, L1 and K in equation (i), we get

(OR)

15. (b) Two identical coupled coils in series has an equivalent inductance values of 0.084 H and
0.0354 H. Find the values of L1, L2, M and K.

Ans: As the coils are identical,

L1 = L2 = L (say)

L1 + L2 + 2 M = 0.084

L1 + L2 - 2 M = 0.0354

Adding, 2 (L1+ L2 ) = 0.1194

2 (L + L) = 0.1194

L = 0.02985 H

.L1 =L2 = L = 0.02985 H

= 29.85 mH
11. (a) Apply mesh analysis to the circuit shown in Fig.Q.11.a) and find voltage across the
dependent source. (13)
Current source appears in mesh (1) and (3). Since the 15 A source is located on perimeter of the
circuit, we may eliminate mesh 1 from consideration. it is clear that i1 = 15A. The dependent current
source is on the perimeter of the modified network. So we avoid any equation using for mesh 3.
Only mesh 2 removes, so we apply KVL

(OR)

(b) Apply nodal analysis to the circuit shown in Fig.Q.11.b) (i) and fins:

(i) The voltage at each node of the circuit.(3)

Solution:

(i) Node voltage V1, V2

V1 = ∆ V1 / ∆ = 5/0.0732 = 68.25 Volts

V2 = ∆V2 / ∆ =2/0.0732 = 27.30 Volts

(ii)State and Explain Kirchoff's laws.(8)

Refer page no: 1.3

12. (a) State superposition theorem and apply to the circuit shown in Fig. 12(a) to find the voltage
across -j20Ω capacitor. (13)

(i) Case source alone

I2 = ΔΙ2 / ∆ = 30/225 = 0.133

Case (ii): Source alone

No voltage drop across the -j20 Ω because

Case (iii): 20 V alone

(OR)
(b) Consider the circuit shown in Fig. 15.(b). Find the voltage across 3 ohm resistor.(13)

To find voltage across 3 Ω

I3 * 3Ω

By using matrix method

11. (a) Use resistance and source combinations to determine the current i in the Fig. 1. And the
power delivered by the 80-V source.

Or
(b) (i) Find the magnitude of total current (IT) and also find out current and voltage drop across the
resistors as shown in the Fig. 2. Assume R1 = 100 Ω, R2 = 20 Ω and V = 50 V.

Solution:

Req = R1 × R2 / R1 + R2

Req = 100 × 20 / 120

Req = 16.66 Ω

IT = V/R = 50/ 16.66

IT = 3 Amps
Voltage drops are same in the parallel circuits.

Voltage drop acrors R1 is 50, therefore I1= V/R1

I1= 50/100 = 0.5 Amps

Voltage drop across R1 is 50, Therefore I2 = V/R2

I2 = 50/100 = 2.5 Amps

(ii) Find the voltage across the three resistances shown in the Fig. 3.

Solution:

Resistors are connected in series,

Req = R1 + R2 + R3

Req = 10 + 20 + 30

Req = 60 Ω

Total current IT = 60/60 = 1 Amps

The voltage drop acros VR1 = I + R1

= 1 × 10

VR1 = 10 volts

The voltage drop acros VR2 = I + R2

= 1 × 30

VRI = 30 volts

The voltage drop acros VR3 = I + R3

= 1 × 30

VR3 = 30 volts

(ii) Find the current flowing through a circuit with a voltage of 5cos (100t-50°) at a frequency ω = 100
rad/s across a 4 h inductor.

V = 5 cos(100t-50°);

ω = 100 rad/s;

L = 4 H.

I=?

I = V / XL

XL = ω L = 1.0 × 4

= 400 Ω

i = Imax cos (100 t - 50° - 90°)

i = 0.0125 cos (100 t - 140°) A